Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TYPHOID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed.

The experiment described evaluated the effect of a commercial in-feed preparation (Bio-Add) involving a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid on the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid in groups of 41 and 42 1-wk-old Rhode Island Red chickens. The chickens were infected through contact with 12 identical chickens that had been inoculated orally with 10(8) cfu of Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. The incidence of mortality and morbidity due to fowl typhoid was 31/41 (76%) in birds given untreated feed and 14/42 (33%) in birds given feed treated with Bio-Add.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Improved detection of nontyphoid and typhoid Salmonellae with balanced agar formulations.

A strategically balanced medium was developed for the improved detection of nontyphoid and typhoid salmonellae. Its balanced sugar (cellobiose, lactose, mannitol, and trehalose) and protein (beef extract and polypeptone peptone) formulation provided Salmonella with a selective growth advantage over non-Salmonella enteric organisms. The formulations promoted the production and detection of H2S production levels that otherwise might be missed with traditional agar formulations. In combination, these advantages contributed to increased sensitivity without the loss of specificity. In comparative studies using 86 samples of meat products (beef, pork, and chicken), the new media, Miller-Mallinson (MM) agar and xylose lysine tergitol (Niaproof) 4 agar, possessed significantly higher sensitivity (P < 0.001) and an improved specificity over bismuth sulfite, hektoen enteric, and xylose lysine desoxycholate agars. However, these samples did not contain nontyphoid salmonellae with weak to ultraweak H2S production characteristics. Modified formulations of MM agar were generally similar to bismuth sulfite and hektoen enteric agars in the identification of four of seven globally diverse strains of Salmonella serotype Typhi. Two of these seven strains were found to produce more readily identifiable black (H2S-positive) colonies on MM agar, whereas one of the seven was not readily detected by any of the media. The improved detection of nontyphoid and typhoid salmonellae attests to the sensitivity of MM agar and to its potentially broad utility in both clinical and food quality laboratories.

Agar↗
PubMed2000

[Epidemiology of non-typhoid salmonellosis in a hospital in Pontevedra (1994-1997)].

BACKGROUND: Since data on non-typhoidal salmonellosis in our health care area are scarce, we undertook an epidemiological study covering a four year period (1994-1997). METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study carried out through review of the medical and clinical microbiologic records at Hospital Provincial de Pontevedra. Culture, isolation, identification, antibiotic susceptibility and serotypification were done according to usual Clinical Microbiology protocols. RESULTS: Along the period under study 459 cases of non-typhoidal salmonellosis were diagnosed. The relative incidence was higher among pediatric than adult patients. Between 1994-1996 top incidence was detected in August, while in 1997 another maximum was found in April, closely related to climatic variations. The most frequent serogroup was D, with an increase in serogroup B since 1996. We found 16 different serotypes, being the more frequent in decreasing order Enteritidis (87.2%), Typhimurium (3.6%) and Hadar (2.3%). This distribution shows differences with regard to other national series covering a similar period of time. The more frequently detected antibiotic resistance was to ampicillin (39.0% strains), ampicillin-sulbactam (17.6%) and nalidixic acid (5.9%). Neither 3rd-generation cephalosporines nor fluoroquinolones resistance was detected. Serotype Typhimurium was the most resistant. We found association between certain resistance patterns and serotypes Hadar, Paratyphi B and Typhimurium. Most diagnosed cases corresponded to acute gastroenteritis (95.6%). Patients under 3 and over 69 suffered more frequently from extraintestinal salmonellosis. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of alimentary toxinfection due to Salmonella spp. in our area should warrant strict epidemiological surveillance programmes to detect sources of infection, evaluate sanitary control measures and use of antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resistance mechanism for a number of non-typhoidic Salmonella strains isolated in Iaşi, Romania.

The aim of this study was to find a possible explanation for the resistance pattern of the selected strains and to evaluate the impact in case of isolating such strains. During the period February-March 1998, in the Pediatric Hospital "Sf. Maria" from Iasi, Romania, 12 non-typhoidic Salmonella strains, non-duplicates were isolated from stools of newborns and, in one case, from mother as well. Identification was done by standard methods, and sensitivity testing by disk diffusion method, against the following antimicrobials: Ampicillin (A), Amoxycilin/Clavulanic Acid (AMC), Tetracycline (T), Streptomycin (S), Cloramphenicol (C), Nalidixic Acid (NA), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Cephalotin (KF), Cefuroxime (CXM), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Cefotaxime (CTX), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Aztreonam (AZT), Imipenem (IPM), Amikacin (AK). All strains showed resistance to: A, AMC, T, S, C, NA, CRO, CAZ, CXM, CTX, KF except one strain, CTX and CRO sensitive. The possible explanation is the production of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESbLA), detected by microbiological methods (Masuda and clover-leaf). Resistance transfer was realised by using the previously described method. In conjugation experiments we have obtained only one transconjugant, identified as E. coli, that has acquired all resistance determinants. This report highlights on the isolation of multiresistant non-typhoidic Salmonella strains in hospitalised patients without previous antibiotic treatment and possibility of detecting such strains by being aware of the correlation: resistance phenotype-resistance mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Duration of antimicrobial therapy for non-typhoid Salmonella bacteremia in healthy children.

Medical records of patients less than 17 years of age with positive blood culture for non-typhoid Salmonella from June 1996 through December 1998 at the Chang Gung Children's Hospital were collected. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the duration of effective antibiotic therapy they received. Group 1 received effective antibiotic therapy for less than 7 days; Group 2 for 7 to 9 days; and Group 3 for 10 days or more. Information on clinical presentations, laboratory data, and outcome were collected and analyzed. A total of 59 children were eligible, with 21 in Group 1, 17 in Group 2, and 21 in Group 3. Demographic data were similar among the 3 groups. No significant difference was found in the clinical symptoms and laboratory data among these groups, including white blood cell count, immature to total ratio of white blood cell, and serum C-reactive protein level. Salmonella group B (n = 37) were the most common isolates, followed by group D (n = 9), group C2 (n = 8), cholerasuis (n = 4), and C1 (n = 2). Third-generation cephalosporins were the final antibiotic therapy in most (90%) patients, and no isolates showed resistance to these agents in this study. No focal suppurative complications were noted at the initial evaluation and in the 1-year period after treatment. No clinical recurrent diseases were noted during a follow-up period of at least 1 year. Results suggest that for otherwise healthy children with non-typhoid Salmonella bacteremia, less than 10 days of antibiotics therapy could be adequate if they are more than 1 year old and no focal extra-intestinal infection is noted in the initial evaluation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Salmonella non-typhoid infection: new epidemiological findings]

Food-borne infections are the most serious food safety problem in the world. In fact, they are responsible of millions of illnesses and thousand of deaths. Non-typhoid Salmonella infection is frequent world-wide and, although mild and self-limiting illness in normal subjects, it may cause a severe disease in patients with an immune-deficiency. Changes in the agents and in the vehicles of transmission and a higher number of patients with immune-depression have determined a world-spread of non-typhoid Salmonella infection in the last decades. The increased frequency of international travels and food commerce have been associated with outbreaks of unusual serotype of Salmonella. Moreover, drug-resistant Salmonella are emerged recently, as Ampicillin and Doxiciclin-resistant S. enteritidis or DT-104 multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium. The outbreak of Salmonella disease is also linked to diffusion of HIV infection and of other immunodeficiencies. The lack of controls in food industry, the frequent contamination of mass-distributed food products and the decreased opportunities to transmit for instruction on food safety, both in school and inside the family, are the causes of large-scale outbreaks

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

[Method of culturing typhoid microorganisms with automatic regulation of glucose feed].

A system of oxygen-glucose inverse relationship is not acceptable for cultivation of typhoid bacilli with a high reproductive rate and glucose utilization. The elaborated method of automatic glucose supply during typhoid bacilli cultivation permits to lead the process under the optimal conditions by pH and the residual glucose concentration.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1987

[Changes in the iron content, erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of poultry with acute experimental fowl typhoid].

The dynamic was followed up of the concentration of iron in the blood serum and the liver, of the erythrocyte count, of the haematocrit value of blood, and of the haemoglobin level in chickens of the New Hampshire breed at the age of 300 days, with experimentally induced acute typhoid. It was found that blood serum iron dropped abruptly as early as the second day of infection, whereas the level of iron in the liver rose. The erythrocyte count dropped almost twice as early as the second day following infection, the haematocrit value of the blood following the fluctuations of the erythrocyte count. The haemoglobin level dropped considerably on the third day, with gradually lowering values up to the seventh day. All changes that were recorded with these indices of the blood were found to precede the onset of the first clinical signs of the disease. The values of the haematologic indices with birds that survived came back to normal after the fourteenth day of infection. In the author's personal view leading in the pathogenesis of acute typhoid with the New Hampshire chickens was the lowered amount of serum iron, which disturbed the synthesis of haemoglobin and hence the maturity of erythrocytes, substantiating their lower count. The trophism of vitally important organs and tissues was also found to be disturbed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

[Pleuropulmonary localizations of non-typhoid Salmonella infections].

Non-typhoid salmonella infections are extremely common, usually taking the form of a benign toxi-infection. In the context of the rare extra-digestive manifestations, the authors report 3 cases of pleuro-pulmonary involvement, in infections due to Salmonella Dublin. In 2 cases, the organism was identified from blood cultures, whilst in the 3rd case it was isolated from pleural fluid. As with other extra-digestive sites, pleuro-pulmonary involvement is favored by underlying pathology, accounting for the grave nature of the problem (amongst the 3 cases, gastrectomy and acute myeloblastic leukemia in one case and obliterative arterial disease in another case). Non-typhoid salmonella infections are sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim which diffuses well in the respiratory system. They are also sensitive to Amoxicillin and to Chloramphenicol.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Antibody responses to heat-killed, phenol preserved parenteral typhoid vaccine.

The heat-killed, phenolized parenteral typhoid vaccine was tested in informed volunteers. Assessment for its immunogenicity was performed using Widal test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The anti-H antibody, which is a marker of the vaccine antigenicity peaked at one month after the vaccination and appeared throughout the one year course of the study. The anti-O antibody peaked at 7th day after vaccination and lasted only for 6 months. Classes of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA using single extracted lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhi 0901 as antigen. The possible protective role of serum derived intestinal IgG and IgA were discussed. Based on the agglutinating antibodies, the results indicate that the heat-killed, phenolized typhoid vaccine conferred at least 6 months protective period.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanisms of natural resistance to mouse typhoid.

The early, innate resistance phase in mouse typhoid is largely controlled by a single gene (unlike the later, polygenic immune phase), designated Ity, which may be identical to those controlling resistance to Leishmania (Lsh) and mycobacteria (Bcg). The gene product and its function are unknown. Athymic (nu/nu) mice showed greater early resistance to salmonella infection than euthymic littermates, but only if they were already naturally resistant CBA (Ityr). Athymic susceptible Balb/c (Itys) were not different from the controls. The Ity mechanism is highly radio-resistant: 800 R whole body irradiation does not modify the early Ity phenotype in Balb/c and A/J mice, as measured by early in vivo net bacterial growth; this, however, increases sharply on day 3-4, when growth curves plateau in controls (immune response). Bone marrow radiation chimeras infected 3 months after the transfer confirm that, while the donor genotype determines the Ity recipient phenotype in single chimeras, double chimeras (Itys + Ityr) leads to Ityr are susceptible or intermediate in both semiallogeneic and syngeneic models. The typhoid relapse following cessation of antibiotic therapy was greater in susceptible than in resistant mice. In lethally infected mice, ampicillin decreased the bacterial load twice as fast in susceptible Balb/c than in resistant (B10 X A/J)F1 mice, but they required much more prolonged treatment to develop effective immunity. Considered collectively, the present data is consistent with the view that early resistance is thymus independent and relies on innate mechanisms present in radioresistant bone marrow derived cells that in some way provide an environment which favours a more rapid in vivo division rate of the organism in susceptible mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Total and neutral lipid content in mouse myocardial tissue as affected by typhoid endotoxin].

Content of total lipids was markedly increased in mice myocardium after intraperitoneal administration of typhoid endotoxins, isolated as described by Bouivene (preparation B) and by Westphal (preparation W). Concentrations of triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, esterified and free cholesterol were mainly altered. Mono- and diacylglycerols occurred in myocardial neutral lipids within 24 hrs after the treatment with LD100 of endotoxins and within 36 hrs after the treatment with LD50 of endotoxins. The alterations observed tended to disappear within 5 days after administration of the preparation "W" LD50. Possible effects of typhoid endotoxin on lipid metabolism in myocardium are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An outbreak of typhoid fever among children who attended a potluck dinner at Al-Mudhnab, Saudi Arabia.

In June 1992, 19 cases of typhoid fever were reported from the town of Al-Mudhnab town (population 10,000) in the Qassim region of central Saudi Arabia. Ten of the cases were females (53%), and these were clustered by onset in a 15-day period. Cases in boys followed the girls and were more dispersed over time. Cases included 14 school-age children, four pre-school children, and the wife of a girls' school bus driver. The attack rates (AR) did not differ between boys' and girls' schools and ranged from 5.5 to 15.87 per 1,000 in six different schools. All patients except one lived within two blocks in one quarter of the town. Typhoid fever was associated with attending a school potluck dinner (OR = 5.31; 95% CI 1.02, 28.85) or eating food prepared for that dinner (OR = 6.95; 95%; CI 1.40, 36.61). Cake with cream topping from the dinner was kept overnight at room temperature and served to girls on the bus the next day. The OR of eating leftover cake on the school bus and becoming ill was 11.04 (95%; CI 1.59, 95.27). The localization of this outbreak by time and place and by the age groups affected, supports the conclusion that the outbreak was foodborne. The most likely food was cream topping on the cake. Lessons on proper food handling and storage should be included in home economics classes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Five cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Senegal].

Among the opportunistic infections observed during infection with human immunodeficiency virus, recurrent non-typhoid salmonella bacteriemia has not been widely documented in Black Africa. This retrospective study identified 5 cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis in a series of 27 seropositive patients, i.e. 18.5%, hospitalized over a two-year period in an internal medicine department in Senegal. All 27 patients presented general or digestive manifestations and were in the stage of full-blown AIDS. The diagnosis was salmonella septicemia in 60% of cases. The incidence of salmonella is higher in immunocompromised patients than in healthy subjects, particularly in Africa. These infections frequently lead to bacteriemia, have a strong tendency to recur, and are highly indicative of immunodeficiency. Salmonellosis which is curable should be suspected in seropositive African patients presenting general and/or digestive manifestations.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1977

[Characteristics of the morphology and ultrastructure of the typhoid bacteria under limited and excess glucose conditions].

The authors present the results of the study of morphology and physico-biochemical indices of periodic and continuous population of typhoid bacilli under conditions of glucose limit and excess in the medium. Changes in the parameters of cell distribution by length proved to reflect the physiologico-biochemical processes in the population. The results of the study of the ultrastructure of typhoid bacilli of the "aerobic" and "anaerobic" population in continuous cultivation are presented. A possibility of application of morphological tests for the assessment of stability, homogeneity, and viability of the population is discussed.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1955

Studies on the pathogenesis of fever. I. The presence of transferable pyrogen in the blood stream following the injection of typhoid vaccine.

The rate of clearance of intravenously injected typhoid vaccine was studied in unsensitized, sensitized, and pyrogen-tolerant rabbits by means of a passive transfer technique. The blood of unsensitized rabbits which had not been previously exposed to bacterial pyrogen remained pyrogenic for normal recipients throughout a period of 2 hours following the injection. In contrast, rabbits sensitized by having received either one or two injections of the vaccine at least 3 weeks prior to the experiment cleared their blood of the test vaccine within 30 minutes despite the fact that they exhibit the same febrile response as unsensitized rabbits. After 1 hour, however, a transferable pyrogenic substance was again demonstrable in the sera of this group. Reasons are discussed for believing that this newly appearing substance may be of endogenous origin and may be the factor which directly affects the thermoregulatory centers of the brain. Rabbits which are made tolerant by repeated daily injections of vaccine have a characteristically depressed febrile response. Not only were the blood streams of such animals cleared of the injected vaccine within less than 5 minutes, but samples of their sera obtained 1 and 2 hours after the injection also failed to contain demonstrable quantities of the secondary pyrogen observed in sensitized animals. The latter observation is in keeping with the suggestion that the secondary pyrogen may play a critical role in the production of fever.

Animals↗
PubMed1955

Studies on the pathogenesis of fever. II. Identification of an endogenous pyrogen in the blood stream following the injection of typhoid vaccine.

Further studies have been made of a pyrogenic substance which appears in the circulation of rabbits during the course of experimental fever induced by injection of typhoid vaccine. With the use of a passive transfer method and pyrogen-tolerant recipients, the biological properties of this substance have been differentiated from those of the uncleared vaccine in the circulation. The newly identified factor resembles leucocytic pyrogen in the rapidity with which it produces fever and in its failure to exhibit cross-tolerance with bacterial pyrogen. This striking similarity of properties suggests that the circulating factor is of endogenous origin and may arise from cell injury. A close correlation between its presence in the circulation and the existence of fever has been demonstrated. The possible relationship of these findings to the pathogenesis of fever is evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

LABORATORY TESTS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL VACCINATION OF YOUNG CHILDREN AGAINST TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID A AND B.

In Romania, pre-school children are excluded from subcutaneous inoculation with typhoid and paratyphoid A and B vaccine. The authors have therefore investigated the possibility of giving them an oral vaccine. Laboratory tests were carried out on 30 children from 3 to 7 years of age. Samples of blood serum were collected before and after vaccination and subsequently tested for (1) seroprotection in chick embryos, (2) seroprotection in white mice, (3) titration of the agglutinating antibodies, and (4) electrophoretic pattern.The results obtained showed that the oral administration of the vaccine can, under the conditions used in the test, afford a considerable degree of protection to young children.

Administration, Oral↗