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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Sex differences in number of children administratively classified as mildly mentally retarded: an epidemiological review.

Many epidemiological studies of mental retardation have shown a higher prevalence of boys than girls. Data were reviewed from various studies consistently showing that the highest male/female ratios are found at the upper end of the IQ range for children classified as mentally retarded. One reason for this may be that boys with IQs at the upper end of this range have greater difficulty than girls in meeting the requirements of school performance. Factors that may cause boys to experience more difficulties than girls in the early school years were reviewed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1985

An interdisciplinary method of classifying and monitoring medication errors.

A system is described for reporting medication errors according to practitioner and type and using these data as part of a departmental quality-assessment program. Types of errors committed in prescribing, in dispensing, and in administering drugs in a teaching hospital were listed. Prescribers' and pharmacists' reports of errors committed. Data on dispensing errors by 16 staff pharmacists were collected over a 12-month period in 1982-83, and data on prescribing by resident physicians were collected during three separate one-month periods. For each pharmacist, data on dispensing errors were compiled monthly. Pharmacists were counseled if they had a large number of errors in one category, a high total number of errors, or a substantial number of errors in a single category over several months. Likewise, physicians who committed more errors than their department's mean were counseled by the clinical chairman. After 12 months, each pharmacist's monthly error rate was compared with the departmental average. The number of dispensing errors reported during the study period (average 60.7 per month for the department) was lower than expected. Serious prescribing errors were minimal. In spite of probable underreporting of errors in this voluntary system, these methods of classifying medication errors by type and practitioner group and of recording error rates were useful tools for monitoring and improving performance of pharmacists and prescribers.

Chicago↗
PubMed1979

A prospective study of Doppler pressures and segmental plethysmography before and following aortofemoral bypass. Implications for predicting success and for adopting a uniform method of classifying arterial disease.

To determine the clinical and hemodynamic changes associated with aortofemoral bypass, 44 limbs of 31 patients underwent segmental plethysmography (PVR) and Doppler pressures (DSP) before operation, immediately after operation, and again at 6 months. Prior to operation patients were separated by angiographic criteria into two groups: aortoiliac segment disease alone (AI) (n = 22), and aortoiliac and femoropopliteal segment disease (AIFP) (n = 22). At 6 months the two groups were subdivided into four groups based on relief (oSx) or lack of relief (+Sx) of symptoms. Before operation the only significant difference between the four groups was a higher thigh PVR and calf DSP in the AI + Sx group. Six month PVR values in AIoSx were improved nearly twofold over preoperative measurements at the thigh and calf, but at the thigh level only for AIFPxSx. DSP was increased at all three levels in both AI and AIFPoSx groups. No hemodynamic improvement occurred in either the AI or the AIFP + Sx groups. A derivative index of PVR (thigh-ankle/15 mm) or the FPomega was significantly lower in AIFOsSx before operation. There was a significant disparity between classification by hemodynamics and by symptoms prior to operation which lessened somewhat after operation. These studies suggest that success or failure can be predicted before operation in AIFP by FPomega, and arterial disease should be classified by a combination of symptoms, angiography, and hemodynamics.

Angiography↗
PubMed1977

An attempt to classify the collateral systems in total occlusions at different levels of the lumbar aorta and pelvic arteries: causes and consequences.

18 cases of total occlusion of the lumbar aorta of one common iliac artery are discussed. The collateral patterns, described in the literature, were classified into eight groups, according the localization of the occlusion. Also a new collateral plexus of paravertebral arteries was observed. A survey of the scattered information in the literature of the last five years, about the incidence and the causes and consequences of total lumbar aortic occlusion, is given.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Normal ABR's in children classified as learning disabled.

Some preliminary studies on children identified as having "minimal brain dysfunction" have suggested that auditory brainstem (ABR) latency measures may be useful in facilitating early identification of children with learning disabilities. However, the present investigation on 20 boys aged 9-14 yrs classified as learning disabled according to typical psychoeducational criteria used in the United States showed that no ABR latency measure to repetitive click stimuli could differentiate this group from age-matched normal controls. Furthermore, psychoeducational Battery was not related to ABR latency in these children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Acute gastritis clinically classified in accordance with data from both upper GI series and endoscopy.

Detailed studies have been made of the X-ray, endoscopic, and biopsy findings in 160 Japanese patients with acute gastritis. We classified these patients clinically into three types: type I, edematous; type II, hemorrhagic; and type III, ulcerous type, on the basis of X-ray, endoscopic and biopsy findings. Type I is the mildest and seems to be completely cured within 1 week; however, type III requires a longer time to heal.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

[Method of visually classifying synapses from a multiplicity of attributes].

Seven electron microscopic signs of synapses were recognized and classified visually. Altogether 2250 synapses of the stratum radiatum of the hippocamp of 15 white rats were examined on a statistical basis. Five rats (750 synapses) showed a significant decrease in the magnitudes of two signs of the synapses (the active zone length and the mean sectional area of the terminal) after the elaboration of the conditioned reflex. The concentration of synaptic vesicles adjucent to the active zone rose as compared to that seen in a passive control group (5 rats, 750 synapses). An active control group (5 rats) demonstrated a significant increase in the postsynaptic membrane thickness and sectional area of the terminal occupied by synaptic vesicles. The concentration of vesicles neighboring the active zone was noticeably lowered.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Logical classifiers for image analysis in medicine.

A simple, intuitive procedure for the stepwise classification of objects in n-dimensional feature spaces is presented. Each classification step is based on a single feature decision and provides an optimal separation of the objects of only one class from the objects of all other classes. The algorithm of this procedure is implemented on a minicomputer of an image-analysis system. Testing of the classifiers on biomedical data (213 slides of diseased and normal liver tissue) yielded good results requiring few decisions and threshold parameters: 152 correct classifications, 16 incorrect classifications and 45 rejections.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1982

Modified schema for classifying positive-pressure tympanograms.

Tympanograms with peaks located in the high-positive air pressure range (greater than or equal to 50 mm H2O) are infrequently recorded in clinical practice and have been little discussed in the literature. Such tympanograms accounted for 1.2% of a series of 8,011 tympanograms recorded at various times from 1,556 subjects ranging in age from 7 months through 12 years. Correlations between otoscopic diagnoses and tympanometric findings in the case of 65 of the high-positive air pressure tympanograms form the basis of the present report. Of the 65 high-positive air pressure tympanograms, 51 showed relatively high compliance (less than or equal to 5.5 Madsen units), and of these 46 (90%) were associated with ears considered normal otoscopically. Fourteen of the high-positive air pressure tympanograms showed low compliance (greater than 5.5 Madsen units), and of these, six (43%) were associated with ears considered normal, six (43%) with ears showing signs of acute infection, and two (14%) with ears in which the presence of effusion seemed probable. A previously presented zonal schema for classifying tympanograms has been modified on the basis of these findings.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1981

[Un- classifiable types of ulcerative colitis].

10-15% of cases of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease cannot be classified. In a retrospective study of 35 colectomy specimens during a ten-year period, we observed 5 such cases. These cases of so-called "unclassified colitis" or "indeterminate colitis" nearly always follow, a fulminating course and require urgent surgery. On macroscopic examination there is marked dilatation of the colon with perforations. The colon is continuously involved, the right colon sometimes more so. Microscopically there is transmural inflammation with acute fissuring and extensive ulcerations. No specific criteria of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease are present. "Unclassified colitis" is not a definitive diagnosis. Followup studies sometimes serve for final classification of a case.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evolution of a computer program for classifying protein segments as transmembrane domains using genetic programming.

The recently-developed genetic programming paradigm is used to evolve a computer program to classify a given protein segment as being a transmembrane domain or non-transmembrane area of the protein. Genetic programming starts with a primordial ooze of randomly generated computer programs composed of available programmatic ingredients and then genetically breeds the population of programs using the Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest and an analog of the naturally occurring genetic operation of crossover (sexual recombination). Automatic function definition enables genetic programming to dynamically create subroutines dynamically during the run. Genetic programming is given a training set of differently-sized protein segments and their correct classification (but no biochemical knowledge, such as hydrophobicity values). Correlation is used as the fitness measure to drive the evolutionary process. The best genetically-evolved program achieves an out-of-sample correlation of 0.968 and an out-of-sample error rate of 1.6%. This error rate is better than that reported for four other algorithms reported at the First International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. Our genetically evolved program is an instance of an algorithm discovered by an automated learning paradigm that is superior to that written by human investigators.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

A framework to classify burden of illness measures.

Although criteria sets and health status instruments address the burden of illness, they serve different functions. We propose a framework to classify burden of illness measures. The taxonomy is primarily based upon the scope of conditions and the scope of patients or people the instrument aims at, but also takes the scope of health status dimensions and time into consideration. It is useful to understand the purpose of specific instruments or criteria sets and the differences between several categories in our application of these tools.

Classification↗
PubMed1994

Flow cytometric analysis of immunophenotypic and DNA values in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas classified according to the Kiel Classification and Working Formulation.

B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas classified previously according to the Kiel Classification were reclassified according to the Working Formulation. The comparative analysis of flow cytometric data was done for these two classification systems. It was established that flow cytometric data describe defined groups of malignancy more precisely in the Working Formulation, especially in case of the low grade lymphomas.

DNA, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1995

General practice medical records: why code? Why classify?

Recently, the Information Management Steering Group (IMSG) [a RACGP-AMA-Commonwealth Government committee responsible for the planning of information management in general practice], held a Coding Workshop at which available coding systems and their application in general practice computerised medical records were reviewed. As there has been in the past some discussion as to the value of coding, the workshop participants agreed that a paper outlining the reasons for coding and classifying clinical data should be prepared and disseminated to all general practitioners.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1995

Impairments, disabilities, and handicaps of patients with neck-and-shoulder pain; how are these consequences of disease classified?

This article describes various ways of classifying clinical problems related to pain in the neck-and-shoulder regions: the classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps, the classification of diseases and injuries, and the classification of chronic pain. It has been argued that diagnosis and classification is bad for patients: "it only labels the patient", it has been said. Of course, the individual patient must be taken care of with a comprehensive view, yet the best way to improve our possibilities to help patients is to strive for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the problem they present, and this cannot be done without tools of categories. Hence the classifications of clinical problems are absolutely necessary. Classifications do not harm the patients, but lack of knowledge can do so!

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Morphologic characteristics of equine endometrium classified as Kenney categories I, II, and III, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

Pathologic changes in the endometrium of mares may be rated according to Kenney's method of classification. Category I endometrium contains healthy tissue with no or few widely scattered pathologic changes. At the opposite end, severe widespread pathologic changes are associated with category III. Uterine biopsy specimens were collected aseptically from 16 mares during the estrous and diestrous stages of the cycle. Pathologic changes were evaluated, using light microscopy, and endometrium was classified as Kenney's category I, II, or III. Endometrial tissue of category I (n = 5 mares in estrus; n = 3 in diestrus); category II (n = 3 in estrus; n = 4 in diestrus), and category III (n = 4 in estrus; n = 4 in diestrus) were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All specimens were fixed immediately after biopsy because it was found that numerous bleb-like projections were formed when fixation was delayed. Category I endometrium had normal glands, and fibrotic tissue was not observed by light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed numerous hexagonally shaped cells that were covered with many microvilli. Ciliated cells also were observed, and they contained long healthy cilia. Category II endometrium had 2 to 4 nests surrounded by collagen fibers. Of the 4 specimens, 3 had moderate leukocyte infiltration (59 +/- 14.8 WBC/4 high-power fields [450 x]). Scanning electron microscopy revealed some inflammatory changes with slight swelling of the cell surface. Several cells in category II endometrium lacked microvilli, but they were interdispersed among many healthy hexagonal cells. Many nests were seen in category III tissue, and 2 specimens had severe infiltration of WBC (232,264 cells/4 fields).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Models for three-dimensional contingency tables with completely and partially cross-classified data.

We develop models for three-dimensional contingency tables containing both completely and partially cross-classified data for which one of the variables is regarded as dependent and the other two variables are regarded as independent variables. Parameters of interest include the cell probabilities and the probabilities that the observations on one or both independent variables are missing. The models allow inferences on these two sets of probabilities to be made independently. Maximum likelihood methods for estimating and testing hypotheses regarding these parameters are described, along with conditional goodness-of-fit test statistics, which display a convenient additivity property. The methodology is applied to cervical cancer data from a case-control study performed in Atlanta, Georgia, 1985-1988.

Adult↗