[The effect of drinking on the pharmacology of drugs].
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Alcoholism↗
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Determinants of glycated haemoglobin in the general population: associations with diet, alcohol and cigarette smoking.
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated cigarette smoking, alcohol intake and consumption of different foods as determinants of glycated haemoglobin in a general population sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: England. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 15 809 adults aged 16 y and older. Data analysed for 9772 non-diabetic, white European subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Glycated haemoglobin (GHb). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip circumference ratio, activity level, and educational attainment. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding, GHb was 0.277% (95% confidence interval 0.218 to 0.336) higher in current smokers of 20 or more per day, compared with non-smokers. GHb was 0.189% (0.101 to 0.277) lower in those drinking 42 or more units of alcohol per week than in non-drinkers. GHb was not associated with frequency of consumption of pulses, fruit, vegetables and salads, cakes, bread or confectionery. GHb was higher in subjects who took sugar in tea (0.051%, 0.015 to 0.087%) or in coffee (0.069%, 0.034 to 0.105%). GHb was higher in subjects who used solid fat for cooking (0.082%, 0.022 to 0.142%), or who drank whole rather than reduced-fat milk (0.088%, 0.036 to 0.140%), or used butter or hard margarine rather than low-fat spreads (0.075%, 0.029 to 0.121%). CONCLUSIONS: In the general population, higher GHb may be associated with cigarette smoking, or frequent consumption of fat-containing foods. Consumption of alcohol may be associated with lower GHb. SPONSORSHIP: None.
Adolescent↗
Renoprotective effects of tea catechin in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats.
Tea catechins, a class of flavonoids, are suggested to have biological effects, possibly mediated through their antioxidative properties. Recent data indicated that tea catechins suppressed proliferative changes in glomeruli and inhibited the development of glomerulosclerosis in partially nephrectomized rats. We thus sought to determine whether tea catechins may protect against renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=11-15 per group), with and without streptozotocin-induced diabetes, were treated with and without catechins (5 mg/day) administered in the drinking water for 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, 24-hour urinary albumin excretion rate (AER), serum lipid peroxides as thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates (TBARS) and blood pressure were measured. Renal glomerular volume and interstitial fibrosis were assessed morphologically. Albuminuria developed progressively in untreated diabetic rats, resulting in a mean AER of 559+/-124 (mean+/-SE) versus 63+/-7 microg/day/100 g body weight in non-diabetic rats at 12 weeks (P<0.001). Catechin treatment significantly reduced AER to 287+/-56 microg/day/100 g body weight in diabetic rats (P=0.017 versus untreated diabetic rats). Increased interstitial fibrosis in the kidney, observed in untreated diabetic rats, was completely normalized with catechin treatment. Serum levels of TBARS and blood pressure were comparable among the four groups. In conclusion, administration of tea catechin retards the progression of functional and morphological changes in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Animals↗
A prospective study of pancreatic cancer in the elderly.
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer were examined in a cohort study of 13,979 residents of a retirement community. After 9 years of follow-up, 65 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. An increased risk of pancreatic cancer was associated with a history of diabetes and cholecystectomy. Higher intake of vegetables, fruits, dietary beta-carotene, and vitamin C were each associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, although none of these associations was statistically significant. Risk of pancreatic cancer decreased with increasing tea consumption but was unrelated to coffee consumption. No strong or consistent association was seen between either smoking or alcohol consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer, but a consistent and significant increase in risk followed cholecystectomy.
Aged↗
Exploring the relationship between caffeine intake and essential tremor.
BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that environmental factors may be associated with essential tremor (ET). This study was carried out to evaluate the association of caffeine intake with ET. METHOD: In a case control study, patients diagnosed with ET and healthy controls underwent a standardized questionnaire interview to evaluate the exposure to coffee and tea intake. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the association of caffeine intake and other environmental factors with risk of ET. RESULTS: 179 subjects including 79 ET patients and 100 controls matched for age, gender and ethnicity were included in the analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that caffeine consumption in ET patients was higher than control group (median and 90th percentile range: 2300 (0, 9000) mg-years versus 1500 (0, 6090) mg-years, p=0.01). However, the multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that caffeine was no longer a significant factor associated with ET (p=0.119). There was no significant correlation between amount of caffeine intake and disease duration (Spearman's r=0.194; p=0.202) or total tremor score (Spearman's r=0.045; p=0.771) in ET patients. CONCLUSION: Caffeine consumption was not associated with risk of ET in our study population. Further studies are needed to investigate the significance of gene-environmental interaction in ET.
Adult↗
Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
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Acute Disease↗
Multivariate analysis of familial and non-familial influences for commonality in drug use.
A multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of common legal drug usage was performed on data from 238 Swedish families. By calculating cross-covariances between parents and offspring for pairs of traits, familial and non-familial correlations were computed to determine the extent to which pairs of measures share the same familial and non-familial influences. Factor analyses resulted in a 3- and a 2-factor solution for the familial and non-familial correlations, respectively. This suggests that familial and non-familial influences for drug usage are structured differently. If replicable, these results also suggest that the phenotypic structure reflects familial factors more than non-familial influences.
Adult↗
Epidemiological features of first-visit outpatients in Japan: comparison with general population and variation by sex, age, and season.
To evaluate the methodological issues in using first-visit outpatients as controls in epidemiological studies, the features of general lifestyles of non-cancer outpatients at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (ACCH) were compared with those of the general population, and their variation by sex, age, and season was determined by using a self-administered questionnaire. The study included 1231 subjects randomly selected from the Nagoya electoral roll (CRG), and three groups of non-cancer ACCH outpatients living in Nagoya; 800 from the period September to December 1992 (OPG1), 2326 from January to December 1992 (OPG2), and 12,243 from January 1991 to December 1992 (OPG3). In the younger age group, the proportion of current smokers was higher in the CRG than in the OPGs. In the older age groups, the proportion of those who consumed fresh vegetables and fruit everyday was higher in the OPGs than in the CRG. For other items, the features of the OPGs were not significantly different from those of the CRG. Among the OPG3, there were differences in the features of general lifestyles between sexes and consumption of several food items varied with age. Seasonal variation, however, was only observed in the specific food items where supply varied seasonally. It was concluded that, with due consideration of age, sex, and season in the analysis, it is feasible to use non-cancer outpatients as controls in epidemiological studies.
Adult↗
Changes in calcium intake and association with beverage consumption and demographics: comparing data from CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 and NHANES 1999-2002.
BACKGROUND: Consumption of soft drinks has been hypothesized to be negatively associated with calcium intake. However, fortification of some foods and beverages may have affected calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in calcium intake and the association of milk consumption with key beverage consumption and demographic variables using the most current data available. DESIGN: Several techniques were used to describe how age, gender, race/ethnicity, and beverage consumption were associated with milk and calcium intake using the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1994-1996, 1998 (CSFII) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 (NHANES). Using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses, we examined the independent relationships of total non-beverage energy intake, fluid milk consumption, non-milk beverage consumption, and demographics with calcium intake. RESULTS: During the time period between CSFII and NHANES, milk consumption decreased and RCSD consumption increased among children 6-11 y. Calcium intake was unaffected. Among other age categories, milk consumption either did not change or increased (females 40-59 y), while RCSD consumption increased. Calcium intake either did not change or increased in most age-gender categories, including adolescent females. Fluid milk consumption exhibited the strongest association with calcium intake. Fruit juice consumption was also positively associated with calcium intake in most age-gender categories. Consumption of other beverages, including RCSD, had little or no association with calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of low-fat milk should be encouraged, but calcium fortification of certain foods and beverages and calcium supplementation may be needed to further increase calcium intake.
Adolescent↗
Dietary protective and risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area for stomach cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: comparison with those in a high-epidemic area.
Comparative epidemiological studies with ecological and case-control approaches in high- and low-epidemic areas of China have provided us with much evidence with regard to risk and benefit in the environment. To clarify how dietary factors are involved in esophageal and stomach cancer development, we performed a case-control study in a low-epidemic area, and compared the findings with those obtained earlier for a high-epidemic area for stomach cancer in the same Jiangsu Province, China. We recruited 199 and 187 cases with esophageal and stomach cancers, respectively, and 333 population-based common controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for esophageal and stomach cancers were calculated with adjustment for potential confounding factors, using an unconditional logistic model. Current and former smoking elevated the OR for esophageal cancer, along with high intake of pickled vegetables and broiled meat, while decreased ORs were observed for frequently consumed raw vegetables and garlic. With regard to stomach cancer, ORs were increased with frequent consumption of salty fish, leftover gruel, and broiled meat, and lowered by snap bean consumption. The present risk factors were common to the previously obtained results in the high-epidemic area, and similarly distributed in each general population. While more protective factors were observed in the high-epidemic area, their penetrance was much greater in the low-epidemic area. The present study thus suggests that frequent vegetable and garlic consumption contributes to low mortality rates for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area, counteracting similar exposure levels for risk factors as in the high-epidemic area.
Adult↗
Formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine in human hemoglobin-effect of lifestyle factors.
The formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HEV) in hemoglobin has been considered as a biomarker to assess exogenous and endogenous exposures to ethylene oxide (EO) and/or ethylene (ET). Factors associated with daily exposures to such compounds might significantly affect the formation of HEV. Tobacco smoke containing EO elicited a significant increase in the levels of HEV amongst smokers, although other factors related to lifestyles may warrant further studies. The objective of this study was to specifically analyze HEV using a modified Edman degradation technique in order to study the association between lifestyle related factors (smoking, second-hand smoke exposure, tea and alcohol consumption) and HEV formation in vivo. Total of 148 Taiwanese volunteers with no history of occupational exposure to either EO or ET were recruited in this study. The HEV levels for smokers (204 +/- 151 pmol HEV/g globin, n = 70 ) were greater than those for non-smokers (57 +/- 46 pmol HEV/g globin, n = 78), HEV level increasing with the number of cigarettes smoked by subjects per day with a rate of 8.8 pmol HEV/g globin per cigarettes per day. Further analysis revealed that the rate of HEV formation in our study subjects was significantly associated with the number of daily cigarettes smoked (P < 0.001), but was not associated with tea or alcohol consumption, second-hand smoke exposure, subject age, or subject gender. These results suggest that the significantly higher levels of HEV for smokers than for non-smokers were mainly due to subject exposure to EO contained in cigarette smoke.
Adult↗
Contribution of environmental factors to variability in human drug metabolism.
Drug metabolism in 96 London factory and office workers has been studied after simultaneous single doses of antipyrine (phenazone) and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Metabolic clearance of both drugs was significantly greater in subjects eating meat more than once a week than in those who ate meat less frequently. The precise contribution of diet could not be clearly defined since 90% of "meat-eaters" were European while all except one of the "vegetarians" were Asian. Clearance of both drugs increased with both alcohol and cigarette consumption. Regular intake of coffee and/or tea had a similar effect but, in the case of paracetamol, this did not attain statistical significance. Antipyrine clearance was lower among women who took the oral contraceptive pill than among those who did not, while paracetamol clearance was not significantly different. These findings may have implications for the use of drugs which are administered regularly in order to achieve steady-state plasma and tissue concentrations.
Adolescent↗
Consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tobacco, and gastric cancer in Spain.
A case-control study on gastric cancer was carried out between 1987 and 1989 in four regions of Spain. Three hundred and fifty-four cases of histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma were included (235 men and 119 women). For each case, a control was selected, matched by sex, age, and area of residence, from the same hospital as the case. No association was observed with smoking, nor with the consumption of coffee or tea. The usual consumption of alcohol was associated with gastric cancer in men (odds ratio = 1.54, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.03-2.31), but there was no dose-response relationship. No association was observed in women. All estimations were carried out taking into account the effect of the dietary factors associated with gastric cancer. In accordance with previous evidence, the association observed between gastric cancer and alcohol appears not to be causal.
Adult↗
Inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on spontaneous hepatoma in C3H/HeNCrj mice and human hepatoma-derived PLC/PRF/5 cells.
The inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a main constituent of Japanese green tea, on spontaneous hepatoma in C3H/HeNCrj mice was investigated. A total of 72 mice were divided into three groups; the control group without EGCG, and two experimental groups receiving 0.05% (w/w) or 0.1% EGCG in drinking water. EGCG reduced the incidence of hepatoma-bearing mice from 83.3% (control) to 56.0% (0.05% EGCG) and 52.2% (0.1% EGCG), and also reduced the average number of hepatomas per mouse from 1.83 (control) to 0.72 (0.05% EGCG) and 0.91 (0.1% EGCG) at week 65. Ridit analysis of the distribution of the number of hepatomas in each group revealed that EGCG significantly increased the rate of mice without hepatoma in the two EGCG groups as compared to the control. EGCG did not affect body weight gain, food consumption or any serum biochemical parameter. EGCG inhibited the growth and secretion of alpha-fetoprotein by human hepatoma-derived PLC/PRF/5 cells without decreasing their viability. These results indicate that EGCG may be a practical, nontoxic preventive agent against human hepatoma.
Animals↗
Dental self-care and dietary characteristics of remote-living Indigenous children.
INTRODUCTION: Indigenous children in remote communities carry a disproportionate amount of the dental disease burden among Australian 4-12 year-olds. However, there have been no reports of dental service use, dental self-care or dietary characteristics among remote-living Indigenous children. This information may provide insight into behaviours linked with the high levels of dental disease observed. The purpose of this study was to examine such behaviours among Indigenous children in three remote communities in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. The study is part of a wider investigation involving the implementation and monitoring of water fluoridation plants in two of the communities, and the collection of clinical dental data from children in these three and other remote communities. METHODS: In 2003, small-scale fluoridation plants were installed in two remote communities (Communities A and B) in the Top End of the Northern Territory with naturally low fluoride levels in the water and with a high prevalence of child dental disease. Another community (Community C) was selected as a comparison site (natural levels of water fluoride low). A convenience sample of carers of children from all communities completed a questionnaire that sought information on carer education and their children's age, sex, use of dental services, dental self-care behaviours, dietary characteristics, household water source and water consumption. The questionnaires were administered by a project worker and community residents once consent had been obtained. Data were analysed using SPSS version vers.13.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Some 214 carers completed the questionnaire for 409 children aged 4-12 years; 131 (32.0%) from Community A, 158 (38.6%) from Community B and 120 (29.3%) from Community C. The response rates for the child survey based on Census data (generally regarded as an undercount) was 55% across the three communities. Approximately one-third of carers had had no secondary schooling or could not recall their level of educational attainment. Child age was reasonably spread over the target age-range and there were no significant differences between communities by sex. Approximately one-third of children were reported to have had their teeth checked every year by a dental therapist and most children were reported to use a toothbrush. While most children were also reported to use toothpaste, only 20% of such children reportedly used it every day. Time of toothpaste use was evenly distributed between morning and evening, with a small proportion of children reportedly using it twice a day. The most common age that toothpaste use began was 4 years and most children had never taken fluoride supplements. Over three-quarters of children who reportedly consumed softdrinks, cordial, milk or flavoured milk in the evenings drank such beverages at least a few evenings each week. Over 90% of children across the three communities who reportedly drank tea, and approximately three-quarters of those who consumed sweet snacks, did so at least a few evenings each week. Almost all houses were connected to the community water supply. Most children sourced their drinking water from a tap and approximately two-thirds were reported to drink more than 4 cups of water a day. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed there were low levels of preventive dental care, irregular use of dentrifices, negligible implementation of alternative fluoride sources, high consumption of sweetened snacks and drinks in the evenings, and almost universal connection of houses to the public water supply among remote-dwelling Indigenous children. The findings provide some insights into factors contributing to the poor and declining state of such children's dental health, and should aid in the planning and implementation of oral health promotion initiatives.
Adolescent↗
Xiaoke, a traditional Chinese treatment for diabetes. Studies in streptozotocin diabetic mice and spontaneously diabetic BB/E rats.
Xiaoke tea is consumed as a traditional herbal treatment for diabetes mellitus in China. An aqueous extract of Xiaoke (1 g of dried plant preparation in 64 ml of water), supplied ad lib in place of drinking water during the induction and development of streptozotocin diabetes in mice, reduced (about 30%) plasma glucose concentrations by 25 days. The polydipsia and hyperphagia of the streptozotocin diabetic mice were also reduced by Xiaoke, and the effects lapsed after treatment was withdrawn. Xiaoke did not significantly alter plasma insulin concentrations. Consumption of the Xiaoke extract by insulin-treated diabetic BB/E Wistar rats did not affect glycaemic control or body wt. When insulin treatment was reduced and discontinued, Xiaoke failed to prevent the progression of severe hyperglycaemia and weight loss. The results suggest that the slowly generated antihyperglycaemic effect of Xiaoke in streptozotocin diabetic mice may involve an extrapancreatic effect on food intake, glucose production or glucose clearance. However, as evidenced in BB/E rats, Xiaoke does not substitute for insulin in the absence of endogenous insulin secretion.
Animals↗
Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin.
Chronic exposure of solar ultraviolet (UV) light to human skin results in photoaging. UV-induced oxidative damage and induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated in this process. Because polyphenols from green tea (GTP) prevent other cutaneous adverse effects of UV radiation we hypothesized that UV irradiation-induced oxidative damage and induction of MMP might be prevented in vivo in mouse skin by oral administration of GTP. GTP was administered in drinking water (0.2%, wt/vol) to SKH-1 hairless mice, which were then exposed to multiple doses of UVB (90 mJ per cm2, for 2 mo on alternate days) following in vivo photoaging animal protocol. Treatment of GTP resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced protein oxidation in vivo in mouse skin, a hallmark of photoaging, when analyzed biochemically, by immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. GTP treatment also inhibited UVB-induced protein oxidation in vitro in human skin fibroblast HS68 cells, which supports in vivo observations. Moreover, oral administration of GTP also resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced expression of matrix degrading MMP, such as MMP-2 (67%), MMP-3 (63%), MMP-7 (62%), and MMP-9 (60%) in hairless mouse skin. These data suggest that GTP as a dietary supplement could be useful to attenuate solar UVB light-induced premature skin aging.
Administration, Oral↗
Golestan cohort study of oesophageal cancer: feasibility and first results.
To investigate the incidence of oesophageal cancer (EC) in the Golestan province of North-East Iran, we invited 1349 rural and urban inhabitants of Golestan province aged 35-80 to undergo extensive lifestyle interviews and to provide biological samples. The interview was repeated on a subset of 130 participants to assess reliability of questionnaire and medical information. Temperature at which tea was consumed was measured on two occasions by 110 subjects. Samples of rice, wheat and sorghum were tested for fumonisin contamination. An active follow-up was carried out after 6 and 12 months. A total of 1057 subjects (610 women and 447 men) participated in this feasibility study (78.4% participation rate). Cigarette smoking, opium and alcohol use were reported by 163 (13.8%), 93 (8.8%) and 39 (3.7%) subjects, respectively. Tobacco smoking was correlated with urinary cotinine (kappa = 0.74). Most questionnaire data had kappa > 0.7 in repeat measurements; tea temperature measurement was reliable (kappa = 0.71). No fumonisins were detected in the samples analysed. During the follow-up six subjects were lost (0.6%), two subjects developed EC (one dead, one alive); in all, 13 subjects died (with cause of death known for 11, 84.6%). Conducting a cohort study in Golestan is feasible with reliable information obtained for suspected risk factors; participants can be followed up for EC incidence and mortality.
Adult↗