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PubMed2001

Measurement of eye length and eye shape by optical low coherence reflectometry.

BACKGROUND: The precise and rapid measurement of eye length and eye shape is essential for investigating eye growth regulation and myopia. For this purpose, we developed an optical low coherence reflectometer (OLCR) and present preliminary measurements. METHODS: The OLCR includes a super luminescent diode (wavelength: 845 nm, coherence length: approximately 30 microm) and rotating glass cube to produce longitudinal scans at a velocity of 0.42 m/s and a repetition rate of approximately 13 scans/s. Heterodyne detection of light reflected from the anterior cornea and the posterior retina permits to measure axial eye length and eye shape (off-axis eye length). Each measurement consists of five consecutive scans. Reproducibility and precision were determined in one volunteer by measuring axial eye length five consecutive times, each time repositioning the eye. Eye shapes were determined in right eyes of four volunteers by measuring eye length every 3.3 degrees from 10 degrees nasally to 10 degrees temporally. RESULTS: Axial eye length measured repeatedly in one volunteer did not differ between or within the measurements (one-factor ANOVA). The average standard deviation was 11 microm. Eye shapes (a) varied substantially among subjects and (b) differed considerably from the corresponding shapes of spherical model eyes with identical axial eye lengths. CONCLUSION: The newly developed OLCR permits the precise and rapid measurement of eye length and eye shape. Such measurements, especially in children, may provide important information about mechanisms of eye growth regulation and the development of myopia.

Biometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reducing errors in parallel conductance measurement.

Conductance (COND) measures left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) volume continuously during the cardiac cycle. COND measurement of the ventricle can be impaired by electrically conductive factors extrinsic to the heart that cause an artifactual increase in COND. This is known as parallel COND. A hypertonic saline injection has traditionally been used to measure parallel COND. The entry of hypertonic saline into the ventricle causes a rise (ascending region) in ventricular COND tracing, whereas its dissipation causes a fall (descending region). The hypothesis of this study is that parallel COND measurement can vary based on the region of COND tracing (ascending versus descending versus both) chosen for calculations. Parallel COND was measured in the LV (15 pigs and 5 sheep) and the RV (13 pigs and 5 sheep). In the LV, average +/- standard error of mean (SEM) parallel COND measured from the ascending region (55.4 +/- 9.2) was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the descending region and from both regions (72.2 +/- 10.3 and 66.4 +/- 9.2, respectively). Additionally, LV parallel COND measured from the descending region and from both regions were not different (p = NS; 72.2 +/- 10.3 and 66.4 +/- 9.2, respectively). In the RV, there was no significant difference (p = NS) among parallel COND calculated from ascending, descending, and both regions (102.9 +/- 8.1, 105.6 +/- 10.0, and 103.9 +/- 7.5, respectively). Average +/- SEM number of points used for parallel COND calculation (N) in the LV for each region (ascending versus descending versus both) were significantly different (p < 0.05) from one another (8 +/- 1 vs 11 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 1). Similarly, N values used for the calculation of RV parallel COND in ascending versus descending versus both regions were significantly different (p < 0.05) from one another (6 +/- 1 vs 9 +/- 1 vs 14 +/- 1). In conclusion, there were significant differences in parallel COND calculation based on varying regions of LV COND. This was not true for the RV. To reduce errors that are caused by the differences cited here, one region should be used consistently to measure parallel COND. More study will be required to determine the optimal region of the COND tracing for the determination of parallel COND.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Precision-controlled echocardiographic left ventricular function parameters by repeated measurement on three consecutive days in trained and untrained warmblood horses].

Echocardiographic measurements have to be reliable and reproducible with only a low day to day variability for detecting pathological changes of left ventricular myocardial function in horses. The day dependent fluctuation margin represents an important indicator for the reproducibility of a method. To find out the day to day variability of echocardiographic parameter in healthy warmblood horses, in the present study repeated echocardiographic measurements at three consecutive days were carried out (at the same time and by the same examiner) at 11 untrained and 7 trained warmblood horses. The horses were examined from the right hemithorax, in five different B- and M-Mode views in the long and short heart axis. The echocardiographic measurements in the three-day examination interval showed with coefficient of variation between 3.4 and 25.8% a good reproducibility. In order to calculate the precision of echocardiographic parameters (reproducibility from day to day) statistical analysis was carried out by means of a linear model with random effects. Herefor the variation between repeated measurements over three days and within the horses (day to day intraindividual variation) as well as the variation between the horses (interindividual variation) were taken into account. In dependency of the echocardiographic parameters 46.2-95.7% (median 85.7%) of the variation is caused by the difference between the horses (intraclass correlation) and 4.3-53.8% (median 14.3%) of the variation is caused by the repeated measurements on different days. With a coefficient of variance from 6.6% and an intraclass correlation of 0.957 the left ventricular diastolic diameter at the level of the papillary muscles showed the lowest variation between repeated measurements on different days. The heart rate with a coefficient of variance of 10.3% and an intraclass correlation of 0.462 showed the highest variation with 53.8% between the repeated measurements on different days. The precision of single echocardiographic measurements is confirmed. All parameters were also tested for differences between trained and untrained horses. Significant differences (p<0.05) could be found in the left ventricular diameter at the level of the apex cordis and under the mitral valves as well as in the systolic left ventricular area.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cortical involvement in temporal reproduction: evidence for differential roles of the hemispheres.

Only few studies have addressed temporal processing for durations longer than 1 s, and even fewer studies have investigated cortical involvement in time perception, in particular temporal production and reproduction. The present study investigated temporal reproduction in healthy control subjects and patients with anterior or posterior cortical lesions in the left or right hemisphere, or with subcortical left-hemispheric lesions. The paradigm involved presentation of either auditory or visual stimuli of 10 different standard intervals ranging from 1 to 5.5 seconds duration. Participants were required to reproduce the duration of a stimulus. Our results show that: (1) temporal reproduction across this temporal range can be better described with two separate linear regressions (bilinear approach) than with one single linear regression, thus contrasting the scalar timing concept; (2) that patients can, regardless of the hemisphere lesioned, perform reproductions of durations smaller than 2-3 s with reasonable accuracy; and (3) that patients with right-hemispheric lesions appear to be impaired in reproductions of stimuli longer than 2-3 s. Since attention appeared not to be impaired in the patients tested, the findings suggest that the integrity of the right hemisphere seems to be critical for temporal reproduction of intervals longer than 2-3 s.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffuse coronary artery to left ventricular communications: an unusual cause of demonstrable ischemia.

Diffuse communications between both the left and right coronary arteries and the left ventricle were found in a 46-year-old man presenting with typical angina pectoris. Symptoms were reproducible on treadmill exercise and ST segment depression, and redistribution septal defects were documented on stress Thallium scintigraphy. Antianginal drugs were effective in treating the patient's symptoms. Only 13 patients with similar anatomy have been previously described. This report is the first to document reproducible objective evidence of ischemia in such patients. The literature is reviewed and possible mechanisms of ischemia and its treatment discussed.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed2026

PCR-based species identification tools for wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of economic importance in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Coexistence of pest and non-pest wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in agricultural fields makes species-level identification critical to determine when pest management measures are required. However, morphological identification of wireworms (larval stage of click beetles) is challenging, as larvae are difficult to distinguish based on morphological features and misidentifications are common. Here, we developed species-specific primers for 15 click beetle species to be used in PCR-based species-level identification for agricultural fields across Canada. RESULTS: Partial sequences of the gene regions cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI), 16S, 12S, 28S, 18S, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), cytochrome-b (CYTB), elongation factor 1 (EF1), ATP6/8, NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1), NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2), NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3), NADH dehydrogenase 4 (ND4), NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) and NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6) were generated for elaterid species of interest. Of these gene regions, primers were designed on the mitochondrial gene regions COXI, CYTB and ND1 that had sufficient variation to discriminate among species and tested for species specificity using additional pest and non-pest species from the families Elateridae, Carabidae, Scarabidae and Silphidae. Specificity testing confirmed that all primer sets were species-specific. CONCLUSION: The novel primers designed in this study allow for PCR-based species identification of 15 economically important click beetle pest species in Canada. Further testing is needed to validate the assay for use outside of Canada. Accurate species-level identification will benefit pest management professionals by informing management decisions and reducing the use of insurance insecticide applications due to difficulties with identifications of wireworm pest species. &#xa9; 2026 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A study of three-dimensional image expression of the left ventricle.

In this report, the left ventricular blood pool of the heart is presented as an image of three dimensions by collecting the data simultaneously with two scintillation cameras from two directions at right angles to one another and processing by a computer system. Our three dimensional procedures, quite different from the conventional two dimensional images, reproduce the cubic structure of the left ventricle. It was confirmed by basic experiments using several phantoms that this three dimensional image reproduced the shape of the object very accurately. The three dimensional images of the left ventricle clearly showed morphological changes and abnormalities in myocardial movement. It is highly valuable in diagnosis because foci of myocardial infarction, akinesis and dyskinesis are clearly detected by this technique. In particular, the fact that the three dimensional images conform well with X-ray cineangiography and 201T1 scanning justifies the value of the clinical application of this technique.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1988

An in vitro model of gonad differentiation in the chick embryo. Roller cultures in gas permeable biofoil bags.

Embryonic gonads of 6 1/2 to 12 days old chick embryos were enzymatically dissociated. The cell suspensions were cultured in small gas permeable bags of foil (Biofolie Heraeus) in a roller culture apparatus. The cells formed multiple small aggregates, in which sex specific differences developed within two days. In cell suspensions of embryonic testes smooth spheric aggregates formed with well delineated testicular cords in the center and a tunica albuginea-like mesenchymal layer at the outside. Most of the male germ cells were incorporated in the central cords. A number of germ cells were barred from entering the cords by the tunica albuginea-like mesenchymal layer and populated the outer surface of the aggregates. The aggregates of left ovary were irregular in shape and characterized by clusters of germ cells residing in an outer cortical zone. The aggregates of the right ovary, which regresses in vivo, showed poor growth and did not differentiate, thus, indicating that the suppression of right ovary was not removed in culture. In the roller cultures of dissociated embryonic gonads male and female morphogenesis was mimicked in a reproducible manner, so that the system can be used for further experimental studies of gonadal development.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Osteoporosis Prevention and Arterial effects of tiboLone (OPAL) study: design and baseline characteristics.

The Osteoporosis Prevention and Arterial effects of tiboLone (OPAL) trial is a three-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to determine the effect of tibolone 2.5 mg (Org OD 14) and continuous combined conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (0.625 mg/2.5 mg respectively) on progression of intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries and bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae and proximal femur in postmenopausal women. A total of 866 healthy postmenopausal women were recruited in six U.S. centers and five European centers. Duplicate carotid ultrasound examinations of the common carotid artery, the carotid bifurcation, and the internal carotid artery were performed at baseline. Single measurements of bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae and proximal femur were obtained at baseline. After randomization, ultrasound examinations were repeated every 6 months for 36 months following baseline, with a duplicate examination at the end of the study. Bone mineral density was measured every 12 months throughout the trial. The primary outcome is change in mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), defined as the average of the intima-media thickness measurements performed circumferentially at predefined angles for the near and far wall of 10-mm segments of the right and left distal common carotid arteries. Unique new features of the OPAL study are the specifically developed OPAL ultrasound protocol, yielding highly reproducible CIMT measurements, and the use of two experienced core laboratories for CIMT readings (one in the United States and one in Europe) with one common quality assurance and control program. The OPAL study is a large, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effects of tibolone, as well as one of the first large randomized studies to determine the effects of continuous combined estrogen-progestin therapy on carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. The OPAL study results are expected to complement other studies on atherosclerosis progression in healthy postmenopausal women.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of single-shot echo-planar and line scan protocols for diffusion tensor imaging.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Both single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) and line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI) can be used to obtain magnetic resonance diffusion tensor data and to calculate directionally invariant diffusion anisotropy indices, ie, indirect measures of the organization and coherence of white matter fibers in the brain. To date, there has been no comparison of EPI and LSDI. Because EPI is the most commonly used technique for acquiring diffusion tensor data, it is important to understand the limitations and advantages of LSDI relative to EPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five healthy volunteers underwent EPI and LSDI diffusion on a 1.5 Tesla magnet (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). Four-mm thick coronal sections, covering the entire brain, were obtained. In addition, one subject was tested with both sequences over four sessions. For each image voxel, eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor were calculated, and fractional anisotropy (FA) was derived. Several regions of interest were delineated, and for each, mean FA and estimated mean standard deviation were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Results showed no significant differences between EPI and LSDI for mean FA for the five subjects. When intersession reproducibility for one subject was evaluated, there was a significant difference between EPI and LSDI in FA for the corpus callosum and the right uncinate fasciculus. Moreover, errors associated with each FA measure were larger for EPI than for LSDI. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that both EPI- and LSDI-derived FA measures are sufficiently robust. However, when higher accuracy is needed, LSDI provides smaller error and smaller inter-subject and inter-session variability than EPI.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Facilitated protamine transfer at polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane interfaces studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at micropipet electrodes.

Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at micropipet electrodes were applied to study the phase transfer of polypeptide protamine facilitated by complexation with charged ionophore dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (DNNS) at polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interfaces, i.e., sDNNS(-) (DCE) + protamine(n+) (aq) right harpoon over left harpoon protamine-DNNS complex (DCE). Well-defined current responses based on the selective protamine transfer were obtained reproducibly even in the presence of 0.12 M NaCl. The selective and reproducible responses make this voltammetric/amperometric approach an attractive alternative to the traditional potentiometric counterpart based on mixed potential responses, for which both protamine and Na(+) need to be transferred simultaneously. Using both organic- and water-filled micropipet electrodes, the reaction mechanism was studied under different mass-transfer conditions controlled by diffusion of protamine, DNNS, and the complex in the outer solution of the pipets. Both charge number of transferred protamine, n, and complexation stoichiometry, s, were determined to be approximately 20 by chronoamperometry. With these parameters, the electrochemically irreversible voltammograms were analyzed by assuming a one-step transfer model to obtain experimental transfer coefficients, which represent apparent dependence of the transfer rate on the interfacial potential. The analysis showed that the transfer coefficients are much larger or smaller than a normal value of approximately 0.5 and strongly depend on the diffusion-limiting species, i.e., 0.088 +/- 0.005, 0.89 +/- 0.01, and 0.065 +/- 0.008 for protamine, DNNS, and the complex, respectively. The apparently anomalous transfer coefficients were explained consistently by a phenomenological model based on adsorption and transfer processes.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed1992

Morphometric analysis of the dental pulp chamber as a method of age determination in humans.

Eighty bite-wing radiographs from 40 female and 40 male patients were selected from the patient record system at the University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio, Texas. All samples were equally divided into four age groups, with a range from 15 to 55 years of age. The lower right first permanent molar tooth was chosen as the representative tooth for measuring the maximum height and width of the pulp chamber. The reproducibility of the method was checked by repeating all measurements on two different occasions. Regression analysis indicates that the height and width of the pulp chamber were negatively correlated with age (height r = -0.376 and width r = -0.125). The coefficient of determination (r2) for pulp chamber height and width were 0.123 and 0.058, respectively. This indicates that although there appears to be a definite relationship between the age of an individual and the height and width of the dental pulp chamber, these measures cannot be used as a reliable method of age determination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Termination of ventricular tachycardia by single extrastimulation during the ventricular effective refractory period.

Termination of ventricular tachycardia by low-energy shocks delivered during the ventricular refractory period has been reported. We describe a case of reproducible termination of multiple episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia by a low-current extrastimulus delivered during the effective refractory period of the right ventricle, from the distal bipole of a quadripolar electrode catheter.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗
PubMed1986

Late sustained ventricular tachycardia after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot--a case report.

A female patient had recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) as a late sequela after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot, and the clinically documented VT could be induced and terminated in a reproducible manner by programmed stimulation. VT was accompanied by fragmented electrical activities when the electrode was positioned at the outflow tract of the right ventricle where myotomy was added on the previous scar. The electrophysiological study revealed that the mechanism of VT was re-entry and that the focus of VT was located at the right ventricular outflow tract.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Combination treatment with sirolimus and ciclosporin in clinical renal transplantation: A comprehensive review.

Sirolimus is a potent new immunosuppressive agent that has been shown to reduce the incidence of acute rejection episodes among renal transplant recipients as well as provide a unique approach to optimize treatment outcomes in difficult transplant situations. Owing to its properties as a critical-dose drug, therapeutic concentration monitoring of sirolimus readily compensates for intra- and interpatient variability and drug interactions with a variety of other agents such as ciclosporin. This review summarizes the results that demonstrate the efficacy of sirolimus in combination treatment with ciclosporin in human renal transplantation, as well as its potential in alternative therapeutic modalities in a broad range of transplant recipients. The clinical trials for SDZ-RAD, a macrocyclic lactone immunosuppressant structurally similar to sirolimus, also are reviewed herein. SDZ-RAD was developed in an attempt to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of sirolimus, particularly to increase the extent and reproducibility of its oral bioavailability and to reduce the extensive tissue distribution by virtue of its greater polarity. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Establishment of a canine model of severe smoke inhalation injury on unilateral lung].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a canine model of severe smoke inhalation injury on unilateral lung, in order to observe the pathomorphological changes in the injured lung within 24 postburn hours (PBHs). METHODS: Twenty five mongrel dogs were employed in the study and randomized into 3 groups. The left lung was injured by inhaling smoke produced by burning sawdust with sparing the right lung with a breathing tube in 10 dogs in group A. A conventional model of smoke inhalation injury to bilateral lungs was reproduced in 8 dogs in group B, and dogs in group C not subjected to smoke inhalation served as controls. Hemodynamic changes, blood gas analysis and the pathophysiologic changes in the lungs were observed within 24 PBHs. RESULTS: All of the dogs in groups A and C survived. Hemodynamic indices in the dogs in groups A and C remained stable without showing signs of systemic hypoxia. The arterial oxygen partial pressure in dogs of group A was 65 +/- 5 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation in the mixed blood was 0.64 +/- 0.04 at 24 PBHs, and they were much lower than those in group C but higher than those in group B. The pathological changes in the injured side of the lungs in group A were similar to those in group B with high consistency, and the changes, though milder, could also be identified in the contralateral uninjured lung. Five dogs died in the group B within 24 hours after smoke inhalation and the survivors showed signs of multiple organ failure. CONCLUSION: The canine model of acute severe unilateral pulmonary smoke inhalation injury was reproduced reliably, and could be an ideal model for the study on smoke inhalation injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Noninvasive diagnosis of mitral regurgitation by impedance cardiography].

A total of 46 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) of varying degrees of manifestation and 84 subjects with no MR were investigated. The possibilities were elucidated of the MR diagnosis by the impedance index (IMR): the ratio of the primary diastolic wave O amplitude to the primary systolic wave amplitude (dz/dt)min of the impedance cardiogram. A significant increase of the IMR was recorded in the MR presence. The degree of such increase depended on the MR manifestation and not on the impairment of the left or right ventricle function. The high specificity and sensitivity of the method, the value of the negative and positive tests as well as their reproducibility evidence that impedance cardiography is a perspective method for the noninvasive diagnosis of MR.

Adolescent↗