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PubMed1979

[Problems in the genetics of stress. IV. A genetic analysis of the level of autonomic reactivity in emotional stress in rats].

A genetic analysis of hypertensive reactions under condition of emotional stress in three inbred strains of rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dowly and August) and their F1 reciprocal hybrids is carried out. Highly significant genotypic differences in the arterial pressure level during emotional stress and no genetic diversity in the basal state were found. Application of our own methos to genetic analysis of incomplete diallelic tables for Griffing's experimental design 1 (model 1) showed an existence of significant additive component of genetic variance in autonomic reactivity under the stress. The role of the stress as a factor of differentiation of the genetic structure of population is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

[Stress or trigger situation. 2 notions illustrated by a comparison of stress ulcer to triggering of attacks of gastroduodenal ulcer disease].

The author attempts to show the fundamental difference existing between the two often confused concepts of "stress" and "trigger-situation", using the example of "stress ulcer" and "trigger-situation" of the outbursts of the ulcer disease. The stress ulcer or acute ulcer is compared to a door forcefully kicked in. It is unspecific like the adaptation syndrome of Selye. The trigger-situation as we understand it is a current conflict situation, i.e. a well-defined and specific event that is only conflictual for a very specific personality structure (one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan). In contrast to the picture of the door forcefully kicked in as in the stress ulcer, for the trigger-situation of the outbursts of the ulcer disease, we have used a picture of Beck: a key perfectly fitting the lock. All case records show that while an event can become the trigger-situation for one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan, it will not be for a different type. The specificity resides in the fact that this trigger-situation is a current conflict situation. The present conflict corresponds to a transfer of the infantile intra-psychic conflict to the present situation. When this current conflict reaches a sufficient intensity, the defence system built up by the patient is thereby decompensated--through frustration either of the neurotic activity or passivity desire of the patient and the conflict triggers the symptom, the ulcer attack.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

[Preoperative stress. Study of the mental behavior and parameters of physiological stress in non-premedicated patients during the preoperative period].

In 29 male patients undergoing arterial bypass operations of the lower limb, psychological and physiological stress parameters were investigated. They received no premedication. We found an increase of heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), plasma cortisol (Cort), free fatty acids (FFA), ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) and supra-ventricular ectopic beats (SVEB) (registered with a 24 hour ECG). The physiological dynamics were different, depending on the results of the psychological tests (MMQ and ESB): Repressor had higher HR and increased significantly more than sensitizer. Depressive patients had higher Cort levels the day before surgery compared to hopeful ones, but remained at these levels, whereas hopeful patients had a significant increase of Cort immediately before operation. They had also higher BP's and HR's. Patients with sthenic affections increased significantly more with FFA levels than asthenic ones. Anxious and asthenic patients had significantly more VEB than non anxious and sthenic ones. These results can well be interpreted in terms of dynamic psychophysiological stress reactions. We propose the use of psychological and physiological stress parameters for investigations of methods for the reduction of preoperative stress.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1983

Thrombotic etiology of stress ulcers. 1. The effect of anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregators in the development of stress ulcers in rats.

The preventative effect of anticoagulant (heparin) and antiplatelet aggregators (dipyridamole, low-dose aspirin, and ticlopidine), which are well known as antithrombotic agents, were recognized in this study of the development of stress ulcers in rats under cold restraint stress. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the development of stress ulceration has a thrombotic etiology and that antiplatelet aggregators may be useful in the treatment of critically ill patients with stress ulcers.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[A study of psychological stress: observations of serial performance under the stress induced experimentally by different kind of procedures (author's transl)].

This paper aims to investigate the common changes observed in serial performance irrespective of any stressors experimentally prepared, examining the relations between common changes under stress and personal types of performance. Sixty-six students served as subjects. Measurements of serial reaction time, variance in speed of performance, blockings, corrections, errors, omissions and repetitions were made on simple color naming (experimentally non-stress), competitive color naming (stressor, incongruent stimuli) and high-speed color naming (stressor, controlled high-speed). The results showed that stressors of different kinds induced common changes and the indices of stress implied magnified features of personal types of performance. These findings were discussed in terms of Selye's theory of stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Heat stress upon undressed man due to different combinations of elevated environmental temperature, air humidity, and metabolic heat production: a critical comparison of heat stress indices.

In several 100 climatic chamber experiments young healthy acclimatized men were exposed successively to combinations of ambient temperature and air humidity that were varied systematically from day to day within the range of 15 to 57 degrees C and 8 to 97% relative humidity, with air speed kept constant at 0.3 m/s. The subjects who were nearly nude were exposed at rest and at different treadmill work levels (metabolic rates up to about 1350 kJ/h). Each exposure lasted between two and six h. It was found that body temperatures and heart rate, but not loss of sweat, were suitable criteria for indicating equal stress conditions. Equations were derived describing those climatic combinations which were equivalent at the various activity levels of each subject. The slope of the respective equivalence curves plotted in psychrometric charts varied systematically with work level. The curves obtained for various subjects at any given activity level showed similarities, so that the calculation of an equivalence system common to all subjects seemed to be justified. A detailed comparison of these results with previous indices is presented. The combinations of ambient temperatures and humidities that were found to be equivalent under the given conditions of physical activity corresponded particularly well with the Index of Physiological Effect (ROBINSON et al.). There was also good agreement with the P4SR Index (MCARDLE et al.). The combinations corresponded with other indices (Heat Stress Index of BELDING and HATCH, Index of Thermal Stress of GIVONI) and with Basic Effective Temperature and Wet-bulb Globe Temperature only within limited ranges of climate depending upon work level. A procedure is presented which allows one to evaluate in terms of physiological responses how far various indices describe equivalent stress conditions correctly.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in regions of the rat brain possessing varying resistance to emotional stress, in health and in stress].

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in hypophysis and S. grisea of the stable rats was higher but in hypothalamus it was lower than in the predisposed ones. Activity of the enzyme depended on the area, degree of tolerance to stress and a kind of stress. The role of angiotensin converting enzyme at the determination of tolerance to emotional stress and stress development was discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Hormone and metabolite changes with stress in stress-susceptible pietrain pigs.

Pigs of the stress-susceptible Pietrain breed, weighing about 60 kg liveweight, were fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters which were exteriorized between the shoulders to allow stress-free blood sampling. After surgery, the animals were placed in metabolism crates and allowed at least seven days to recover and to become accustomed to handling, and to their environment, before experimentation. On the day of study, the pigs were subjected to a stimulated loading stress. Blood samples were taken both before, and a number of times after, the stimulated loading procedure. Plasma levels of: glucose, insulin, lactate, and thyroxine rose rapidly to peak levels at 10 min after simulated loading. Cortisol and triiodothyronine rose to peak levels 15-20 min after the stressor was applied, while free fatty acid levels were initially depressed, but later showed a rise at 120 min. From these results it seems that plasma cortisol, thyroid hormones and lactate concentrations may prove to be useful indicators of stress, either individually or in combination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Stress and adaptation in humans--aging, illness, psychosocial stress].

We conducted research to determine compounds in human urine which show high values in healthy individuals, decrease with failing health (or bodily decay), clearly decline with advancing illness and finally reach very low values during terminal and severe illness. We have initially established that 17-ketosteroid sulfates (17-KS-S) are the substances we were searching for. Hans Selye regarded stress as the rate of wear and tear and 17-OHCS (cortisol) as its indicator. He further considered that stress is distinct from aging: There is no difference in the stress of ordinary life between young and old people, and there is no difference in 17-OHCS levels between the two. Aging is, however, accompanied by decreased adaptability. In terms of adaptability, we consider that, different from inanimate objects, energy transforming live organisms exist in a dynamic balance between "wear and tear" and "repair and recovery". This shows the need to determine the organism's adaptability to at least these two factors. We regarded 17-OHCS as a compound related to tissue "wear and tear" and searched for a compound related to tissue "repair and recovery", leading us to an identification of 17-KS-S. In other words, we have been considering the relation between "repair and recovery" and "wear and tear". The measurement of 17-KS-S which decreases with failing health, when combined with 17-OHCS, may make it possible to evaluate distortion of adaptation in a Yin-Yang like fashion, which can demonstrate the presence of illness, susceptibility to illness and progress of disease in individuals. It further adds a new dimension to clinical diagnostic acumen in an objective evaluation of psychosocial stress where results of routine clinical tests are often within normal limits, thus facilitating the monitoring of health and illness.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life stress and risk of precancerous cervical lesions: a pretest directed by the life stress model.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To present the results of a pilot study to pretest instruments designed to measure selected variables named in the Life Stress Model, a model of health outcomes. Additional aims were to determine the effect of completing personal risk assessments for precancerous squamous-cell intraepithelial lesions of the cervic (SIL) on receptivity to cervical cancer prevention information and to extend knowledge of stressful life events experienced by inner-city women attending high-risk health clinics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SAMPLE: 20 adult women attending high-risk prenatal or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outpatient clinics in one of two New York City hospitals. Most were recovering drugs abusers; half were diagnosed with HIV infections. METHODS: Data were collected by self-report using standard measures. Demographics, medical histories of immunosuppressive states, and investigator-developed screening inventories of behavioral and dietary risk factors associated with SIL also were administered. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Life event stressors, psychological state, social support, symptom distress, and SIL diagnosis. FINDINGS: Instruments met acceptable psychometric standards for internal consistency, but the standard measure of stressful life events did not capture the full range of stressors experienced by this group of patients: hovering relatives, abusive spouses, HIV diagnosis, changes in welfare benefits, the HIV status of the unborn, and mandatory foster care. Although unable to recall cancer histories of family members, about half of the women who completed study instruments were interested in receiving more information cervical cancer. Exploratory analyses suggest that women diagnosed with SIL experience more psychological distress and family disfunction than women without SIL. CONCLUSIONS: Completing personal SIL risk assessments may stimulate patients' receptivity to cancer risk factor information. Health outcomes studies guided by the Life Stress Model may prove fruitful. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Cancer risk factor assessments may be an important method for promoting receptivity to cancer prevention information.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Lymphocyte number and stress parameter modifications in untreated breast cancer patients with depressive mood and previous life stress.

Depressive mood disorders and severe, chronic stressful life events (DSM-III-R criteria) were more frequently diagnosed in 106 breast cancer patients with respect to 37 patients with benign breast diseases (control group) (p < 0.001), during a stressful period such as hospital admission, diagnosis uncertainty, and when awaiting surgery. The study was performed 5 +/- 3 days before histological diagnosis had been done. Controls showed reduced 24-h diuresis and low catecholamine excretion (norepinephrine, NE; and epinephrine, E) that positively correlated with 24-h diuresis (p < 0.001) and CD3+ lymphocytes (p = 0.056), as during a normal stress response. In contrast, breast cancer patients showed increased 24-h diuresis (with respect to controls p < 0.001) and catecholamine values (p < 0.05). Patients' 24-h diuresis correlated positively with NE (p = 0.02) and 17-ketosteroids (p = 0.004); blood cortisol correlated positively with CD3+ (p = 0.01), CD4+ (p = 0.02), CD8+ (p < 0.01), CD16+ (p = 0.01) lymphocytes and negatively with E (p < 0.03); catecholamines correlated negatively with CD8+ (p = 0.006). These preliminary data are discussed in relation to upregulation of the adrenergic system and the different mechanisms of immune system regulation involved in breast cancer patients, compared with those in subjects with benign breast disease. The differences in these mechanisms may be a result of an imbalance of the bi-directional regulatory circuit of the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune system, caused by previous life stress or the presence of the tumor mass.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Responsivity to stress in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse.

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine reactivity to standardized stress tests (orthostatic challenge, Stroop Color Word Test) in drug-free adult women with chronic PTSD due to repetitive childhood sexual abuse. At baseline, the 11 patients showed significantly higher mean scores on the Symptom Check List-90 and the Profile of Mood States than 13 healthy female controls, whereas baseline cardiovascular or hormonal parameters showed no differences between the groups. Also, no significant differences were found between the two groups in cardiovascular and hormonal responsivity to the stress tests. Thus, in the presence of robust psychological differences, the patients with chronic PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse did not show alterations in baseline values of neurobiological parameters, nor did they react differently to a physical and mental stress test when compared to healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Induction of stress response and differential expression of 70 kDa stress proteins by sodium fluoride in HeLa and rat brain tumor 9L cells.

We herein demonstrate that sodium fluoride (NaF) acts as a stress response inducer on HeLa and 9L rat brain tumor cells. NaF is only slightly cytotoxic, and inhibitory to Ser/Thr-phosphatases but not to Tyr-phosphatases in both cell lines. After treatment with 5 mM NaF for 2 h, the phosphorylation levels of vimentin and an alkali-resistant 65-kDa phosphoprotein were enhanced, a common phenomenon detected in cells under a variety of stress conditions. Under an identical treatment protocol, in which the cells were treated with 5 mM NaF for 2 h and then allowed to recover under normal growing conditions for up to 12 h, NaF differentially induced the cytoplasmic/nuclear heat-shock protein70s (including both the inducible and the constitutively expressed members of this protein family) in HeLa cells and the endoplasmic reticulum residing heat-shock protein70 (the glucose-regulated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 78 kDa) in 9L cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using probes containing well-characterized regulatory elements revealed the activation of the heat-shock factor in HeLa but not in 9L cells; this is in good agreement with the stress protein induction pattern. Additional differential induction of binding activities toward EMSA probes individually containing NF-KB, AP-2, and CRE-like elements were detected in NaF-treated cells. The possible involvement of these binding sites as well as the corresponding factors in the stress response are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Response to acetaldehyde stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a strain-dependent regulation of several ALD genes and is mediated by the general stress response pathway.

One of the stress conditions that yeast may encounter is the presence of acetaldehyde. In a previous study we identified that, in response to this stress, several HSP genes are induced that are also involved in the response to other forms of stress. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) play an important role in yeast acetaldehyde metabolism (e.g. when cells are growing in ethanol). In this work we analyse the expression of the genes encoding these enzymes (ALD) and also the corresponding enzymatic activities under several growth conditions. We investigate three kinds of yeast strains: laboratory strains, strains involved in the alcoholic fermentation stage of wine production and flor yeasts (responsible for the biological ageing of sherry wines). The latter are very important to consider because they grow in media containing high ethanol concentrations, and produce important amounts of acetaldehyde. Under several growth conditions, further addition of acetaldehyde or ethanol in flor yeasts induced the expression of some ALD genes and led to an increase in ALDH activity. This result is consistent with their need to obtain energy from ethanol during biological ageing processes. Our data also suggest that post-transcriptional and/or post-translational mechanisms are involved in regulating the activity of these enzymes. Finally, analyses indicate that the Msn2/4p and Hsf1p transcription factors are necessary for HSP26, ALD2/3 and ALD4 gene expression under acetaldehyde stress, while PKA represses the expression of these genes.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1991

A field study on stress indices in the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis: application of the "stress approach" in biomonitoring.

Sea mussels, Mytilus edulis, collected from a relatively unpolluted area of the Eastern Scheldt, were transplanted along contaminated sites of the Western Scheldt for 2 1/2 and 5 months. Several established stress indices were determined such as accumulation of pollutants, adenylate energy charge (AEC), and condition index. Following field exposure, mussels were also subjected to an additional lethal or sublethal stress. The data show that environmental exposure alters the mussel's response to stress, viz., aerial exposure and increased temperature, at the organismal (anoxic survival time), biochemical (AEC), and molecular (heat shock protein synthesis) level. The "stress approach" to assessment of environmental contamination appears to be a promising method to disclose early changes in the organism at a stage when conventional parameters (condition index, AEC) remain still unchanged.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Stress measurement in alumina scales on high temperature alloys using X-ray stress evaluation and laser Raman spectroscopy.

The effect of silicon and titanium on the spallation resistance of alumina scales grown on NiCrAlY-type alloys has been investigated using model alloys with different additions of Si or Ti. For this purpose cyclic oxidation experiments have been carried out at temperatures between 950 and 1100 degrees C. After various times stresses in selected Si-doped samples have been determined by X-ray stress evaluation (XSE) at ambient temperature. The compressive stresses in the scales have been found to increase with an increasing oxidation time tending to become constant for long times. The development of stress is affected by the presence of Si. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) has been calibrated for strain measurement using XSE results. Then LRS has been applied for strain measurement at higher temperatures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

The Trichoderma atroviride seb1 (stress response element binding) gene encodes an AGGGG-binding protein which is involved in the response to high osmolarity stress.

The chitinase genes of Trichoderma spp. (ech42, chit33, nag1) contain one or more copies of a pentanucleotide element (5'-AGGGG-3') in their 5'-noncoding regions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this motif is recognized and bound by the stress response regulator proteins Msn2p/Msn4p. To test whether this motif in the chitinase promoters is bound by a Trichoderma Msn2/4p homolog, we have cloned a gene (seb1) from T. atroviride which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger protein that is 62 (64)% identical to S. cerevisiae Msn2p (Msn4p) in the zinc-finger region, and almost identical to the G-box binding protein from Haematonectria haematococca and to polypeptides encoded by uncharacterized ORFs from Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans. Its zinc-finger domain specifically recognizes the AGGGG sequence of the ech42 and nag1 promoter in band-shift assays. However, a cDNA clone of seb1, when overexpressed in S. cerevisiae, was unable to complement a Delta msn2/4 mutant of S. cerevisiae. Levels of seb1 mRNA increased under conditions of osmotic stress (sorbitol, NaCl) but not under other stress conditions (cadmium sulfate, pH, membrane perturbance). A T. atroviride Delta seb1 strain, produced by transformation with a seb1 copy disrupted by insertion of the A. nidulans amdS gene, showed strongly reduced growth on solid medium, but grew normally in liquid medium. In liquid medium, growth of the disruption strain was significantly more inhibited by the presence of 1 M sorbitol and 1 M NaCl than was that of the wild-type strain. Despite the presence of AGGGG elements in the promoter of the chitinase gene nag1, no differences in its expression were found between the parent and the disruption strain. EMSA analyses with cell-free extracts obtained from the seb1 disruption strain showed the presence of proteins that could bind to the AGGGG-element in nag1 and ech42. We therefore conclude that seb1 encodes a protein that is involved in the osmotic stress response, but not in chitinase gene expression, in T. atroviride.

Chitinases↗
PubMed1990

T lymphocyte stress response. I. Induction of heat shock protein synthesis at febrile temperatures is correlated with enhanced resistance to hyperthermic stress but not to heavy metal toxicity or dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression.

We have investigated the effect of febrile temperatures (less than or equal to 41 degrees C) on T cell heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis and the acquisition of stress tolerance. Enhanced synthesis of hsps was detected in highly purified T cells and two cloned T cell lines representing helper T (D10) and cytotoxic T cell (Qa-2 128.38) subsets at temperatures as low as 39 degrees C with a maximal response at 41 degrees C. Three major hsps with approximate molecular weights of 110, 90, and 75 were detected in these T cell populations. Western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody specific for hsp70 indicated that the 75-kDa protein represented hscp70, the cognate or constitutively produced member of the hsp70 family. Although the strongly heat-inducible hsp70 could not be detected in T cells incubated at 41 degrees C by immunoblot analysis, two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis did detect a modest induction of hsp70. Thus, hscp70 and not hsp70 was the major intracellular hsp70 member in T cells incubated at febrile temperatures. Enhanced hsp synthesis reflected augmented transcription of hsp genes which was contingent on the continued presence of hyperthermic stress. In order to determine whether induction of hsp synthesis conferred a state of increased resistance to thermal stress, splenic T cells were incubated at either 37 degrees or 41 degrees C (induction temperatures) and then subjected to a heat-shock challenge temperature. These studies revealed that following heat-shock challenge, mitogen-stimulated T cells preincubated at 41 degrees C synthesized DNA at an enhanced rate relative to controls (induction temperature, 37 degrees C). Thus, febrile temperatures were capable of inducing a state of acquired thermotolerance in T cells. However, the thermotolerant state did not protect T cell proliferation against other unrelated stressors such as cadmium and dexamethasone. Reconstitution experiments with accessory cells and interleukin-2-containing supernatants failed to reveal enhanced resistance in thermotolerant T cells to cadmium toxicity or the immunosuppressive activities of dexamethasone. The possibility that higher intracellular concentrations of hsps are required to demonstrate protection against these stressors was tested by the concurrent exposure of T cells to a febrile temperature (41 degrees C) and ethanol. This resulted in a synergistic increase in hsp90 and hsp70 synthesis; however, there was no evidence of enhanced resistance to cadmium- or dexamethasone-induced stress in T cells given this induction protocol. Similarly, alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were inhibited to the same extent in both control and thermotolerant T cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗