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PubMed1985

Taste perception of sodium chloride in suprathreshold concentration related to essential hypertension.

The object of this study was to test taste responsiveness and taste preferences for NaCl in suprathreshold concentrations in hypertensive individuals. The investigations were carried out in 52 patients with essential hypertension (HT) and 46 normotensive (NT) control subjects. Two types of taste response were tested: (a) an intensity response, and (b) a hedonic (pleasantness) response to NaCl stimuli of 0.08-0.96% concentration. Intensity and hedonic responses were collected using an unstructured linear scale and a nine-point interval scale, respectively. The intensity slope for HT tended to be consistently flatter than the slope for NT. Lower intensity response was more pronounced in HT males. The hedonic responses of HT and NT subjects were split into three subgroups: 'up' (concentration increases, pleasantness increases), 'down' (concentration increases, pleasantness decreases), and 'up-and-down' (concentration increases, pleasantness--). Diversity of response was also observed in the control NT group. The conclusion was that essential hypertension seems to depress the intensity response to NaCl, especially in men, but the pattern of hedonic response to a growing concentration of NaCl is influenced by factors other than hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Testing taste.

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Cranial Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Choices by rats between water and solutions of GABA or other amino acids.

Responses differed widely when rats were offered choices between water and solutions of GABA, its isomers alpha-aminobutyric acid (AABA) and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), or of another 4-carbon amino acid, threonine. They preferred solutions of threonine and AABA starting at concentrations of about 30 mM; preference for threonine declined when its concentration was 330 mM or above. Rats never preferred GABA or AIB, but instead avoided these amino acids when concentrations were approximately 100 mM or above. Control rats showed strong preferences for drinking from a given location. Limited studies with humans showed variations in the concentrations at which they could detect GABA; the mean was about 0.06 mM, a concentration far below that at which rats began to avoid this amino acid. The ability of dietary GABA to depress food intake of rats (as shown in earlier studies) does not seem related to a uniquely high sensitivity to its gustatory qualities.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in a sample of Hungarian Gipsies.

PTC sensitivity in Gipsy and non-Gipsy populations of Hungary was evaluated. A significantly high difference was observed between the proportions of non-tasters among the Gipsies (39.3 per cent) and the non-Gipsies (26.4 per cent). These results are regarded as a probable confirmation of the Indian origin of the Gipsies, as the percentage of non-tasters in the majority of the different Indian tribes is higher than that of the European populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in Turkey.

The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) has been investigated in a group of 366 Turkish medical students. The incidence of non-tasters was 7.78% (t gene frequency = .279) and 12.9% (t gene frequency = .359) for females and males respectively. The frequency of non-tasters for both sexes combined was 11.2% (t gene frequency = .335).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

On the mechanism of action of dexfenfluramine: effect on alliesthesia and appetite motivation in lean and obese subjects.

This study investigated the intensity of two phenomena--perceived pleasantness of sweet tasting solutions, and subjective motivations related to eating--in lean and obese subjects. The study also examined the way in which dexfenfluramine influenced these phenomena as the basis of a mechanism underlying the action of dexfenfluramine on satiation. Such investigations had not previously been carried out on obese people. In lean subjects, glucose-induced negative gustative alliesthesia (NGA) was present but was not affected by drug administration. Dexfenfluramine did, however, markedly influence motivational ratings and subsequent food consumption in a test meal. In obese subjects, NGA was not present nor was it instated by drug treatment. Motivational ratings were strongly influenced by dexfenfluramine. Although hunger ratings were very low in obese subjects, they were further suppressed by the glucose load and by the drug. Hunger suppression was greater in obese than lean subjects. These results suggest that a decline in the pleasantness of a sweet taste is not a mechanism through which fenfluramine exerts an anorectic action. The data suggest that the suppression of subjective motivation to eat is implicated in the reduction of food intake by dexfenfluramine in lean subjects, and in the weight loss observed in obese people.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMed1988

Differential facial responses to four basic tastes in newborns.

The distinctiveness and recognizability of taste-elicited facial expressions in newborns were examined in 2 studies. Sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride solutions were presented to 12 infants at 2 hours of age. In Study 1, the anatomically based Facial Action Coding System adapted for infants (Baby FACS) was used to obtain detailed, objective descriptions of the infants' videotaped facial responses to each solution. Facial responses to sucrose were characterized primarily by facial relaxation and sucking. The responses to salty, sour, and bitter solutions shared the same hedonically negative upper- and midface components but differed in the accompanying lower-face actions: lip pursing in response to sour and mouth gaping in response to bitter. There was no distinctive facial expression for sodium chloride. These findings demonstrate that newborns differentiate sour and bitter from each other and from salt, as well as discriminating sweet versus nonsweet tastes. In Study 2, untrained adults viewing videotapes of the infants' facial reactions made forced-choice judgments identifying the stimuli presented and rated the hedonic tone of the infants' responses. While the judges accurately identified the newborns' responses to sucrose, there were systematic errors in their judgments of the 3 nonsweet stimuli. The judges' hedonic ratings, on the other hand, clearly differentiated between the infants' responses to the bitter stimulus and the other 3 tastes. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible functional origins and communicative value of taste-elicited facial expressions in infants.

Discrimination Learning↗