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PubMed2004

Changing investment in activities and interests in elders' lives: theory and measurement.

Socioemotional selectivity and gerotranscendence, newer theories with roots in the disengagement theory of aging, provided the theoretical framework for a new measure of perceived change in investment in a variety of pursuits. The 30-item Change in Activity and Interest Index (CAII) was given to a sample of 327 outpatients aged 65-94. Items with at least 30% decreased investment responses included Entertaining in my home, Concern with others' opinions, Shopping and buying things, and Attending social events with new people. Principal Components Analysis of the index with dichotomous recoding (less vs. more or same investment) resulted in four factors: Active Instrumental (AI), Social Intellectual (SI), Spiritual Concerns (SC), and Transcendence (TR). Support for socioemotional selectivity and gerotranscendence is evident in the reported increase of importance of SI pursuits, with concurrent decrease in importance of AI activities among these respondents. Zero-order correlations of component scores with study variables suggest that AI and SI are more clearly related to older age, functional impairment, and negative affect than are SC and TR. The CAII appears to tap several dimensions of change in interests; the index gives geriatric mental health practitioners and researchers a tool to measure an aspect of social development that has been neglected in gerontology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

[Theory and method of self-assertion training].

Lack of assertiveness is considered, in the sense of the theoretical concept of Ullrich de Muynck and Ullrich, to be due to such components as 1. abnormal attitude toward oneself, 2. fear of criticism and failure, and 3. inadequately developed social skills; after this, the term 'assertiveness' is defined. Previous therapeutical approaches to the remedying of unassertiveness and the underlying theoretical assumptions are critically examined and discussed with particular reference to their effectiveness. These include the training programs developed by Salter and Wolpe which are characterized by certain onesidedness as well as the concept of Ullrich de Muynck and Ullrich, which has a sound theoretical basis and a rather differentiated or specialized structure. Reference is also made to the author's own research projects.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

[Non-verbal learning disorder. Clinical features to guide diagnosis].

AIMS: The development and multiplication of information about learning disorders leads to the need to systematise the knowledge available and to base it on the clinical data. DEVELOPMENT: Apart from trouble-free diagnoses, non-verbal learning disorders are characterised by their high comorbidity rate. They are associated to attention deficit with or without hyperactivity, motor coordination disorder, dyscalculia, problems with social development and also, to a certain extent, oral and written language disorders. Depending on countries, a child with a good fundamental intellectual capacity and good development of language, but motor clumsiness and low visuospatial skills with or without relational difficulties can be diagnosed in different ways. In this study, after briefly reviewing the literature on comorbidity and the contexts of the work, we propose a set of guidelines for basic examination that can be used in visits due to learning disorders, including suggestive history, areas that require detailed questioning, and central tests. CONCLUSIONS: Partly because of the comorbidity, following the introductory visit, only a multidisciplinary team can study a child with non-verbal learning disorder properly, using specific tests to pinpoint the profile of their difficulties; their strong points should also be stressed.

Learning Disabilities↗
PubMed1990

[Screening of preschool children. A multidisciplinary assessment of the development and rehabilitation needs].

Observation of preschool children (SBO) consists of multidisciplinary assessment of whether a child aged 0-7 years is developmentally retarded and requires special training. For this observation, the children are admitted as day patients and, in the course of four days, the motor, mental, linguistic and social developments are assessed and sight and hearing are assessed. A few days after this observation, a conference is held and the result of assessment is discussed and the necessary measures to be instituted considered. During the years, 1987-1988, a total of 47 children were admitted for observation on account of suspected retarded development. Twenty-one of the children were found to be generally psychomotorically handicapped and of these 16 children were, mentally retarded. Three children suffered from benign hypotonia. Seventeen children were dysphatic and eight of these had also hypotonia. Six children had behaviour difficulties. The measures recommended are reviewed. Where 42 of the children were concerned, these were instituted with benefit to the child and his family.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching families to evaluate age-appropriate toys.

Nurses should stress to parents that they need not purchase the most frequently advertised or expensive toy to promote their child's growth and development skills. As parents develop an understanding of normal growth and development and how to evaluate and stimulate their child's development through the use of toys, they will be able to select and create appropriate toys that will not frustrate or overstimulate the child. This approach will enable all parents, regardless of income, education, and resourcefulness, to promote and stimulate their child's gross and fine motor skills, social development, and cognitive development through the use of toys.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Faecal incontinence in childhood: a multidisciplinary approach including biofeedback.

One hundred and seven children with faecal incontinence were evaluated and managed over a 3 year period by a multidisciplinary team. After initial clinical assessment, evaluation of defaecatory mechanisms (using a balloon model) and assessment of personal-social development and self-concept were undertaken. Management was based on initial bowel evacuation, short-term laxatives, and habit training involving systematic use of positive reinforcement; 69 children received biofeedback conditioning. Idiopathic megacolon with constipation and soiling was the most common finding (98 cases). Other diagnoses included previously undiagnosed neurogenic bowel (three cases), post-surgical and anomalies (four cases), and psychogenic encopresis (two cases). Idiopathic megacolon was characterized by decreased rectal sensation, increased threshold for external sphincter relaxation and an inability to evacuate. Faecal incontinence was associated with an undesirably low social self-concept (70% of the 40 evaluated), but was not related to a delay in development (mean general developmental quotient = 105 +/- 8, for the 35 tested). Family psychopathology warranting referral for family therapy was found in 14 children (13%). The management programme yielded a short-term (3 months) cure rate of 68% and a long-term (12 months) cure rate of 90%, with 10% having continued soiling which varied from occasional to several incidents/week. No significant improvement in self-concept was observed overall, although marked improvements were observed in some children. We conclude that disordered defaecatory dynamics are a major determinant of faecal incontinence in children. Undesirably low social self-concepts but normal developmental ability accompany this condition. Management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the role of both behavioural and physiological components of the problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome and its relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. An overview of etiology, physical symptoms, aspects of child development and psychiatric disorders].

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common interstitial deletion syndrome in humans. Patients with this syndrome can show a variety of somatic symptoms, especially characteristic facial abnormalities, heart defects, thymic hypo- or aplasia and velopharyngeal dysfunction with or without cleft palate. Disturbancies in motor, language, cognitive and social development are typical, as well as psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents are mostly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders, and autism spectrum problems. Schizophrenia in adults seems to be caused by 22q11.2 deletion in about 2% of all patients. We review current knowledge about etiology, physical features, developmental aspects and psychiatric comorbidity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as well as possible therapeutic interventions. Clinical criteria for genetic examinations on 22q11.2 deletion in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders are defined. Until now 22q11.2 deletion is underdiagnosed in this population--despite of its clinical relevance.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2000

Early adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking: person- and variable-centered analyses of binge drinking trajectories.

BACKGROUND: Many studies of the consequences of binge drinking take a variable-centered approach that may mask developmentally different trajectories. Recent studies have reported qualitatively different binge drinking trajectories in young adulthood. However, analyses of developmental trajectories of binge drinking have not been examined for an important period of drinking development: adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine young adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking using an approach that combines person-centered and variable-centered methods. METHODS: Data were from the Seattle Social Development Project, an ethnically diverse, gender balanced sample (n = 808) followed prospectively from age 10 to age 21. Semiparametric group-based modeling was used to determine groups of binge drinking trajectories in adolescence. Logistic regression was used to examine how well the trajectory groups predicted young adult outcomes after demographics, childhood measures, and adolescent drug use were considered. RESULTS: Four distinct trajectories of binge drinking during adolescence were identified: Early Highs, Increasers, Late Onsetters, and Nonbingers. These trajectories significantly predicted positive and negative outcomes in adulthood after controlling for demographic characteristics, early proxy measures of the outcome, and adolescent drug use. CONCLUSIONS: This integrated person- and variable-centered approach provides more information about the effects of specific patterns of binge drinking than studies that employ variable-centered methods alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sexual orientation of adolescent girls.

It is important for healthcare providers to have a clear understanding of sexual orientation and other components of sexual identity (genetic gender, anatomic gender, gender identity, gender role, and sexual behavior). Knowledge of how a lesbian identity is formed will aide providers in guiding these girls through adolescence. Societal stigma often forces isolation that leads to many risky behaviors that affect health (alcohol and drug use; risky sexual behaviors; truancy and dropping out; running away and homelessness; and depression and suicide). Health providers need to ensure a safe and understanding environment for these girls, to enhance their physical, emotional, and social development to healthy adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Socio-ecological concept of health].

On the great number of observations the authors demonstrate, that children of different birth number have different biological qualities. For the Carpathian population the optimal sanological number is the fourth. The fourth children have the greatest vitality. The firstly born children are, usually, the most weak and have the least vitality. The difference in the sick and mortality rate of the first and the fourth children is so great, that the change of the weight of children with optimal birth number in the population may change the sick structure and the susceptibility to a disease. The processes, connected with the population's reproduction fecundity and the birth number play a great part in the health formation of different populations. Human health is a derivative of a gene pool of a certain population and a function of its social development at the same time from the ecological point of view. The law of the quantitative and qualitative sides of population's development is the basis of socio-ecological health concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

International perspectives in early emotional development.

This article provides a unique look at development-the lessons highly industrialized nations can learn from the rest of the world. Thailand, for example, created a comprehensive child development program through integration of health, education, economic development, social welfare, and community involvement. The program was proven to improve developmental outcomes that included IQ and nutritional status.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Development, behaviour and temperament: a prospective study of infants conceived through in-vitro fertilization.

The development, behaviour and temperament of 65 singleton infants conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and 63 matched controls were compared at 1 year postpartum. Primiparous women were recruited during pregnancy and their infants' development was assessed at 1 year. In addition, test-taking behaviour was evaluated by an examiner using the Bayley behaviour rating scale and mothers completed a behaviour problem checklist and temperament scale. Mental, motor, speech and social development were appropriate for age, with no significant group differences. While receptive language development was in the normal range, IVF infants scored lower than control infants. Across both groups, mothers reported low levels of behaviour difficulty and mean temperament ratings were in the general population range. There were no group differences in observed test-taking behaviour. However, IVF mothers rated their children at a higher level of behaviour difficulty and more reactive than the ratings given by control mothers. Overall, singleton children conceived through IVF demonstrate appropriate general development at 1 year of age. The higher reported behaviour difficulty experienced by IVF mothers may reflect their concerns about the well-being and adjustment of their child during the first year.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

An epidemic like any other? Rights and responsibilities in HIV prevention.

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, HIV prevention has been closely associated with the protection of individual human rights. Traditional public health measures such as compulsory testing and isolation have largely been rejected as ineffective in public health terms and inappropriate in the context of human rights protection. HIV prevention has been based instead chiefly on elective measures --information, education, counselling, and voluntary testing. In the past five years there have been important clinical, epidemiological, and social developments in the AIDS epidemic. These changes, combined with a growing recognition of possible weaknesses inherent in a strictly voluntarist approach to HIV prevention, may herald a new approach to AIDS control which places more weight on social responsibility in the context of HIV prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

The lesbian community: an anthropological approach.

Visible lesbian communities, a recent social development in the United States, have received relatively little research attention. This article defines the "lesbian community," as distinct from both the lesbian population and the lesbian subculture. The important features of the lesbian community are the social networks of lesbians, their group identity, shared subcultural values, and the institutional base, the organizations and places where community members can interact. One lesbian community is described and directions for future research suggested.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Social security in Asia and the Pacific: a brief overview.

In terms of numbers of people, the global challenges facing social security systems are largely Asian. Because of rapid population aging in Asia, while it accounted for 28% of the world's population aged 60 and older in 1985, that percentage will more than double to 58% in 2050. Provident funds are a prominent feature of retirement income systems in the region-Asia and the Pacific contain the majority of the world's countries with provident funds. These programs typically provide lump-sum benefits, and thus, do not provide annuity protection against outliving one's resources. Because of the influence of Confucian philosophy with its emphasis on family responsibility for elders, countries in the region have been relatively slow in developing social security programs. China does not have a social security program for workers who do not work for the government or in government-owned enterprises.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An Italian research project to study the play of children with motor disabilities: the first year of activity.

PURPOSE: The paper presents the main outline of a new research project carried out by the SIVA research team concerning the development of methodologies to select and use assistive technology to allow children with motor disabilities to play with toys. CONCLUSION: Giving them the same opportunities to play as their peers without disabilities can best enhance their cognitive and social development. A review of the literature in the field is also included.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1991

Recent levels and trends of fertility and mortality in Myanmar.

"Because the Government of Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) considers the country under-populated, it has not adopted a family planning programme. However, recent data show that, while fertility remains high, there has been some decline since the mid-1970s. Since the mid-1950s, mortality has gradually declined, but the decline seems to have slowed down in recent years. This article concludes that it is necessary to slow population growth by controlling fertility in order to achieve economic and social development."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

[Role of the father in the development of school-age children. Results of an epidemiologic study].

As part of an epidemiological follow-up study, data collected from 356 children at ages 8 and 13 and from their parents were analyzed to examine the relationship of parental child-rearing behavior and parents' psychological problems to the intellectual, emotional and social development of the offspring. The results revealed that while children are growing up father and child influence each other in specific ways. The fathers were particularly active in developing their children's cognitive abilities and had a strong influence especially on the development of their sons. At both age 8 and age 13, children whose parents had psychiatric disturbances, regardless of which parent was affected, were much more likely than those with normal parents to have psychiatric disorders themselves. Significant parental gender effects were found, however, when the form of the child's disorder was considered: At age 13, the children were at a higher risk for a conduct disorder if the father had a problem than if the mother did. In further analyses, children who had lost their fathers were compared with those in intact families. Significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders were found for the fatherless boys, whereas no such effect could be detected for the fatherless girls.

Adolescent↗