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PubMed1991

Histological and functional changes in the thyroid glands of mice implanted with hybridomas secreting monoclonal autoantibody against mouse thyroglobulin.

Mouse hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibody (mAb) against mouse thyroglobulin were established. The implantation of the hybridomas succeeded to induce high titers of circulating mAb against thyroglobulin in sera of mice. By using the implantation of the hybridomas in mice, the effect of autoantibody on the thyroid glands was studied histologically and functionally. In these mice the thyroid follicles were significantly swollen and warped, whereas there was no infiltration of inflammatory cells. The 125I-uptake in their thyroid glands was markedly decreased. There were no functional changes in control mice implanted with non-secreting P3U1 partner cells. Therefore, it was suggested that high titers of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody could definitely cause the histological and functional damages in the thyroid glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Morphological changes of thymus and the thyroid gland after postnatal extirpation of pineal body.

Extirpation of the pineal body of newborn rats was followed by the disorganization of thymic structure, follicular transformation and proliferation, viz. malignant transformation of its epithelial and connective tissue elements. Increase of connective tissue was also observed in the thyroid gland. The follicular cells contained crystal-like bodies and vesicles, whereas in the parafollicular cells the endoplasmic reticulum was increased and light granules appeared.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Alterations of basement membrane in di-isopropanolnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis of the rat thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical study.

Alterations of basement membrane (BM) in di-isopropanolnitrosamine (DIPN)-induced carcinogenesis of the rat thyroid gland were examined by means of immunohistochemical localization of collagen type IV (CN-IV), laminin (LN), and fibronectin (FN) in prenodular and nodular thyroid lesions, correlating with the morphogenesis and proliferative activity of these lesions. Adult male rats of the Wistar strain were injected s.c. in the back with DIPN, and the thyroid glands were removed at the 15th and 30th week of treatment. Each of 133 thyroid lesions was histochemically analyzed. The follicular epithelial BM as revealed by CN-IV and LN was discontinued or completely lost during the progression of thyroid lesions from pre-nodular to nodular lesions and finally overt carcinomas. At the same time, the BM of vascular endothelial cells demonstrated a loss of dense capillary networks of follicles, a sinusoidal dilatation and, predominantly in carcinomas, development of interstitial-type blood vessels. However, FN, which was hardly stained in the normal thyroid tissue, was remarkably deposited in the interstitium of invasive carcinomas. These observations strongly suggested that alterations of BM structure play a key role in the morphogenesis of rat thyroid tumors, and that the expression of FN is an important step in the invasive growth of thyroid tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Radiation exposure of the hands and thyroid gland during percutaneous wiring of wrist and hand procedures.

The aim of this study was to investigate the radiation exposure of the hands and thyroid glands of orthopaedic surgeon and assistant during procedures involving percutaneous wiring of the hand and wrist. The radiation dose to the hand and thyroid glands was prospectively studied from a total of 30 percutaneous hand and wrist procedures. Four thermolucent densitometers were used to measure the radiation exposure. Cases were divided depending on fracture location (ie. wrist, metacarpal, phalangeal) and surgical experience (i.e. Senior House Officer, Registrar, Consultant). Mean radiation exposure in the hand for the surgeon was 0.80 mSv and 0.87 mSv for the assistant. There was a significant difference in the unshielded thyroid group compared to the shielded thyroid group (p < 0.05). The duration and number of exposure decreases with increasing experience. We also found a trend whereas we operate from proximal to distal (wrist to phalangeal), the total direct hand exposure increases. Radiation exposure in the hands and thyroid glands during percutaneous wiring of hand and wrist procedures were within the recommended limit. However, for the junior orthopaedic trainee, the risk of over radiating oneself is higher as the duration and number of exposure increases. We recommended the use of thyroid shield and adherence to the ALARA principle in any fluoroscopic assisted procedures. Routine monitoring of radiation exposure is essential in preventing radiation related disease.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMed1987

Effect of experimental shock conditions on the serum T4 level of rats and response of their thyroid gland to exogenous TSH.

150 min ligature of the superior (cranial) mesenteric artery (intestinal ischemia) significantly decreases serum T4 level and completely inhibits the response of the thyroid gland to exogenous TSH in rats. 300 min ligature of the hind limbs (tourniquet shock) decreases serum T4 level and the T4 response of thyroid gland to exogenous TSH in rats. The probable reasons for altered function of the thyroid gland in enteroendotoxemic shock conditions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to hog thyroid peroxidase and its use for immunohistochemical localization of the peroxidase in the thyroid gland.

A monoclonal antibody (30.1.2) to hog thyroid peroxidase was produced, purified, and characterized. The IgG of 30.1.2 formed an immune complex with the peroxidase in a 1:2 or 1:1 molar ratio depending on the IgG to antigen ratio in the incubation mixture. Immune complex formation did not inhibit the peroxidase activity, which was actually activated 2-fold in the 1:1 complex. Studies of the binding of the conjugate of the IgG or its Fab' with horseradish peroxidase to untreated and acetone-treated thyroid microsomes showed that the IgG conjugate could bind to only a very small portion of the total binding sites (thyroid peroxidase) present in untreated microsomes even after prolonged incubation. The binding of the Fab' conjugate to untreated microsomes, on the other hand, increased as the incubation time was increased, reaching 40% of the total sites after 20 h of incubation. These findings indicated that thyroid peroxidase is localized on the inner surface of the microsomal membranes and that the Fab' conjugate, but not the IgG conjugate, can slowly penetrate through the membrane barrier to reach the peroxidase. Immunohistochemical experiments using the Fab' conjugate as a probe revealed that most thyroid peroxidase in the thyroid gland is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae of the follicular cell, although a small amount could occasionally be detected in the apical membrane including microvilli. In contrast to previous reports, no thyroid peroxidase could be found in other cellular structures such as Golgi apparatus and apical vesicles by the immunohistochemical technique employed.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

The lymphatic and venous pathways for the outflow of thyroxine, iodoprotein and inorganic iodide from the thyroid gland.

1. Baboons and cats were given radioactive iodine and, at varying times after the injection, samples of thyroid and non-thyroid lymph and of thyroid venous and peripheral venous blood were collected. The radioactive material in these samples was separated by paper chromatography or by differential precipitation and solvent extraction into three main fractions: inorganic iodide, iodoamino acid iodine and high molecular-weight material (retained at the origin of chromatograms and not extractable by butanol or ethanol). The latter was considered to be iodoprotein.2. Thyroxine was the main component of the radioactive iodoamino acid iodine in thyroid lymph, in thyroid venous and in peripheral blood. The concentration of thyroxine radioactivity in the thyroid lymph was several times greater than that in either thyroid venous or peripheral blood plasma, both before and after giving thyroid stimulating hormone.3. An unidentified thyronine compound that was frequently found in thyroid lymph and also in blood samples contained an appreciable proportion of the radioactive iodine. This substance was probably a metabolite of one of the iodothyronines. In addition, iodotyrosines probably accounted for up to 4% of the radioactivity in the lymph and blood samples but radioactive triiodothyronine could not be detected with certainty.4. In some experiments lymph was obtained from the cervical lymph trunk at a considerable distance from the thyroid gland, in order to avoid operative trauma to the gland. This cervical lymph contained diluted thyroid lymph but even so it contained more radioactivity in the form of iodoamino acid and iodoprotein than did peripheral blood or non-thyroid lymph. Cervical lymph and thyroid lymph both contained less radioactive inorganic iodide than did non-thyroid lymph.5. The administration of thyroid stimulating hormone caused a prolonged rise in the output of radioactive iodoamino acid in the thyroid venous blood and, for a limited period, an increase in the output of radioactive inorganic iodide. At the same time there was an increase in the output of radioactive material in the thyroid lymph. The main part of the latter was due to a rise in the output of iodoprotein.6. The lymphatics and the venous system provide alternative pathways for the outflow of iodine compounds from the thyroid gland. These pathways differ in relative importance for different iodine compounds. For iodoprotein the lymphatic pathway is the important one since there is no appreciable release of this substance into the thyroid venous blood. In the case of inorganic iodide, where there is no appreciable difference in concentration between thyroid lymph and blood, the greater flow of blood makes the venous pathway relatively more important than the lymphatic one. Thyroxine is released into the thyroid lymph in higher concentration than into the blood but the faster flow of blood makes the venous pathway relatively more important.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The use of crystallography in the diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland].

In 67 patients at the age of from 23 to 69 years with different hyperplastic processes in the thyroid gland, the crystallographic investigation of the blood serum was carried out. The crystallograms varied depending on the character of a disease and functional state of the thyroid gland. Simplicity and informative value of the method permit to recommend it for wide use in the diagnosis of the thyroid gland diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Further studies on the regulation of the Harderian glands of golden hamsters by the thyroid gland.

Long-term increased or decreased circulating levels of thyroid hormones significantly modify porphyrin concentrations and morphology in the Harderian glands of male and female hamsters. Administration of T3 reduced porphyrin concentrations in females; this treatment or decreasing thyroid hormone levels with KClO4 suppressed the post-castration rise of porphyrins in males. Hypophysectomy led to increased porphyrins in the Harderian glands of males; this rise was suppressed in hypophysectomized males by T3 or T4. In females, hypophysectomy reduced porphyrins which were further reduced by daily administration of T3 or T4. These modifications in the normal females were identical in castrated males. Mitotic activity in the Harderian glands of females was stimulated by KClO4 and by hypophysectomy with or without exogenous T3. In males, castration increased mitotic activity which was suppressed by T3 and exacerbated by KClO4. Increased mitotic activity seemingly follows loss of tissue mass. The data show that thyroid hormones act directly on the Harderian glands rather than indirectly through modification of TSH synthesis/release. Female "type" glands in males are a consequence of loss of gonadal androgens by castration, or by suppression or loss of thyroid hormones by hypophysectomy or by treatment with KClO4. However, male "type" glands in females are the result of androgen treatment, and/or increased levels of thyroid hormones via reduced ambient temperatures or of photic input. We conclude that regulation of the Harderian gland appears to be different in the two sexes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland--a review.

A review of the literature reveals that tuberculosis of the thyroid gland is a very rare condition. Only one case was notified in Singapore over the last ten years. It can occur either as part of a miliary spread or as a primary lesion in the thyroid. It is difficult to diagnose clinically and the thyroid enlargement is often mistaken for carcinoma, suppurative abscess or a haemorrhage into a thyroid cyst. Signs and symptoms are variable, and are mostly related to enlargement of the gland. Thyroid dysfunction is rare. Diagnosis is made by histological examination and demonstration of the tubercle bacilli from biopsy or aspiration specimen.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1984

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland seen as lateral neck cyst.

The clinical, roentgenographic, histologic, and cytologic features of four cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland seen as lateral neck cysts are discussed. Carcinoma of the thyroid gland characteristically is a solid tumor and appears as a firm, painless, and otherwise asymptomatic mass in the anterior paramedial part of the neck. A nontender fluctuant lateral neck mass commonly implies a benign lesion. The diagnostic procedures used (namely, fine-needle aspiration and ultrasound and thyroid scans) may belie the nature of the lateral neck lesion. Examination of the tissue is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Investigation of abnormal appearing thyroid glands on Tc-99m sestamibi breast scintimammography.

Of 507 breast scintimammograms performed using Tc-99m sestamibi, 34 patients were incidentally found to have abnormal appearing thyroid glands. The authors sought to investigate the clinical significance and/or ascertain an extraneous causative factor for these findings. One cold thyroid nodule was detected and was proven benign through biopsy. Two cases of subacute and chronic thyroiditis were proven, and it is possible that additional patients had this disease process. Focal areas of increased thyroid Tc-99m sestamibi uptake were observed in eight patients and probably represent parathyroid adenomas, nonautonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules, or nontoxic multinodular goiter. The results did not yield an extraneous causative factor, underlying pathology, or clinically significant disease in all of the patients investigated, but the findings suggest a need for careful evaluation of any unusual uptake in the thyroid gland and the rest of the image. The authors do not recommend investigation of all abnormal appearing thyroid glands on Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography. However, clinical correlation should be recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland changes in ultrasound (real time B image)].

Using a high-resolution real-time B-imager, examinations of the thyroid and parathyroid glands of 112 patients revealed small focal lesions (more than 3 mm diameter: thyroid gland, parathyroid gland) as well as diffuse alterations (thyroid gland). The following focal lesions were found: Adenomas of the parathyroid gland (n = 9), haemangiomas of thyroid gland (n = 3), adenomas of thyroid gland (n = 2), metastases into the thyroid gland (n = 7), primary cancer of the thyroid gland or its recurrence (n = 3) and metastases of different cancers in soft tissue of the neck regions (n = 8). A struma nodosa was diagnosed in 15 patients. With regard to diffuse alterations of the thyroid gland, atrophies (n = 6), aplasieas of 1 lobe (n = 2), thyreoiditides (n = 3), and struma diffuse (n = 5). In 49 of 52 cases morphological alterations of the thyroid gland could be excluded, while for the other 3 patients, who had been operated on in the region of the neck, no final evaluation was possible. On comparing these findings with the results of computed tomography and scintigraphy, ultrasound as a screening method showed the highest sensitivity while its specificity could be enlarged by considering the results of scintigraphy. Decision by ultrasound only as to whether a focal lesion was benign or malignant was only possible under certain circumstances. However, a histological diagnosis could not be made by ultrasound.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1982

Thyroid gland responses to intermale aggression in an inherently aggressive wild rat.

The aim of the present investigation was to ascertain whether intermale aggression (by fighting) affects thyroid gland activity in wild rat. Following intermale aggression for three hours, thyro-follicular epithelial height was significantly decreased and colloidal content in follicular lumen increased only in the subordinate rats whereas the thyroid gland of the dominant rats was not perceptibly changed. Thus, aggression inhibits thyroid gland activity only in the subordinate rats. It is suggested that this effect may be due to psychosomatic rather than physical stress during aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Localization of proteins immunologically related to erythrocyte protein 4.1, spectrin and ankyrin in thyroid gland.

Analogues of erythrocyte protein 4.1, spectrin and ankyrin were examined in the thyroid gland of pig and rat by immunohistochemical techniques. Analysis with immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the peripheral cytoplasm and apical-lateral plasma membrane of follicle epithelial cells of thyroid glands were stained with antibodies against erythrocyte protein 4.1, spectrin, or ankyrin. The results indicate that membrane skeletal protein lattice might exist in thyroid follicle epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Morphological and functional characteristics of thyroid gland in the offspring of female rats with experimental chronic liver disease of various etiology].

The peculiarities of structural and functional development of the thyroid gland were studied in the offspring of female rats with experimental chronic liver disease. Morphometric methods as well as immune enzyme analysis were used. Impairment in the development of thyroid gland structure was found in experimental animals, as evidenced by lower magnitudes of volume density of follicular and intrafollicular epithelium, as well as by reduced values of thyrocyte height. Morphological changes of the thyroid gland in the offspring of female rats with chronic liver disease were accompanied by the impairment of the gland endocrine function (decreased serum levels of T3 and T4).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The significance of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and altered thyroid function in rats: implications for thyroid gland neoplasia.

Hepatic microsomal enzymes play an important role in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Glucuronidation of thyroxine is the rate limiting step in the biliary excretion of thyroxine in the rat; the monodeiodinases are important in the conversion of T4 to T3 and reverse T3 and subsequent deiodinations. Phenobarbital is known to affect thyroid function in rats due to an alteration of hormone disposition. We have further characterized these effects and have demonstrated that phenobarbital increases the biliary excretion of thyroxine glucuronide primarily as a result of an induction of hepatic thyroxine glucuronyltransferase. Studies on the mode of action for phenobarbital promotion of thyroid follicular neoplasia were conducted using an initiation-promotion model established by Hiasa et al (35). In this model, we demonstrated that supplemental administration of thyroxine blocked the promoting effect of phenobarbital and furthermore, using various dosages of thyroxine, we observed that the tumor promoting effect of phenobarbital was directly proportional to the level of plasma TSH. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that the tumor promoting effect of phenobarbital in the thyroid gland is mediated via increased secretion of pituitary TSH as a compensatory response to the known effects of phenobarbital on peripheral thyroid hormone disposition. Since a number of microsomal enzyme inducing agents have increased the incidence of thyroid follicular neoplasia in rat carcinogenicity studies, thyroid function should be assessed and a secondary mechanism of hormone imbalance should be considered in the interpretation of the significance of these findings in rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The thyroid gland of Callithrix jacchus in organ culture.

Thyroid glands from 7 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) of different age groups (newborn, 2 weeks, 2, 7, 8 and 11 months, and 8 years) were grown as organ culture according to Trowell at the medium/air interphase for 3 to 30 days. The morphology of thyroid tissue was well preserved until the end of the culture period. Necroses were only occasionally seen in connective tissue. In contrast to the in vivo situation, the number of lysosome-like inclusions changed considerably and cell-cell contacts became loose. After the addition of TSH the number of apical microvilli, apical granules and coated vesicles rose. The basal surface of follicle cells enlarged due to the formation of processes or ridges and invaginations. Mitosis could be observed. These findings show that, using the Trowell culture technique, thyroid tissue can be grown for up to 4 weeks without showing distinct changes in its morphology. Its responsiveness to the application of TSH is maintained in vitro. Hence, this technique is suitable also for long-term endocrinological, pharmacological and toxicological investigations.

Aging↗