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PubMed1987

Development of the object permanence concept in cleft lip and palate and noncleft lip and palate infants.

Studies of language acquisition in cleft lip and palate infants have not investigated the development of specific cognitive concepts, such as object permanence, which may be related to early linguistic skills. This study obtained comparative data on the development of the object permanence concept in cleft lip and palate and noncleft lip and palate infants to determine whether there were significant differences in rate or sequence of development. Infants were tested for the object permanence concept from 12 through 18 months of age. Results revealed significant improvement in all infants' scores with age, indicating progressive development of the concept. Further, while scores were not significantly different between the cleft lip and palate groups, scores for these groups were significantly better than scores for noncleft lip and palate infants. Superior performance of the cleft lip and palate infants may have resulted from increased environmental stimulation provided by their parents. Implications for intervention and future research in this area are presented.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

Concurrent validity of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale with language and intelligence measures.

The present study compared results obtained for 62 normally developing preschool children on the Bracken Basic Concept Scale, the Preschool Language Scale, and the Slossen Intelligence Test to determine whether scores on the tests correlated and were equivalent. Results of correlation analyses using standard scores from the Bracken Basic Concept Scale, the auditory comprehension and verbal ability subscales of the Preschool Language Scale, and the Slossen Intelligence Test revealed low to moderate correlations between the three tests. These results suggest that the tests do not measure the same abilities and thus cannot be used interchangeably to evaluate basic concept development, language, or intellectual functioning in preschool children. The moderate to high correlations found between the children's CAs and age-equivalents for the three tests indicate that the tests measure skills that are developmental in nature. Implications for assessment of concept development and language functioning in preschool children are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Patient satisfaction with current dental condition related to self-concept and dental status.

Structured interviews were administered to 168 male veterans from five locations to examine the relationship between attitudes toward dental esthetics, age, self-concept, and dental status. Results indicate the following. 1. Subjects who had a more positive self-concept rated their current dental condition higher. 2. Veterans who use dentures do not have a lower self-concept than those who have remaining natural teeth and feel more positively about their dental appearance. 3. Among the sample studied, dental appearance was considered less important than function or comfort. 4. Diminished self-concept is not associated with greater concern for dental esthetics.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Changes in spontaneous EEG activity indicate a special kind of information processing in concept learning.

Some findings in the literature suggest that a high amount of spectral power in spontaneous EEG alpha 1 band (7.5-10.0 Hz) may be associated with tasks demanding extensive monitoring of stimulus information and combining features for a match with internal concepts ("exploration"). EEG recordings were obtained from 9 subjects involved in a concept-learning task. They had to match visually presented objects with a concept built up by hypothesis and to respond by pressing a "yes" or "no" key. Epochs of EEG data were analyzed with epoch center-times at 500 and 250 ms before response execution. In the case of "yes" responses, when subjects could match their hypothesis positively with combined features of the presented object increased alpha 1 spectral power was found. Also alpha 1 power was larger immediately after disconfirming feedback than after confirming feedback. Additionally, alpha 2 spectral power (10.5-12.5 Hz) was found to be larger 250 ms after confirming feedback than after disconfirming feedback. It is argued that alpha 1 power seems to reflect those mental processes which are involving in combining features and matching them to a concept in mind. The increase in alpha 2 power after confirming feedback is interpreted in terms of general processing demands imposed during task performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Concept analysis of functional status.

Nursing as a discipline is striving toward evidence-based practice whose foundation is built upon clarity of concepts and theories and appropriate measures. The objectives of the paper are to clarify an overused and vague concept and to provide a precise operational definition of functional status. By following the Walker and Avant concept analysis guidelines, the concept, functional status, can best be defined as the level of activities performed by an individual to realize needs of daily living in many aspects of life including physical, psychological, social, spiritual, intellectual, and roles. Level of performance is expected to correspond to normal expectation in the individual's nature, structure, and conditions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Witnessed resuscitation: a concept analysis.

The science and practice of resuscitation is recognised and endorsed on an international level, yet for more than a decade it has appeared in the literature alongside words such as witnessing or witnessed to signify the practice of family presence during a resuscitation attempt. This paper explores the meaning of witnessed resuscitation using the process for concept analysis proposed by Rodgers. The term resuscitation is explored, followed by identification of relevant uses of the concept of witnessed resuscitation. The reader is introduced to conceptual variations that challenge the way in which the concept has become associated with family or relatives presence in the resuscitation room of an accident and emergency department. Conceptual clarity is further enhanced through the identification of references, antecedents and consequences of witnessed resuscitation and by providing a model case of the concept that includes its defining attributes.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Children's understanding of the arithmetic concepts of inversion and associativity.

Previous studies have shown that even preschoolers can solve inversion problems of the form a+b-b by using the knowledge that addition and subtraction are inverse operations. In this study, a new type of inversion problem of the form d x e/e was also examined. Grade 6 and 8 students solved inversion problems of both types as well as standard problems of the form a+b-c and d x e/f. Students in both grades used the inversion concept on both types of inversion problems, although older students used inversion more frequently and inversion was used most frequently on the addition/subtraction problems. No transfer effects were found from one type of inversion problem to the other. Students who used the concept of associativity on the addition/subtraction standard problems (e.g., a+b-c=[b-c]+a) were more likely to use the concept of inversion on the inversion problems, although overall implementation of the associativity concept was infrequent. The findings suggest that further study of inversion and associativity is important for understanding conceptual development in arithmetic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between illness severity, sociodemographic factors, general self-concept, and illness-specific attitude in Swedish adolescents with epilepsy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between the epilepsy condition (illness severity), sociodemographic factors, general self-concept, and illness-specific attitude in adolescents with uncomplicated epilepsy. METHODS: Adolescents, aged 13-22, fulfilling criteria registered in four Swedish hospitals, answered questionnaires (n = 149). The instruments "I think I am" and "Sense of coherence" measured the patients' general self-concept. The "Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale" measured illness-specific attitude. A summary score (index) calculated from seizure frequency, seizure type, and antiepileptic drug (AED) with side effects measured "Illness Severity". RESULTS: Illness severity was significantly related to the participants' general self-concept, as well as to their attitude toward their condition; i.e. higher illness severity scores were correlated with lower sense of coherence (SOC), poorer self-esteem, and a more negative attitude towards the epilepsy condition. Females had more severe illness according to the Illness Severity Index, with almost 80% found in the moderate and high severity groups as compared to 63% of males in the moderate/high severity groups. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the severity of the epilepsy condition was related to the adolescents' general self-concept and illness-specific attitude, but further research is needed to understand the causality of the relationship. The brief assessment of illness severity, constructed and used in this study should be addressed and developed further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The relevance of self-concepts discriminating in long-term incarcerated sex offenders.

Lack of self-esteem and assertiveness have been thought to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of sex offending behavior and to be significantly related to the number of previous convictions or violence of the assault. We, therefore, analysed self-concepts of 53 long-term incarcerated sex offenders to research the correlation between concepts of self-esteem, assertiveness, feelings towards others and relationships and the degree of violence of the last offense and risk of reoffense. We also investigated the relationship of previous convictions and duration of incarceration with the offenders' self-concepts and the influence of psychotherapeutic intervention on the offenders' self-concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Gender as a determinant of some Nigerian adolescents' self-concepts.

A review of some theories of sex identification in relation to self-concept was attempted. A self-concept scale (Semantic differential) was administered on 264 boys and 108 girls. The ages range between 15.5 and 17.0 years with a mean of 16.7 years. The subjects were all Nigerians. It was found that the boys had significantly (P less than 0.001) more positive self-concepts than the girls on all the six self-concept areas. The results were discussed in the light of psychological, physiological and social differences of the two groups. The socio-cultural environment of the sample was taken into consideration in discussing the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of nutritional education using concept mapping.

UNLABELLED: The concept mapping method is presented in the current study as a new tool to assess the learning process taking part in the hallmark of a nutritional education program addressed to obese diabetic patients. POPULATION: eight patients were interviewed prior to and after completion of 1-week in-hospital stay during which concept maps were designed. Concept maps quantitative and qualitative analysis disclose both (i) the importance of previous knowledge among patients prior to nutritional education and (ii) the maintenance of misconceptions after it. Nutritional education allows patients to acquire and structure their knowledge while providing them with a certain amount of medical vocabulary. An underlying correlation between concept maps design and the results of psychological tests identifying eating behaviour troubles (EBT), depression or anxiety has not been clearly identified. However, the nutritional education is more beneficial to those patients with a higher degree of self-assertiveness and with a lesser degree of anxiety, depression and eating disorder.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

A systematic review of the self-concept of children with cerebral palsy compared with children without disability.

Young people with cerebral palsy (CP) are often assumed to have low self-concept, in other words, they do not feel good about themselves. We systematically searched the literature to determine whether this assumption was supported by empirical research. Relevant trials were identified by searching electronic databases, and this was supplemented by citation tracking. Of 1355 papers initially identified, six met the criteria for review. Results showed that adolescent females with CP have a lower self-concept than females without disability in the domains of physical appearance (d = -1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.06 to -0.26); social acceptance (d = -1.24; 95% CI -2.15 to -0.33); athletic competence (d = -0.93; 95% CI -1.79 to -0.07); and scholastic competence (d = -0.86; 95% CI, -1.71 to -0.01). Adolescent females with CP may be an at-risk group owing to their vulnerable self-concept. Clinicians may need to monitor and implement appropriate intervention strategies with this group. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that children with CP, in general, have a lower global self-concept compared with those without disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Eating disturbances in girls with diabetes: the contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns and mother-daughter relationships.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relative contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns (WSC), and mother-daughter relationships to eating disturbances among girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHOD: Eighty-eight adolescent girls (mean = 15.0 years, S.D. = 2.2) and their mothers completed self-report measures of disordered eating and weight control behaviours, with teens also reporting on disturbed eating and body attitudes. Based on reported symptoms, adolescents were classified as highly (N = 18), mildly (N = 30) and non-eating disturbed (N = 40). Self-concept was assessed by adolescent self-report. Mother-daughter relationships were assessed by adolescent self-report and by observed mother-daughter interactions that were rated using a macroanalytic coding system that assesses intimacy and autonomy in these relationships. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions illustrated that adolescent self-concept deficits, maternal WSC, and impaired mother-daughter relationships significantly predicted eating disturbances in girls with DM, accounting for 57% of the variance. Mothers who engaged in dieting and binge-eating were more impaired in their ability to support their daughters' emerging autonomy. The quality of mother-daughter relationships partly mediated the influence of maternal WSC on adolescent eating disturbances. Moreover, the impact of maternal WSC and mother-daughter relationships on eating disturbances was mediated by adolescent self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illustrate two pathways through which mother-daughter relationships may impact upon risk of eating disturbances in girls with DM and highlight the need to evaluate family-based interventions specifically tailored for this high-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Processes linking weight status and self-concept among girls from ages 5 to 7 years.

This study assessed the relationship between girls' weight status and self-concept and examined peer teasing and parent criticism as potential mediators of this relationship. Data were collected for 182 girls and their parents when the girls were 5 and 7 years old. At each age, girls' body mass index, self-concept, peer weight-related teasing (child report), and parents' criticism of girls' weight status (spouse report) were assessed. At ages 5 and 7, girls who were more overweight reported lower self-concept. Peer teasing and parent criticism mediated the relationship between weight status and self-concept at age 7, but not at age 5. In addition, the duration and timing of parent criticism across ages 5 and 7 mediated the association between girls' weight status at age 5 and perceived peer acceptance at age 7.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed women.

Forty clinically depressed women were randomized to a running, weight lifting, or delayed treatment condition. Self-concept was assessed at baseline, pre-, mid-, and posttreatment for all subjects and at 1, 7, and 12 months for exercise groups. Significant improvements in self-concept were found for exercise groups relative to control groups. No significant differences between exercise groups were found, and improvements were reasonably well-maintained over time. Differential changes on dimensions of self-concept were not demonstrated. These results suggest that both running and weight lifting exercise programs improve self-concept in clinically depressed women.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Relationship of social perceptions and self-concept in bulimia nervosa.

Although numerous studies have examined the families of bulimic individuals, none have explicitly addressed how family factors relate to self-concept among patients with bulimia. This study used L. Benjamin's' structural analysis of social behavior (1974) rating scales to assess how perceptions of parental relationships relate to self-concept. The results indicate that female patients with bulimia perceive both parents as hostilely disengaged. Furthermore, the self-concepts of patients with bulimia were significantly associated with perceptions of paternal attack/friendliness, which differentiated them from control participants. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relations between family factors and self-concept in bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Trait salience in the spontaneous self-concept.

A discrimination theory of selective perception was used to predict that a given trait would be spontaneously salient in a person's self-concept to the exten that this trait was distinctive for the person within her or his social groups. Sixth-grade students' general and physical spontaneous self-concepts were elicited in their classroom settings. The distinctiveness within the classroom of each student's characteristics on each of a variety of dimensions was determined, and it was found that in a majority of cases the dimension was significantly more salient in the spontaneous self-concepts of those students whose characteristic on thedimension was more distinctive. Also reported are incidental findings which include a description of the contents of spontaneous self-comcepts as well as determinants of their length and of the spontaneous mention of one's sex as part of one's self-concept.

Body Image↗
PubMed1986

Interaction of sex role self-concept with relationship quality and relationship beliefs in married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian couples.

The relation between sex role self-concept (masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, and androgynous) and both relationship quality and dysfunctional relationship beliefs was examined in 370 monogamous partners who represented four types of couples (married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian). Analyses used both the individual partner and the couple as the unit of analysis. The individual partner analyses revealed that relationship quality and relationship beliefs differed by subjects' sex role self-concept. Androgynous and feminine subjects reported higher relationship quality than masculine and undifferentiated subjects; androgynous subjects had fewer "disagreement is destructive" beliefs than feminine subjects; and androgynous subjects had fewer "partner cannot change" beliefs than undifferentiated subjects. The couple analyses revealed a relation between partners' sex role self-concept only for the heterosexual cohabiting couples. For these couples, masculine men tended to pair with feminine or undifferentiated women, and androgynous partners tended to pair together. Relative to other couples, couples in which one or both partners were androgynous or feminine reported the highest relationship quality, whereas couples in which one or both partners were undifferentiated or masculine reported the lowest relationship quality. These effects did not vary by type of couple. The study concluded that sex role self-concept is a robust factor in appraisals of relationship quality. Relative to masculine and undifferentiated individuals, androgynous and feminine individuals report greater positive relationship functioning.

Adult↗