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PubMed2003

Factors affecting variations in exposure to infections by Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Gedaref state, eastern Sudan to investigate the prevalence of positive leishmanin skin tests and environmental factors related to Leishmania donovani infection. A total of 3835 people living in 11 villages in 3 regions were screened. Soil types and tree densities were determined in 33 villages inhabited by 44 different tribes. The highest rates of positive skin tests were in Rahad region (33.9%), Atbara (21.6%) and Gedaref (10.6%), with an average of 21.1% for the state. Risk of infection by L. donovani varied significantly between different tribes. Higher densities of Acacia and Balanites spp. trees were in Masaleet villages, suggesting that the relatively high risk of L. donovani exposure in this tribe is due to environmental factors.

Acacia↗
PubMed2006

Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences.

The phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) was reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences using 53 species representing 11 currently recognized tribes of the Tephritinae and 10 outgroup species. The minimum evolution and Bayesian trees suggested the following phylogenetic relationships: (1) monophyly of the Tephritinae was strongly supported; (2) a sister group relationship between the Tephritinae and Plioreocepta was supported by the Bayesian tree; (3) the tribes Tephrellini, Myopitini, and Terelliini (excluding Neaspilota) were supported as monophyletic groups; (4) the non-monophyletic nature of the tribes Dithrycini, Eutretini, Noeetini, Tephritini, Cecidocharini, and Xyphosiini; and (5) recognition of 10 putative tribal groups, most of which were supported strongly by the statistical tests of the interior branches. Our results, therefore, convincingly suggest that an extensive rearrangement of the tribal classification of the Tephritinae is necessary. Since our sampling of taxa heavily relied on the current accepted classification, some lineages identified by the present study were severely under-sampled and other possible major lineages of the Tephritinae were probably not even represented in our dataset. We believe that our results provide baseline information for a more rigorous sampling of additional taxa representing all possible major lineages of the subfamily, which is essential for a comprehensive revision of the tephritine tribal classification.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reasons for failure of genetic classifications of South Amerind populations.

Previous attempts to classify South American Indian tribes according to genetic characteristics have failed to yield a hierarchical system of relationships. This can be explained by the facts that (1) tribal populations did not evolve through sequential fissions but through frequent fusions of groups with diverse histories and (2) allele frequencies have been held at nearly common values by intertribal migration or balancing selection. A valid model must allow for fusion and mixed populations as well as for fission; factor analysis or newer methods of fuzzy mathematics permit this. The effects of migration and balancing can be made more manageable by partitioning them according to the limited time periods recorded by haplotypes. An initial attempt using factor analysis and HLA haplotype data on 19 rain forest tribes revealed two overlapping clusters that are largely but not neatly separated by the lower Amazon River. Several tribes, especially in the west, were excluded from these clusters.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1989

Haplotypes in tribal Indians bearing the sickle gene: evidence for the unicentric origin of the beta S mutation and the unicentric origin of the tribal populations of India.

To determine the origin of sickle cell anemia (SS) in India, we analyzed haplotypes of the beta gene cluster in beta S-carrying individuals belonging to tribal populations living in the Nilgiris region of southern India and complemented the available data on tribes of east-central India. We found that in the Nilgiris tribes chromosomes bearing the beta S gene are linked in 91% of the cases to the "Asian" (Arab-Indian) haplotype (although 25% of the haplotypes had the epsilon polymorphic site negative, making the 5' portion of the haplotype identical with the African Senegal haplotype). These XmnI (+) chromosomes were associated with high G gamma expression (67.2 +/- 5.9%) and a high percentage of Hb F (15.5 +/- 7.9%; range, 6-25.3%). We have similar findings for tribal groups from west-central India (Gujarat). In east-central India we have confirmed the data of others, finding the same haplotype linked to beta S in tribes living in the east (Orissa, Andhra Pradesh). We conclude that the beta S gene in presently isolated and disperse tribal populations in India is associated with one predominant typical haplotype, suggesting a unicentric origin of the mutation in India. In addition, this finding implies a unicentric origin of the tribal populations themselves: The gene must have arisen and spread before tribal dispersion. Furthermore, we find extremely high frequencies of the (-alpha) haplotype in the Nilgiris (0.89) and in Gujarat (0.95). The beta S gene linkage to a high Hb F-expressing haplotype and the high incidence of alpha-thalassemia predict a mild phenotypical expression of sickle cell anemia in India.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tuberculosis among American Indians of the contiguous United States.

Paleopathologic findings provide strong evidence for the existence of tuberculosis in Andean populations of pre-Columbian America. Indirect evidence is available also to suggest its possible endemicity among some American Indian tribes who lived within the present-day contiguous United States before the arrival of Europeans. The available data suggest that tuberculosis became a major health problem in some tribes with increased population density and cultural changes after increased contact with European civilization, paralleling the deterioration in living conditions after relocation of the tribes to reservations. By 1900, tuberculosis had become one of the most serious health problems among North American Indians. Tuberculosis control was hampered by the lack of a specific treatment, and only the advent of specific chemotherapy in an ambulatory setting brought a breakthrough. Mortality, morbidity, and risk of infection have all sharply decreased over the past three decades. However, tuberculosis incidence rates among American Indians remain well above rates in the white population. An intensified effort to identify those with tuberculosis and those at risk of tuberculosis as well as to develop compliance-enhancing strategies with treatment regimens will be necessary to eliminate tuberculosis from Indian reservations.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1988

Rates and causes of end-stage renal disease in Navajo Indians, 1971-1985.

The rates of end-stage renal disease are much increased in American Indians, but no longitudinal study of its rates and causes has been undertaken in any tribe. This 15-year study of rates and causes of treated end-stage renal disease in the Navajo, the largest Indian tribe, supplies an important model on which to base projections and plan interventions. Treated end-stage renal disease in Navajos has increased to an age-adjusted incidence 4 times that in whites in the United States. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for 50% of all new cases in 1985, with an incidence 9.6 times that in US whites, and was due entirely to type II disease. Glomerulonephritis caused end-stage renal disease in Navajos at a rate at least 1.8 times that in US whites and afflicted a much younger population. The predominant form was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with an immune complex deposition. Renal disease of unknown etiology, which probably includes much silent glomerulonephritis, accounted for 20% of all new cases. The aggregate Navajo population with end-stage renal disease was 9 years younger than its US counterpart. These observations reflect the genesis of the epidemic of diabetic nephropathy afflicting many tribes. Urgent measures are needed to contain this. In addition, the etiology and control of mesangiopathic, immune-complex glomerulonephritis of unusual severity, a previously unrecognized problem, need to be addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Ectrodactyly in central Africa.

Autosomal dominant ectrodactyly has been identified in several families in remote areas of central Africa. Two groups from eastern Botswana and south-western Zimbabwe belong to the Talaunda tribe and have a common ancestral origin. Another family are members of the Wadoma tribe of north-eastern Zimbabwe. A total of 24 individuals may be affected. Tenuous historical evidence suggests that the Talaunda migrated from the eastern Zambezi region late in the last century and may have the same origins as the Wadoma tribe. On this basis it is likely that the affected people have the same faulty gene, which presumably arose by mutation in a common progenitor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Biochemical variability and genetic divergence of the palearctic voles (Arvicolidae): subgenus subterranean voles Terricola, true lemmings Lemmus Link, 1795, pied lemmings Dicrostonyx Gloger, 1841, steppe lemmings Lagurus Gloger, 1842, and mole voles Ellobius Fischer von Waldheim, 1814].

Genetic differentiation of 35 vole species, estimated at 18 to 31 biochemical loci, allowed us to identify the following phyla of the tribe level: Lemmini, Dicrostonychini, Ellobiini, Clethrionomyini, and Microtini. Average genetic differentiation between the tribes (D'Nei = 0.977) corresponds to separation of the phylogenetic branches in the middle Pleistocene. Tribe Lagurini was shown to be contained within Cletrionomyini. Ondatrini was the first branch that diverged from the common stem in the Miocene (D = 1.563), prior to the formation of the Arvicolidae family. Distribution of genetic distances indicates that family radiations comprised two stages, tribal (Pliocene) and specific (Pleistocene). Ages of the taxa, estimated by means of the molecular clock, agreed well with stratigraphic data. Marked periodicity of divergence in the family confirms the concept of punctuated evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Alpha-globin gene haplotypes in South American Indians.

The haplotypes of the alpha-globin gene cluster were determined for 99 Indians from the Brazilian Amazon region who belong to 5 tribes: Wayampí, Wayana-Apalaí, Kayapó, Arára, and Yanomámi. Three predominant haplotypes were identified: Ia (present in 38.9% of chromosomes), IIIa (25.8%), and IIe (22.1%). The only alpha-globin gene rearrangement detected was alpha alpha alpha 3.7 I gene triplication associated with haplotype IIIa, found in high frequencies (5.6% and 10.6%) in two tribes and absent in the others. alpha-Globin gene deletions that cause alpha-thalassemia were not seen, supporting the argument that malaria was absent in these populations until recently. The heterogeneous distribution of alpha-globin gene haplotypes and rearrangements among the different tribes differs markedly from the homogeneous distribution of beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes and reflects the action of various genetic mechanisms (genetic drift, founder effect, consanguinity) on small isolated population groups with a complicated history of divergence-fusion events. The alpha-globin gene haplotype distribution has some similarities to distributions observed in Southeast Asian and Pacific Island populations, indicating that these populations have considerable genetic affinities. However, the absence of several features of the alpha-globin gene cluster that are consistently present among the Pacific Islanders suggests that the similarity of haplotypes between Brazilian Indians and people from Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia is more likely to result of ancient common ancestry rather than the consequence of recent direct genetic contribution through immigration.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Sickle cell trait performance in a prolonged race at high altitude.

The limitation of aerobic exercise capacity of athletes with the sickle cell trait (SCT), under conditions of limited oxygen availability, is still controversial. To study this, we took advantage of an unique setting, the International Mount Cameroon Ascent Race, a 34.1-km race over difficult terrain, slopes ranging from 7 to 40%, and altitudes varying from 615 to 4095 m, combined with high prevalence rates of SCT among the African runners. Of 266 Cameroonian runners, SCT was detected in 33 athletes (12.4%), a prevalence similar to that of the ethnically corrected general population. However, in runners of the Bakoueri tribe whose performance is contingent with social stature, SCT was present in only 1 of 41 runners (2.4%), as compared with 15.6% in the general population of the Bakoueri tribe (P < 0.03). In general, performance times of SCT runners were not different from non-SCT runners, except during the portion of the race at altitudes ranging from 3800 to 4095 m, where significantly longer times were clocked by SCT subjects (P < 0.02). We conclude that prolonged aerobic efforts in hypobaric hypoxic conditions may be associated with a detrimental effect on performance in SCT carriers. If this is true, it might account for the reduced prevalence of SCT among those runners representing the Bakoueri tribe, provided an objective measure of performance at altitude was employed to select these representatives.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The serological response to a recombinant DNA vaccine in the native residents of 2 hyperendemic hepatitis B areas in the Peruvian Amazonia].

UNLABELLED: In large areas of the Amazon jungle from Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru, it has been reported hyperendemic HBV and delta focus. In the Peruvian jungle we found up to 97% of prevalence of HBV, on the northern Jívaro tribes vs the southern tribes, Arawak, (65%). In this paper we studied 226 volunteers from 6 Jívaro and 3 Arawak villages, who accepted to be vaccinated with a DNA recombinant vaccine (ENGERIX B); all of them were previously HBsAg/Ab negatives but 55.5% of them were anti-core (IgG) positive. Our results show 84.9% of seroconversion to anti-HBs, and 73.5% was consider to be immunized (> 10 mIU/ml). Better response was observed in those that were HBcAb negative, coming from a low endemic area. We also observed a good vaccine response although we had to change months the response decreased up to 51.8% of seroimmunity. Higher anti-HBs titles was observed in the southern tribes: MGC of 416.3 mIU/ml. compared with the south: MGC: 182.2 mIU/ml. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to check previously, in hyperendemic areas, HBV markers, specially. It is important to receive the second dose between with the third dose up to 14 month. The immune response overall was good: the ABsAb titles obtained was in average, 290 mIU/ml (10.2-41,00). Apparently the vaccine do not suffer during the difficulties in transportation in the jungle. No side effects we shown during the vaccination program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Leading causes of death in the aborigines in Taiwan].

Leading causes of death were analyzed among Aboriginal tribes in Taiwan in the decades of 1971-80 and 1981-90. Sex and tribe specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated from death certificate data and compared with the number of expected deaths derived from the mortality of the total population in Taiwan. In all, 35,221 cases of death in Aborigines were contrasted with 1,695,479 cases of death in the total population in Taiwan. Generally speaking during the two decades the SMR increased considerably suggesting more attention should be paid to the aborigines. Mortality due to accidents was statistically significantly higher than expected among Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan and Rukai men and among Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan women, as was mortality from tuberculosis among Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan and Rukai men and women, mortality due to liver cirrhosis as well as pneumonia among the Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan men and women, mortality from suicide among Atayal, Bunun, and Paiwan men, and among Atayal and Bunun women, mortality due to cancer among Bunun and Paiwan men and women, and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan men in 1981-90 decade. The SMR for ill-defined conditions was on average twice as high as expected; but among the Yami tribe in particular it was elevated 12 fold, indicating insufficient medical care. Factors relating to the cause of increased deaths need to be further studied.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1994

[Mortality patterns of Taiwan aborigines due to accidents].

The purpose of this investigation was to study ethnic differences in mortality patterns due to accidents in the various aboriginal areas of Taiwan. Mortality data was collected from the National Health Department. To compare the accident mortality of aborigines with that of the general population of Taiwan, and then calculated standardized mortality ratios for accidents in the various aboriginal groups by using the cause specific accident mortality of the general population as standardized mortality and found that mortality in Taiwan between 1971 and 1990 was 60.1 per hundred thousand due all causes of injuries 72.2 (102.2 for males and 39.5 for females). The same figures for the aborigines were 194.9 (274.1 for males and 98.7 for females), respectively. The leading causes of accidental death among the aborigines were motor vehicle accidents, suicide, drowning, accidental falls for males and suicide, motor vehicle accidents and non-drug poisoning for females. Our investigations show that the standardized mortality ratio due to accidents in the aboriginal areas is two to three times higher than that in the general population of Taiwan. These figures were differences among the aboriginal tribes, despite similarities in medical care, environmental and economic circumstances. Mortality due to accidents, especially due to suicide and poisoning, in the Atayal and Bunun tribes were particularly higher than in other tribes. Thus, the risk of an accident in these regions may be associated not only with the environment and the lack of medical resources, but with some socio-cultural factors.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

[Cancer mortality analysis among aborigines in Taiwan].

Mortality among Aborigines tribes in Taiwan from malignant neoplasms in the 1971-80 and 1981-90 decades were analyzed. Sex and tribe specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated from death certificate data and compared with the number of expected deaths derived from the cancer mortality of the entire population of Taiwan. Mortality due to oral cancer was statistically significantly higher than expected among Paiwan men in the 1971-80 decade and among Paiwan women from 1971-80 and 1981-90; as was mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer among Bunun, Paiwan and Rukai men from 1981-90 and among Bunun and Paiwan women from 1971-80 and 1981-90; mortality due to stomach cancer among the Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan people from 1971-80 and 1981-90, among Rukai men from 1971-80 and among the Tsou and mixed group women from 1981-90; mortality from liver cancer among Atayal and Bunun men in 1971-80, among Bunun women from 1971-80 and 1981-90 and among Paiwan women in 1981-90; mortality due to nasal cavity, middle ear and paranasal sinuses cancer among Rukai men from 1981-90; and mortality due to bone cancer among Tsou men and Atayal women from 1981-90. Mortality due to colorectal cancer was statistically significantly lower than expected among mixed group men from 1971-80 and in Atayal women from 1981-90; as was mortality from lung cancer among Atayal men and Paiwan women from 1971-80 and among Paiwan and mixed group men in the 1981-90 decade. Overall, the standardized mortality ratio of all cancers in aborigines was a little higher than in the general population of Taiwan. However, differences for ratio or site existed in different tribes.

Female↗
PubMed1994

[Standardized incidence ratios for cancers in Taiwan aborigines, 1981-1987].

Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of malignant neoplasms in Taiwanese Aborigines were analyzed. In all, 995 cases of cancers had been reported in 30 Taiwanese Aboriginal communities between 1981 and 1987. In the same time period, 137, 159 cases were registered in Taiwan and carefully categorized according to race, gender, site and frequency of occurrence. Sex and tribe-specific standardized incidence ratios with 95% confidence interval were calculated. We found that the standardized incidence ratios of all cancers in Aborigines was lower than that in the general population of Taiwan for both Aboriginal men (0.72, 95% CI:0.67-0.78) and women (0.66, 95% CI:0.59-0.72). Of selected malignant neoplasms, SIR for nasopharyngeal carcinoma was slightly elevated in men, especially in the Bunun and Rukai tribes and significantly elevated in Paiwan women (2.95, 95% CI:1.65-4.87). The SIR for gastric cancer was significantly elevated for both men (SIR = 1.22, 95% CI:1.03-1.44) and women (1.48, 95% CI:1.14-1.92), especially in Atayal and Bunun men and Atayal women. There was a higher than expected level of incidence of penis cancer and other male genital cancers, especially in Paiwan people, with the SIR as large as 6.24 (95% CI:2.02-14.53). The SIR of lymph node cancer was significantly increased in Bunun (4.21, 95% CI:1.36-9.81) and Yamei women (CI:1.50-44.89), but not for all Aboriginal men. Colon, rectum, lung, bladder and oral cancers in aboriginal men and colon, rectum, lung, breast and cervical cancer in women occurred significantly less frequently than in the general population. The SIR of colon and rectum carcinoma was significant lower for both men (0.45, 95% CI:0.32-0.61) and women (0.25, 95% CI:0.13-0.42), particularly in the Atayal and Paiwan tribes. The SIR of lung cancer was 0.52 (95% CI:0.41-0.66) in Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan men and 0.58 (95% CI:0.38-0.86) in Paiwan women. There were significantly lower than expected levels of incidence of bladder (0.18, 95% CI:0.02-0.65) and oral cancer (0.29, 95% CI:0.08-0.74) for Atayal men. Aboriginal women had significantly lower SIR of cervical cancer (0.46) especially in Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan women and of breast cancer (0.38) especially in the Atayal and Paiwan women. But cancer of esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and prostate occurred among Aboriginal people at the same rate as in the general Taiwan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Improving American Indian Cancer Data in the Washington State Cancer Registry using linkages with the Indian Health Service and Tribal Records.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested that American Indians are sometimes classified as other races on cancer registries. Also, cancer registries typically do not include data on tribal affiliation. This study determined the extent of racial misclassification of American Indians in the Washington State Cancer Registry (WSCR) and obtained tribal-specific cancer data for Washington State. METHODS: A computer file including persons registered for services with the Portland Area Indian Health Service (IHS) or who were enrolled members of 19 tribes in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (n = 127,375) was linked with WSCR records of incident cases for 1992 and 1993 (n = 49,420). Linkage was conducted with probabilistic methods using the AutoMatch software package. RESULTS: Of 180 persons recorded as American Indian in the WSCR, 130 (72.2%) were identified in the IHS/tribal roll file. Of 259 American Indians included in the IHS/tribal file who were identified in the WSCR, 130 (50.2%) were classified as American Indian. The estimated age-adjusted cancer incidence among American Indians in Washington State increased from 153.5 per 100,000 population before record linkage to 267.5 per 100,000 after linkage. Of the 259 persons who were linked to the WSCR, 17 were not registered with IHS and appeared solely in the tribal rolls. Only two tribes had more than five identified cancer cases during the 2-year study period. CONCLUSIONS: The number of IHS-enrolled American Indians or tribal members included in the WSCR would be underestimated by one third in the absence of record linkages, and the estimated cancer incidence of 43.6% would be lower before linkage. It is feasible to obtain tribal-specific cancer rates by linking tribal rolls to cancer registries, although the small number of cases in most tribes is a significant limitation. Further efforts to improve racial classification of American Indians in cancer registries should be undertaken.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1996

Genetic structure of the Manne Dora, a tribal population of Andhra Pradesh.

The Manne Dora, a small tribe inhabiting the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, South India, have been studied for 24 genetic markers, including blood groups, plasma proteins, and red cell enzymes. A genetic distance analysis was used to test whether this tribe was part of another tribe, the Konda Dora, and to clarify its divergence from other tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. The dendrogram and principal components analysis reveal clustering of the tribal populations in close agreement with geographic distance. The study indicates that the Manne Dora may have been genetically part of the Konda Dora and separated only recently.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Health care of Oklahoma Indians.

The many unique aspects of Indian life extend into the health care arena, of special interest in Oklahoma, the "home of the red man." The long historical relationship of certain Indian tribes with the federal government has resulted in one of the most complicated social, administrative, and governmental arrangements anywhere. A consequence of this relationship was, in effect, a business transaction resulting in the ceding of virtually all Indian lands of the U.S. and an assumption by the latter to provide certain services, including health care, to affected tribes. With the 33 different tribes in Oklahoma; the dual entitlement possessed by Indian people; the contributions of the Indian Health Service to the economy of Oklahoma; and the growing revolution in health care, knowledge of the special circumstances of Indian life and health care is important even for practitioners who do not regularly encounter Indian people in their own practices.

Health Services Accessibility↗