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PubMed1990

Non-verbal cues in the self-presentation of parkinsonian patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are seen as cold, withdrawn, unintelligent and moody, and appear to relate poorly to the interviewer (Pentland, Pitcairn, & Gray & Riddle, 1987). The cues responsible for this are shown to be related not only to the type of limb and body movements made, but also particularly to the facial expressions. The expressions seen are not only reduced in frequency but are also qualitatively different, particularly in the smiles which are seen to be 'false' smiles. The implications of this for a treatment regime are discussed in relation to the neurology of the disease. It would seem that non-verbal training methods may not produce the required effects because of the shift in neural pathway used from that which normally controls spontaneous expressive movements (via the basal ganglia) to that used in voluntary movements.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

Some prelinguistic aspects of language development.

Most studies of language acquisition since Chomsky's break-through in linguistics have all utilized as a theoretical base various theories of cognitive development out of which words, phrases, and meanings are created. This study attempts to outline the underpinnings of language ontogenetically and to show the role of affective engagements with caretakers. Some of the prelinguistic aspects of language development are examined in relation to the volution of language function. The newborn infant engages and terminates visual, kinesthetic, oral, and sound reciprocity with the mother, as shown in the cough-smile game, thus providing the infant a significant measure of control over these reciprocal exchanges. The social smile, modulations thereof, and the face itself become organizers of meaningful vocalization, a focal point around which phonemes emerge from the mutuality of the mother-infant relationship. The evolution and meaning of the pointing gesture as it relates to language functioning and to the stages of separation-individuation is discussed. It is suggested that the child's capacity to evaluate the context of utterances in relation to dynamically integrated facial-vocal configurations with familiar caretakers provides the basis for the development of semantics and syntax in later language functioning.

Child↗
PubMed2007

Learning what feelings to desire: socialization of ideal affect through children's storybooks.

Previous findings suggest that cultural factors influence ideal affect (i.e., the affective states that people ideally want to feel). Three studies tested the hypothesis that cultural differences in ideal affect emerge early in life and are acquired through exposure to storybooks. In Study 1, the authors established that consistent with previous findings, European American preschoolers preferred excited (vs. calm) states more (indexed by activity and smile preferences) and perceived excited (vs. calm) states as happier than Taiwanese Chinese preschoolers. In Study 2, it was observed that similar differences were reflected in the pictures (activities, expressions, and smiles) of best-selling storybooks in the United States and Taiwan. Study 3 found that across cultures, exposure to exciting (vs. calm) storybooks altered children's preferences for excited (vs. calm) activities and their perceptions of happiness. These findings suggest that cultural differences in ideal affect may be due partly to differential exposure to calm and exciting storybooks.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

A dog and a "happy person" visit nursing home residents.

Recent recognition of the importance of the human-animal bond has led to the proliferation of programs designed to improve the lives of nursing home residents through the use of animals. Because human-human interaction in the nursing home setting is often of an obligatory nature, we wondered if a visit from a nonjudgmental, outgoing, enthusiastic young adult ("a happy person") could elicit the same positive influence as a visit from a nonjudgmental dog. The purpose of this study was to determine if elderly residents of a midwestern nursing home had a preference for the type of visitor (dog vs. person) when both visits were nonobligatory and nonjudgmental. Behaviors were evaluated to determine if one visitor was more likely to influence prosocial behaviors (moving closer, patting, smiling). Six residents were visited by both the dog and the happy person: 5 of 6 completed the final interview. Residents were equally likely to smile at and move closer to both visitors. Residents were more likely to pat the dog. Three residents liked both visits equally: 1 preferred the dog, and 1 preferred the happy person. These data suggest that nonobligatory visits to nursing home residents from a happy person may be as beneficial to the resident as visits from a dog.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Children's acceptance of milk with xylitol or sorbitol for dental caries prevention.

BACKGROUND: Xylitol, a polyol sugar, has been shown to reduce dental caries when mixed with food or chewing gum. This study examines the taste acceptability of xylitol in milk as a first step toward measuring the effectiveness of xylitol in milk for the reduction of dental caries in a public health program. METHODS: Three different types of milk (Ultra High Temperature (UHT), powder and evaporated) were tested for acceptability by 75 Peruvian children (25 per milk group, ages 4 to 7 years). Each group evaluated xylitol and sorbitol in one type of milk. In the first phase, each child was presented with a tray of four plastic cups containing 50 ml of milk with 0.021 g/ml xylitol, 0.042 g/ml xylitol, 0.042 g/ml sorbitol or no sugar. Each child was asked to taste the samples in a self-selected order. After tasting each sample, the child placed the milk cup in front of one of three cartoon faces (smile, frown or neutral) representing the child's response to the taste of each sample. In the second phase, the child was asked to rank order the milk samples within each category (smile, frown or neutral). Ranks within categories were then combined to obtain a rank ordering for all the test samples. RESULTS: The ranking from best to worst for the samples across categories (UHT, powder, evaporated) was xylitol (0.0.042 g/ml), sorbitol (0.042 g/ml), xylitol (0.021 g/ml) and milk alone (Friedman's ANOVA). Xylitol and sorbitol were preferred over milk alone, and xylitol (0.042 g/ml) was preferred to sorbitol (0.042 g/ml)(p < .05 sign test). CONCLUSION: Milk sweetened with xylitol is well accepted by Peruvian children ages 4-7 years.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Might how you look influence how well you are looked after? A study which demonstrates that GPs perceive socio-economic gradients in attractiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that more disadvantaged patients are perceived by general practitioners (GPs) as being less attractive than their more affluent peers. DESIGN: Three hundred and twenty five consecutive ambulant patients attending 15 GPs' surgeries in Northern Ireland, UK, had three digital photographs taken; two of their face (smiling and non-smiling) and one of their face and upper trunk. Photographs were assessed by 30 GPs from practices other than those used to select the patients. Patients were subdivided into 'more affluent', 'average' and 'more deprived' groups based on their household tenure, level of educational attainment and car availability. The age and sex of the GP-assessors was recorded along with the average deprivation score for their own practice population. The relationship between patient, GP and practice characteristics was explored using multilevel modelling to take account of the hierarchical nature of the dataset. The main outcome measure was the perceived attractiveness score of the patient as rated by the GP. RESULTS: Of those invited, 301 (92%) participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 49.6 (standard deviation 6.1) years and 59% were female. GPs rated younger patients more attractive than older patients; each additional 10 years reduced the attractiveness scores by an average of 2.7 points (95% confidence intervals 1.4-3.9, P < 0.001). Patients from higher socio-economic backgrounds were assessed as more attractive than their less affluent peers, the mean difference being 7.8 points (5.8-9.9, P < 0.001). The difference in attractiveness scores between affluent and deprived patients was greatest when the GP assessor came from a practice serving predominantly deprived patients. CONCLUSION: The perceived difference in the average attractiveness scores between affluent and deprived patients is large and, though this study does not prove it, there is sufficient circumstantial evidence to indicate that it might play a significant role in modifying the medical encounter.

Female↗
PubMed2005

[Initial affective facial behaviour and outcome satisfaction in the psychotherapy of patients with panic disorder].

OBJECTIVES: On the basis of characterizations of the psychodynamics of panic patients and previous findings on their affective facial behavior in first psychotherapy sessions, hypotheses are made on affective facial behavior of the therapist and its relationship to outcome satisfaction. METHODS: Affective facial behaviour in 20 female patients with panic disorder and their male therapists in the first session of psychotherapy was coded with EMFACS. The data of facial behaviour was correlated with outcome ratings at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Therapists show less affective facial behaviour than panic patients; particularly, they smile less frequently. The frequency of smiling in the first session correlated negatively with outcome ratings. Therapists adapted their interactive behaviour to the relationship offers of their patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed on the background of the psychodynamics of panic disorders. Considering the different relationship offers, the results indicate that the interactive dialogue should be formed very specifically in order to create a helpful therapeutic relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Is social phobia related to lack of social skills? Duration of skill-related behaviours and ratings of behavioural adequacy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether social phobics differ from clinically anxious and non-clinical comparison groups with regard to either the duration of skill-related behaviours displayed during a social conversation or their behavioural adequacy as perceived by observers. DESIGN: A between-group design was used for the first part of the study. The duration of specified skill-related behaviours of a group of socially phobic participants was compared with the behaviours of clinically anxious and non-clinical participants. A within-group design was used for the second part of the study. Observers' ratings of the adequacy of the behaviour of a subgroup of the participants from the three groups were evaluated. METHODS: Fifty-four participants, 18 socially phobic, 18 clinically anxious but not socially phobic and 18 who formed a non-clinical comparison group, took part in a 9-min conversation with a confederate of the experimenters. Participants were screened by diagnostic interview. Each conversation was videotaped, and from these recordings, the percentage time spent talking, spent in silence, smiling, maintaining eye contact while talking and while listening and while making manipulative gestures was extracted. A subset of 30 participants, 10 from each of the three groups, provided stimulus material for the second part of the study. The sixth minute of each of these 30 participants' recorded conversations was shown to 21 observers who rated the performance for adequacy of gestures, adequacy of eye contact, adequacy of smiling, clarity of speech, fluency of speech and overall adequacy of performance. Observers were also asked to categorize the participants based on the observed behaviour into one of three diagnostic groups: socially phobic, clinically anxious or non-clinical. RESULTS: Social phobics exhibited significantly less eye contact while talking in comparison with the non-clinical participants and significantly more manipulative gestures than either the clinically anxious or non-clinical participants. There were no other between-group differences in duration of skill-related behaviours. With regard to ratings of perceived behavioural adequacy for gestures, speech fluency and overall performance, the social phobic group was rated as significantly less adequate than both comparison groups. With regard to ratings of perceived adequacy of eye contact and speech clarity, while the anxious groups did not differ from each other, both were rated as significantly less adequate than the non-clinical comparison group. There was also a marked within-group variation in perceived adequacy of behaviour and wide variation in ratings provided by observers. CONCLUSIONS: Possible competing explanations for the results are discussed; these include the skills deficit hypothesis and the possibility that group differences in both duration of skill-related behaviour and observed behavioural adequacy reflect awkward, anxious behaviours and/or safety behaviours.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Anticancer drug response prediction integrating multi-omics pathway-based difference features and multiple deep learning techniques.

Individualized prediction of cancer drug sensitivity is of vital importance in precision medicine. While numerous predictive methodologies for cancer drug response have been proposed, the precise prediction of an individual patient's response to drug and a thorough understanding of differences in drug responses among individuals continue to pose significant challenges. This study introduced a deep learning model PASO, which integrated transformer encoder, multi-scale convolutional networks and attention mechanisms to predict the sensitivity of cell lines to anticancer drugs, based on the omics data of cell lines and the SMILES representations of drug molecules. First, we use statistical methods to compute the differences in gene expression, gene mutation, and gene copy number variations between within and outside biological pathways, and utilized these pathway difference values as cell line features, combined with the drugs' SMILES chemical structure information as inputs to the model. Then the model integrates various deep learning technologies multi-scale convolutional networks and transformer encoder to extract the properties of drug molecules from different perspectives, while an attention network is devoted to learning complex interactions between the omics features of cell lines and the aforementioned properties of drug molecules. Finally, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) outputs the final predictions of drug response. Our model exhibits higher accuracy in predicting the sensitivity to anticancer drugs comparing with other methods proposed recently. It is found that PARP inhibitors, and Topoisomerase I inhibitors were particularly sensitive to SCLC when analyzing the drug response predictions for lung cancer cell lines. Additionally, the model is capable of highlighting biological pathways related to cancer and accurately capturing critical parts of the drug's chemical structure. We also validated the model's clinical utility using clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In summary, the PASO model suggests potential as a robust support in individualized cancer treatment. Our methods are implemented in Python and are freely available from GitHub (https://github.com/queryang/PASO).

Deep Learning↗
PubMed2003

Fetal hand movements and facial expression in normal pregnancy studied by four-dimensional sonography.

AIM: To evaluate the developmental pattern of fetal hand movements and facial activity and expression during the second and third trimester of pregnancy by four-dimensional ultrasound (4D-US). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 25 fetuses in uncomplicated pregnancies were analyzed; 15 fetuses at 13 to 16 weeks and 10 fetuses at 30 to 33 weeks of gestation were studied with abdominal 4D-US. After standard assessment in two dimensional (2D) real-time B mode, a 4D mode was switched on. Further examination lasted a maximum of 15 minutes. RESULTS: Isolated hand movement and subtypes of hand movements were easily recognized by 4D-US. The sub-types of hand to head movement are: hand to head, hand to mouth, hand near mouth, hand to face, hand near face, hand to eye and hand to ear. All subtypes of hand to head movement can be seen from 13 weeks of gestation, with fluctuating incidence. Facial activities and different forms of expression are easily recognized by 4D-US. Among these, two types can be easily differentiated: smiling and scowling. CONCLUSIONS: 4D-US is superior over real-time two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) for qualitative, but inferior for quantitative analysis of hand movements. Thus 4D-US makes it possible to determine exactly the direction of the fetal hand, but the exact number of each type of hand movements can still not be determined. 4D-US is superior over two- and three-dimensional sonography in the evaluation of complex facial activity and expression. Among facial activities observed by 4D-US, simultaneous eyelid and mouthing movements dominate between 30 and 33 weeks of gestation. Pure mouth movements such as mouth opening, tongue expulsion, yawning and pouting are present, but at a significantly lower incidence. Facial expressions such as smiling and scowling can be precisely observed using 4D-US.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed2004

Behavioral pattern continuity from prenatal to postnatal life--a study by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography.

AIM: To investigate whether the same behavioral patterns were present pre- and postnatally, and whether there were any differences in the frequency of movements observed in fetal and in early neonatal life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ten out of 37 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy (median gestational age 34 weeks, range 33 to 35 weeks) in the two-month period (from November 1st to December 31st, 2003) were enrolled in the investigation. Ten term, appropriate for gestational age newborns (seven born vaginally, three by elective SC, six girls, six first-born) and were enrolled in the study. All 4D examinations were performed on Voluson 730 (Kretztechnik, Zipt, Austria) and Acuvix (Medison, Korea) with transabdominal 5 MHz transducer. After standard assessment in 2D B-mode ultrasound, a 4D mode was switched on and live 3D image was reconstructed by selecting the ideal representative 2D image placed in the region of interest (ROI). The recordings of neonatal behavior were made on the Sony P-612 OHMPL videotape by video camera (Sony Camcoder CC DTRV 318 Hv8) and reviewed on the videocassette recorder (Sony VHS SLV-N 900). The median of newborns' age at the moment of recording was 49 hours (range 4 to 112). During the examination, newborns were lying in the bed, separated from other infants in the nursery, dressed, and lying on their backs in a supine position with unrestrained hands. The temperature in the room was 22 to 24 degrees C. The video recording was performed mainly while the children were actively awake or during alert inactivity. RESULTS: There were no movements observed in fetal life that were not present in neonatal life, while the Moro reflex was present only in neonates. The most frequent fetal and neonatal movements were scowling, eye and mouth opening, and hand to face, hand to eye and hand to head movements. Isolated blinking, mouth to eyelid movement, yawning, tongue expulsion and scowling were more frequent in neonates than in fetuses, although the difference was not statistically significant. Hand to mouth movements were more frequent in neonatal than in fetal life while all other hand movements were less frequent in neonates than in fetuses, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Spearman rank order correlation reached statistical significance in smiling (R=0.71; t=2.91; P=0.02) and in hand to ear movement (R = 0.80; t= 3.86; P = 0.005), and was almost statistically significant in isolated eye blinking (R=0.61; t=2.17; P =0.06), while the correlations between the rest of the movements were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: 4D ultrasonography is a powerful tool in the assessment of fetal behavior, and our study showed that there is a continuity from fetal to neonatal behavior, especially in terms of isolated eye blinking movements, mouth and eyelid opening, yawning, tongue expulsion, smiling, scowling and hand movements directed to other parts of the face.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed2005

The potential of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography in the assessment of fetal awareness.

AIM: The aim of the study was to observe different expressions and movements of a fetal face during investigation of fetal behavior in the second and the third trimester of normal pregnancies, as a probable manifestation of fetal awareness. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Over a 6-month period a study was conducted in three centers in Zagreb, Croatia and in Barcelona and Malaga, Spain. Women with singleton pregnancies (16-33 weeks) who were referred for ultrasound check-up for determination of gestational age, suspicious fetal malformations, polyhydramnios, and/or the assessment of biophysical profile or other possible pathology, were assigned to the study. After regular two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound assessment at an antenatal clinic, pregnant women were offered the possibility of undergoing 4D ultrasound examination if the fetus and the mother were considered "normal", i.e., if ultrasound and clinical assessment were uneventful. If the newborn delivered at term had 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of 7 and 10, respectively, and if the newborn was considered "term and normal" (normal spontaneous activity, normal posture and tone, and presence of some primitive reflexes) at the first and subsequent regular check-ups, the inclusion criteria were deemed to have been met. Out of 119 patients, 99 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 40 of whom were in the second, and 59 in the third trimester of pregnancy. A Voluson 730 Expert system with a transabdominal 5-MHz transducer was used for 4D ultrasonography. After regular 2D scanning, the 4D mode was switched on, and a live 3D image was reconstructed by selecting ideal 2D mid-sagittal images of the face (the region of interest). The volume was automatically scanned every 2 s while the surface-rendered mode was switched on, and 4D images were displayed on the screen and recorded on videotape during a 30-min observation period. Movements of the following fetal face structures were analyzed: forehead, brows, nasal soft tissue and nasolabial folds, upper lip, oral cavity and tongue, lower lip and chin, eyelids and eyes, mouth and mouth angles, and facial expression. 4D ultrasonography allowed in utero observations of fetal facial expressions such as smiling, yawning, and swallowing. RESULTS: The quality of 4D depiction of fetal facial expressions increased with gestational age. The frequency of fetal facial expressions such as yawning ranged from 1 and 6 with a median of 1.5 per 30-min observation period; smiling ranged from 2 and 8 with the median of 2; tongue expulsion ranged from 2 to 6, median 3; mouth and eye squeezing ranged from 5 to 10, median 6; scowling ranged from 1 to 3, median 0.5; and isolated eye blinking ranged from 4 to 12 with a median of 5. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the ability of 4D sonography to depict different facial expressions and movements, which might represent fetal awareness. Nevertheless, long, precise and thorough observation of fetal faces by 4D sonography was hampered as the images were only near real-time. Thus, we were only able to study the quality and not the quantity of facial movement patterns.

Croatia↗
PubMed2006

Effects of alcohol on group formation among male social drinkers.

OBJECTIVE: Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of alcohol in groups. This study used systematic observation techniques to measure the effects of alcohol on behavioral responses during an initial group interaction. METHOD: Fifty-four male social drinkers were assembled into three-person groups of strangers, and all members of each group were administered either a 0.82 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo to be consumed during a 30-minute period. This social interaction was video recorded, and the duration and sequence of selected smiling and speech behaviors were coded on a 1-second time base. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption increased individual- and group-level coordination of smiling and speech behaviors over time and improved self-reported bonding. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that alcohol may facilitate social bonding during initial group formation. Measuring behavioral responses in a social context provides new directions for studying the acute effects of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Association between subjective and objective measures of lip form and function: an exploratory analysis.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with cleft lip and palate, the aims of this study were to generate objective measures of different attributes of lip movement and to explore the utility of these objective measures by examining the association between examiners' subjective assessments with the objective measures. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate with varying degrees of cleft scar severity were selected. All patients had a previously repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. INTERVENTIONS: Photographs and videotape recordings were made of the patients with cleft at rest and during smiling. Measurements of lip movement were obtained by means of a motion analysis system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study sought to obtain rankings of cleft scar severity and impairment on a 6-point Likert scale by a lay and professional panel and measurements of displacement, asymmetry, speed, and velocity of upper lip during smiling. RESULTS: Displacement was the most consistent and valid objective measurement. An objective analysis of the entire upper lip provided the most information. In general, there was a decrease in the objective measures of upper lip movement as examiners' perceptions of facial appearance or disfigurement at rest and impairment during movement became worse. This relationship was stronger for the at-rest perceptions, implying that subjective assessments should be made with the face at rest. CONCLUSIONS: Objective measures provided the promise for differentiation of the components of movement and should be used to supplement subjective evaluations of lip appearance at rest and during movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

The treatment of "anxiety-depression" via positive reinforcement and response cost.

A target behavior program, structured within a token economy project, was implemented to modify the behavior of an institutionalized patient who exhibited excessive rates of crying and no smiling responses. To affect both responses concurrently, token costs were made contingent upon crying and token payments and/or social reinforcements were provided for smiling. The results indicated both the feasibility of eliminating "anxiety-depression" within an institutional environment and the efficacy of the treatment procedures 14 months after discharge.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Benefits of humor in reduction of threat-induced anxiety.

The benefits of humor in reducing anxiety were investigated in a laboratory study, in which subjects were falsely led to believe that they would receive a shock in 12 min. Participants were 53 undergraduate students with either high or low sense of humor as measured by the Situational Humor Response Questionnaire of Martin and Lefcourt (1984). During the anticipatory period, subjects listened to either a humorous tape, a nonhumorous tape, or no tape. Dependent variables were repeated measures of self-reported anxiety, heart rate, and zygomatic facial activity. Anxiety increased over the anticipatory period, as predicted. A significant interaction between condition and time indicated that subjects from the humor condition consistently rated themselves as less anxious and reported less increase in stress as the shock approached. A three-way interaction concentrating on the final 3 min. indicated a tendency for subjects with low sense of humor to have higher heart rates in the no-tape condition than in the humorous or nonhumorous tape conditions. Analysis for zygomatic activity indicated more smiling by subjects with high sense of humor and by subjects in the humor condition. Also, the humorous tape elicited more smiling by subjects with high sense of humor.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Effect of facial affect stimuli on auditory and visual P300 in healthy subjects.

This study investigated whether or not P300 components are influenced by emotional affect such as sadness and pleasure in twenty healthy subjects and whether or not the P300 effects of facial affect stimuli are influenced by auditory and visual stimulus modalities. Written informed consent was taken from each subject before the study. Each subject was asked to stare at a simple picture of a facial expression (crying or smiling faces) during the auditory and visual oddball tasks. P300 amplitude and area were significantly larger when viewing a crying face (sadness) than a smiling face (pleasure) under both conditions with auditory and visual stimulus. P300 latency was significantly longer while viewing sadness than while viewing pleasure only with auditory stimuli. Reaction time was not changed by facial stimuli. Amplitude and area of P300 were significantly larger in women than men in their modalities, but the effects of facial affect on P300 amplitude and area in women were similar to those in men. These results suggest that amplitude and area of P300 with both modalities recorded while viewing sadness may induce larger attentional resource than pleasure. Gender was a less potent influence of facial expression on P300 parameters. The influence of facial emotion may be important to investigate the recognition processes of subjects.

Evoked Potentials, Auditory↗
PubMed1990

[Patients' preferences for nurses' nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication].

Nursing involves deep human interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. But in modern Korea, the nurse-patient relationship tends to be ritualistic and mechanestic. Patients usually express the hope that nurses be more tender and kind. Patients expect nurses to express their warmth especially through nonverbal behaviour. This study was conducted to identify patients' preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth. Through the confirmation of these preferences, nurses may learn how to enhance their interpersonal relationships with patients. Subjects for the study were 73 patients who had been admitted to a university teaching hospital for at least three days and agreed to be interviewed by the investigator. The interactions were studied nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. The interview schedule was especially designed by the investigator to measure the nurse's posture, the distance between the nurse and the patient, the nurse's eye contact, facial expression, hand motion and head nodding. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages and X2-test. The results of this study may be summerized as follows: 1. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds. Preferred nurse's posture was sitting (50.7%) or standing (49.3%) opposite the patient. Preferred distance between the nurse and the patient was close to the bed (93.2%), less than 1m. Preferred eye contact was directed to the patient's eyes or their affected part (41.1%). Preferred facial expression was a smile (97.3%). Preferred hand motions were light gestures (41.1%). Patients preferred head nodding which approved their own opinions (69.9%). 2. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during administration of oral medication. Preferred nurse's posture was standing and waiting to confirm that the medication had been taken (58.9%). Preferred distance from the patient was at arm's length, 0.5-1m (64.4%). Patients preferred direct eye contact (58.9%) and a smile (94.5%). Patients preferred that the nurse put the medicine directly the patient's hand (64.4%). Whether the nurse nodded her head or not was not considered important. 3. The relation of general characteristics and patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. During nursing rounds, the age of subjects (p = 0.010) and the standard of education (p = 0.026) related to the distance between the nurse and the patient. The sick hospital ward related to the eye contact (p = 0.017) and facial expression (p = 0.010).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Age Factors↗