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PubMedDate not supplied

Reflections on transnational transferability of improvement technologies--a comparison of factors for successful change in the United States and northern Europe.

Two reliable models for predicting the success of change initiatives have been developed through the same research process. One model represents what is important in order to conduct successful improvements in the United States. The other model has been developed to predict successful improvement initiatives in Sweden. Through qualitative comparison between two reliable models we found some similarities and differences framing the underlying management heuristics for driving improvement initiatives. These findings are important pieces in transnational knowledge acquirement on quality improvements. They contribute a basis for discussions on transferability of management change concepts, and prompts for areas in need of considerations of adaptation before using different improvement ideas in other contexts than those for which they were developed.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed1999

The prospect for international regulatory interventions in embryo transfer and reproductive technologies in the next century.

Historically, international regulatory interventions in the area of animal reproductive technologies have focused on the need for mitigation against the dissemination of diseases with the movement of genetics and germplasm across international borders. The continued globalization of agriculture under the Sanitary/Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ensures that disease considerations arising from third and fourth generation reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilized embryos, transgenics and xenotransplantation will continue to give rise to animal health regulatory measures. Furthermore, in the aftermath of the raising of the public consciousness and the ensuing consumer confidence crisis concerning animal husbandry and livestock production practices following the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy outbreak, evolving societal values are expected to expand regulatory considerations to address veterinary public health and ethical concerns. Consequently, it is expected that the role of the International Embryo Transfer Society in fostering meaningful dialogue and profiling of the research necessary to provide for appropriate science based regulation development will increase in importance.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Reinventing fidelity: the transfer of social technology among settings.

In an ideal world, effective programs would be disseminated on a large scale, but many obstacles block program diffusion. To date, little guidance has been provided by program designers on how to implement the program in different sites with different personnel and client populations. This article discusses the debate between the "fidelity camp" and the "reinvention camp" and suggests an approach that reconciles the two positions: fidelity should be maintained to the program's mechanism of operation; reinvention is permitted in implementation if the causal mechanism is preserved. Such an approach is essential for effective dissemination of preventive interventions that are successful in controlled trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Information technology factors in transferability of knowledge based systems in medicine.

The history of knowledge based systems in medicine has been that they are generally very localised, serving a special need in a single setting. Very few have proven to be capable of transfer to a distant environment. With the advent of tele-medical services and the associated transfer of data and knowledge in such services, the ability of medical KBS to transfer will be crucial to the success of tele-medical services. Differences in knowledge acquisition methods, knowledge representation techniques and in the epidemiological composition of training databases may influence viable transfer of knowledge based systems. Through experiments we demonstrate how rule-based systems may impose inflexible demands on data, how different knowledge acquisition techniques acquire different aspects of knowledge, though trained on a common training database, and how different knowledge acquisition techniques show varying degrees of robustness to slight changes in training databases.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Application of avidin-biotin technology and adsorptive transfer stripping square-wave voltammetry for detection of DNA hybridization and avidin in transgenic avidin maize.

The proteins streptavidin and avidin were electrochemically detected in solution by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry (AdTS SWV) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). AdTS SWV was used to quantify biotinylated oligonucleotides, DNA hybridizations, and avidin in extracts of transgenic avidin maize. The detection limits of denatured and native streptavidin were 6 pM and 120 nM, respectively. The results demonstrated that streptavidin/avidin AdTS SWV is a sensitive and specific method for quantifying DNA and proteins in biological samples such as foods and tissue extracts, including genetically modified crops (avidin maize) and other plants in neighboring fields.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Technology insight: gene transfer and the design of novel treatments for rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by systemic inflammation and joint destruction. Novel therapies have emerged during the past decade, marking a new era in the treatment of RA. Meanwhile, in vivo and in vitro gene-transfer studies have provided valuable insights into mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Advanced gene-delivery techniques and animal models promise further progress in RA research and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease. In this article we provide an overview of the wide spectrum of potential targets that have been identified so far, discuss currently available gene-transfer methods, and outline the barriers that need to be overcome for these approaches to be successfully applied in daily practice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Moving evidence-based drug abuse prevention programs from basic science to practice: "bridging the efficacy-effectiveness interface".

This article examines the challenges faced by developers of youth drug abuse prevention programs in transporting scientifically proven or evidence-based programs into natural community practice systems. Models for research on the transfer of prevention technology are described with specific emphasis given to the relationship between efficacy and effectiveness studies. Barriers that impede the successful integration of efficacy methods within effectiveness studies (e.g., client factors, practitioner factors, intervention structure characteristics, and environmental and organizational factors) are discussed. We present a modified model for program development and evaluation that includes a new type of research design, the hybrid efficacy-effectiveness study that addresses program transportability. The utility of the hybrid study is illustrated in the evaluation of the Early Risers "Skills for Success" prevention program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Application of stem cell technology and nuclear transfer in animal models].

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells established from undifferentiated cells of early embryos together with embryonic germ (EG) cells derived from primordial germ cells are used for gene transfer into the germ lines of mice. ES cells are also capable of in vitro differentiation into embryo-like aggregates (embryoid bodies) consisting of meso-, ecto- and endodermal cells. Except in chicken in no other vertebrate species pluripotent cell lines equivalent to murine ES cells are established. Recently, isolated human pluripotent cells originating from spare IVF embryos or aborted human foetuses have successfully been differentiated into somatic cells and may at some point serve as cellular grafts for transplantation. In therapeutic cloning somatic cells can be reprogrammed by fusion with an enucleated oocyte. Later the established autologous ES cells from the resulting nuclear transfer embryo can be differentiated into the specific cell type needed for tissue therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Feasibility of transferring medical-technological aid to the home situation for patients with cancer or a serious infection].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility of home care technology for patients with cancer or serious infectious diseases. SETTING: Utrecht. METHODS: One hundred and thirty one patients with cancer or serious infections were treated at home with parenteral administration of fluid, cytostatics, analgetics, blood products or antimicrobial agents. A 24-hour service team was available to support patients, their families and professional care-givers. The team is responsible for the education, the development of protocols and logistic co-ordination such as the supply of materials in the home setting. RESULTS: During a period of about 10,000 days (median 41 days per patient) the supportive team was consulted 127 times. In five cases hospitalization was necessary, no patient died of a complication. Instruction was given to 74 general practitioners; 32 of them were able to handle medical technology on their own. Time consumption due to incidents was 0.8 minute per day and 57 minutes per patient. CONCLUSION: Under certain conditions, notably a supporting team, home care technology is feasible.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Outcome of assisted reproductive technologies after different embryo transfer strategies.

The outcomes of 1028 assisted reproductive technology cycles were studied retrospectively, considering two different periods of embryo transfer. In the first period, 262 cycles in women < 36 years old were studied, in which three embryos were transferred, followed by 157 cycles in women > or = 36 years, in which four embryos were transferred. In the second period, 332 cycles were evaluated in women < 36 years and 277 cycles in women > or = 36 years old, reducing the number of embryos transferred to two and three respectively. Embryos were only scored morphologically, and the best embryos were chosen for transfer. In the first period, in women < 36 years old, a clinical pregnancy rate of 55.7% was achieved, compared with 42.5% in the second period (P < 0.01). In women > or = 36 years old, the first period of embryo transfer showed a clinical pregnancy rate of 39.5%, compared with 28.5% in the second period (P < 0.01). The number of twin pregnancies in the three groups of patients in whom one to four embryos were transferred was not significantly different (24.2, 28.4, 24.8%). It is concluded that even with the biases induced by a retrospective study, the reduction in the number of embryos transferred, from three to two in women < 36 years of age, and from four to three in women > or = 36 years of age, without any selection other than pre-transfer morphological score, adversely affects the outcome of treatment, without a significant reduction in twin gestation rate. Other strategies are to be implemented in gametes and embryo selection, and patients must be aware that, even with a reduction in pregnancy rate, the goal is to achieve a high cumulative pregnancy rate, reducing the complications induced by multiple pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[New challenges for the general pediatrician: high technology applied to the patients].

New technologies are concentrated and managed in large urban centers at highly developed hospitals. These technologies reach primary health care (HC) level through a "sui generis" intra-national transfer of technology: incorporated to patients. Patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are emblematic of this model of technological transfer. One patient with CAPD is taken as case study for analysis and discussion about problems in HC primary level. The lack of an adequate and efficient primary health care develops a quasi vital dependence on distant hospitals. As a consequence, primary pediatricians are limited to routine and bureaucratic activities to comply with tertiary level staff prescriptions. The outcome is negatif both for patients and health professionals i.e. strict dependence with HC tertiary level, high amount of unnecessary hospitalizations, severe interference with patients and their family social life, frustration, fear, insecurity and potential progressive difficulties in the access to health care. Real participation of all levels of HC staff constitute a sine que non necessity for the attaining of patients rehabilitation through family-centered, community-based care and for equity in the access to HC facilities. The reaching of these goals requires primary pediatricians to become involved in a program of continuous training education on new technologies tailored to their needs, possibilities and wishes if a comprehensive coordination between primary and tertiary health care levels is to be expected.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Mapping training: the transfer of a cognitive technology for improving counseling.

To provide information that will reduce the gap between research and practice, the transfer of a complex drug abuse counseling technology is examined. This technology, cognitive mapping, is a graphic tool shown to effectively facilitate communication and problem solving in group and individual counseling sessions. Unlike some techniques, mapping requires substantial counselor time, effort, and expertise to learn and to use. This article briefly describes the development and evolution of mapping and supporting research. It then focuses on our efforts to develop mapping training that will facilitate use of this evidence-based technique in drug abuse treatment. Major training and transfer pitfalls are noted, and strategies for successful training are recommended.

Cognition↗
PubMed1988

The Bhopal disaster and the right to know.

The chemical disaster in Bhopal jolted activist groups around the world into renewing their demands for right-to-know legislation granting them broader access to information about hazardous technologies. This article explores the obstacles to creating effective right-to-know policies when technology is transferred across national boundaries. The events leading to the Bhopal accident are first examined in order to assess how far the tragedy can be attributed to gaps in knowledge or to breakdowns in communication. Using Bhopal as a case study, the article then considers three issues that are central to the design of right-to-know policies: who has a right to receive information about hazards; who has the duty to disclose such information, and, where necessary, to produce missing information; what information should be available for disclosure? This inquiry suggests that the circles of those with a right to know and those with a duty to disclose should both be larger than under existing right-to-know laws. More systematic risk information should also be generated, including probabilistic estimates of risk and environmental impact analyses. Finally, the article asks whether such improvements in knowledge and communication would prevent disasters of the kind that occurred in Bhopal. It concludes that for knowledge to be meaningful it must be correlated with the power to act preventively. This implies, in turn, that those with a right to know have to be given an opportunity to participate in technology transfer decisions before it is too late to choose a technology that is well adapted to the technical and cultural circumstances of the importing country.

Accidents, Occupational↗