Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Urbanization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Epidemiological study of magnesium status and risk of coronary artery disease in elderly rural and urban populations of north India.

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 20 randomly selected streets in Moradabad city and two villages in Moradabad district in North India to determine the association of magnesium with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). There were 501 rural (270 men and 231 women) and 505 urban (250 men and 255 women) subjects between 50-54 years of age inclusive. The overall prevalence of CAD was three times higher in urban than in rural subjects (11.7 vs. 3.98) and the rates were comparable in both sexes. Dietary intake of magnesium was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in rural subjects in both men (520 +/- 58 vs. 415 +/- 47 mg/d) and women (432 +/- 40 vs. 316 +/- 38 mg/d). Dietary magnesium intake and serum magnesium were inversely correlated with CAD. The odds ratio for dietary magnesium intake indicates a higher prevalence of CAD at lower intakes of magnesium in both rural (0.67, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.51 to 0.86) and urban (0.72, 95 per cent CI 0.54 to 0.90) subjects. Multivariate regression analysis showed that serum and dietary magnesium were significantly associated with CAD. Hypertension was not associated with CAD, and serum cholesterol showed only weak association in both rural and urban subjects. The inverse association of dietary and serum magnesium with CAD shows that some urban populations of India may benefit from increased consumption of dietary magnesium and higher serum magnesium levels.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Differences in urban and rural Britain.

Almost 90 per cent of people in Britain live in urban areas and just over half the population are resident in 66 urban areas with populations of 100,000 or more. These and a wide range of key results from the 1991 Census have been published for all urban areas in Great Britain, updating information that was prepared for the first time after the 1981 Census. This article summarises the socio-demographic characteristics and distributions of urban and rural populations in Great Britain and describes how the distribution of urban population has changed in the decade 1981-91.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Environmental factors affecting nutritional status in urban areas of developing countries.

The demographic and economic transition that many developing countries are undergoing is producing important changes in diet and lifestyle that greatly impact on disease risks. Among the risk behaviors associated with socioeconomic transition and urbanization are excessive dietary fat intake, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and environmental contamination. Combined with a reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy, those risk factors lead to an increasing prevalence of chronic disease like non-insulin dependent diabetes and coronary heart disease. This disease. This disease profile is a relatively new phenomenon in developing countries, where health programs have traditionally focused on "acute" interventions such as immunization or oral rehydration. A new approach will be needed to address chronic diseases, which frequently demand a life-long and technically complex medical management, and may have significant impact on the quality of life and productivity of the population. Efforts to address this situation should focus on a) expanding the information base on diet, nutritional status and lifestyle changes in populations migrating to urban areas; b) developing and evaluating approaches for improving diet quality in urban populations, including fortification and community-based supplementation programs; c) understanding better the social and behavioral determinants of nutritional status in the urban poor; and d) defining the role of the food industry and of agricultural production for improving the quality of the food supply in urban areas.

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Regional and urban population size weights in Saudi Arabia, 1962-1974.

"The aim of this paper is to study the development of population weights for regions and urban centres in Saudi Arabia through the period 1962-1974. In order to achieve this aim some non-parametric statistical rules have been used such as rank-size rule and the four-city index. The results show non-balanced distribution of population on both regional and urban scales. The concentration of people in urban centres is more pronounced than the concentration in regions. This is due to internal and external movement of population towards large-sized urban centres."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Multivariate analysis of Kenya's urban system.

"The study analyzes the structure, spatial interaction, and dimension of the post-colonial urban systems of Kenya using component factor analysis and based on selected socio-cultural, economic, and demographic variables. The study identified seven major dimensions of variation accounting for 72.0%. The analysis of the urban spatial variation is compared and intertwined with studies done in other countries to find out the regional variation of the loadings. Finally, a seven-order characteristics of Kenya urban systems is suggested, based on the study. The accurate knowledge of these salient characteristics of Kenya urban sub-systems is important before any viable spatial planning should be implemented."

Africa↗
PubMed1983

The urban transition and the evolution of the medical care delivery system in America.

This essay traces the evolution of the American urban medical care delivery system and examines the implications in terms of social and spatial variations in accessibility to medical care. It is suggested that the foundations of the present medical care delivery system were laid during the urban transformation which took place in the latter part of the nineteenth century, when changes in the division of labor, specialization, the role of the family, urban transportation technology and attitudes to social protectionism interacted with changes in science, medical technology and professional organization to produce radical changes in both the settings used to provide medical care and their relative accessibility to different sub-groups of the population. The medical care delivery system is thus interpreted largely as a product of the overall dynamic of urbanization rather than of scientific discovery, medical technology and the influence of key medical practitioners and professional organizations.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1986

John Turner revisited: an intra-urban migration model for colonial-type cities in Latin America.

The author uses the intra-urban migration model developed by John Turner in the early 1960s to examine population movements in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Ways in which the model applies in the case of Arequipa are summarized, as are quantitative and qualitative differences between the model and the Arequipa study. The Turner model employs economic (industrialization level), demographic (level of rural-to-urban migration), and political (housing policy) criteria to distinguish a city's transitional phase. "According to these criteria Arequipa clearly belongs to the mid-transitional phase. The pattern of intra-urban migration, however, shows a mixture of Turner's mid and late transitional phases (e.g. center acts still as a reception area, but at the same time a major number of migrants settle directly in the periphery).... The town itself has a limited industrial development and hardly any municipal housing policy worth mentioning.... It is above all the demographic factor in combination with the town's morphology (a large colonial-type center, etc.) which in the case of Arequipa regulates the pattern of intra-urban migration."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Expanding the theoretical foundation of differential urbanization.

"Recently, the concept of differential urbanization was introduced. It conceptually links the processes of urbanization, polarization reversal, and counterurbanization across the development spectrum in the First and Third Worlds. Based on supporting evidence in developed and less developed countries, this study expands the theoretical foundation of the concept by first focusing on a graphical analysis of the processes of urbanization, polarization reversal, and counterurbanization. Secondly, it looks into the explanations given for counterurbanization. Thirdly, factors likely to influence post-counterurban migration trends are discussed, and finally, the relevance of certain causes of differential urbanization given in the literature are explored."

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Urbanization in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan: a NIEs pattern.

"This paper will present an analysis of urban structure in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, which formed as these regions evolved into so-called ¿newly industrializing economies' (NIEs).... In Korea and Taiwan [the process of] over-urbanization and expansion of primate cities was already under way during the colonial period; but in the postwar process of rapid industrialization, their urban structures began to change again, giving rise to characteristics not observed in other developing countries. The first task of this paper is to analyze these characteristics in terms of a NIE.... The second task...is to undertake comparative analysis of the two types.... In Korea the rise of ¿regionalism' and the formation of an urban poor social stratum generated serious social conflict. Analyzing these problems is the third task of this paper."

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Third World urbanization: dimensions, theories, and determinants.

"Few aspects of international social change have generated as much scholarship as patterns of urbanization in the Third World. In this review of interdisciplinary research, we first trace the trends and dimensions of urbanization in developing countries and then discuss major theories guiding global urban studies. Second, we review and critique recent cross-national investigations of the determinants of urbanization and its dimensions, concluding that severe underspecification, the dearth of comparative statistics on critical dimensions, and the ambiguity of proxy variables hinder research in this area. Finally, we discuss issues that warrant additional investigation in the near future."

Demography↗
PubMed1994

[Thirty years of urban dynamics in Romania: between homogeneous and specific regional development].

"It is necessary to give a brief account of the major characteristics of recent urban dynamics in Bucharest (a) because of the impact of images on urban changes and (b) because urbanisation in Romania took place at a late stage and at a very moderate pace (50% in 1985). The urbanisation policy tended towards uniformity, which has resulted in medium-sized cities being over-represented in the urban network.... The first urban changes to emerge as a result of the post-socialist transition are a consequence of the effects of the size of cities on the one hand, and of the revival of historical provinces on the other." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUM)

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Indian policies on urbanisation and urban development.

"This article begins by examining the rationale of [India's] national urbanisation policy goals, before moving on to analyse some of the specific urban development schemes.... This is followed by a discussion of the modifications which need to be made to India's urbanisation goals...." The policy's three main objectives are to achieve "a) rural-urban mix in regional development; b) distribution of urban size-classes; and c) rural-urban distribution of public services."

Asia↗
PubMed1983

On some faulty concepts in Soviet urban studies.

"The authors attack what they call 'superurbanism' and 'agglocentrism,' an excessive preoccupation among some Soviet geographers with urbanization and the formation of urban agglomerations. The authors advocate what is known in Soviet geography as a 'unified system of settlement,' meaning a harmonious blend of both urban and rural forms. The 'agglocentrists' are said to derive their ideas from Western models, and the authors [note the growing] disenchantment with excessive urbanism in the West."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

City size, quality of life, and the urbanization deflator of the GNP: 1910-1984.

The authors attempt to determine the net effect of city size on quality of life by developing a welfare measure of urbanization. "The estimation procedure suggested in the theoretical part of the paper (section II) is implemented in the empirical part (section III) using 1980 census data from the [U.S.] PUMS (Public Use Micro Data Sample). The results indicate there is no single optimal city size, but rather a worst city size, and about 90 percent of the U.S. population reside in cities smaller than worst city size. If quality of life is related to the degree of urbanization, then long-term trends in the locational distribution of the population should be accounted for in any welfare-oriented measure of national income. One application of our results is, as indicated, the derivation of a GNP welfare deflator reflecting changes in the degree of urbanization (section IV). The findings suggest an urban deflator on the order of six to seven percentage points, which is steadily increasing at a rate of about half a percentage point per decade."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Long-run urban growth with agglomeration economies.

"It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may 'explode' without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown. First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up....Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third factor of production will make it more likely to achieve a steady growth equilibrium in the presence of agglomeration economies. Last, the model is generalized to include many factors of production."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

[The use of census data to estimate levels of urbanization].

Problems concerning changes in the definition of urbanization for demographic analysis are examined. "This article attempts to examine the problem by clarifying the definition of the concept and indicators of urban and urbanization and by making a longitudinal analysis of urbanization using the Indonesian 1920-1990 Census data." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1991

The distinguishing features of urbanization in socialist countries.

Urbanization in developing socialist countries (DSC) is described and compared with urban growth in market-economy countries. The author finds that "the common characteristics of DSC urbanization are mainly composed of two...factors: firstly, they all use a similar set of economic development models. This set of models is different from the development models of capitalist countries. Secondly, compared with population movement in a so-called 'state of anarchy' in an urban economy, socialist countries stress that population movement, just like the deployment of other productive force elements, must submit to central economic planning, and population movement should occur in a 'planned' way."

Demography↗