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PubMed1996

Postgraduate forensic science education in Turkey.

Legal medicine in Turkey, has an educational background that goes back to 1839 and the first autopsy in modern terms was performed in 1841. In the early days, it was common practice for those involved in this work to extend their investigative knowledge into areas not directly concerned with medical matters. However forensic medical investigations cannot be entrusted in the hands of single investigators, but should rather be dealt with by cooperative groups of experts nowadays. This need was the major force for the establishment of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences by a special article of the law (section 2547) as a training and research center in 1982. The Institute being the first and only institution giving master's and doctorate degrees in Forensic Sciences, has 3 major departments: 1) Medical Sciences Department, 2) Basic Sciences Department and 3) Social Sciences Department. Graduates of various fields ranging from medical doctors specialized in any field, biologists, chemists to lawyers, district attorneys, psychologists and other related fields are composing the multidisciplinary structure of the institute. The main research fields of the Institute are: population genetics, paternity investigation, child abuse, and identification of human remains.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

Towards a new model of nursing research.

Nursing research is generally located within the paradigm of the social sciences, and therefore reflects the concerns and agenda of social research. In particular, nursing has become embroiled in the ongoing dispute between the advocates of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. However, it is argued in this paper that whereas the aim of social research is to develop knowledge, the aim of nursing research is primarily to advance practice. This paper offers an alternative model of nursing research which categorizes approaches to research not according to the methodology employed but on the extent to which the research process is likely to bring about change. These approaches are termed level 1, level 2 and level 3 research, where level 1 researchers are concerned with generating information for others to conceptualize and implement, while level 3 researchers see their aim as directly bringing about clinical change. Two approaches to level 3 research are suggested, and examples of projects at all three levels are examined. Finally, it is contended that only by adopting an appropriate model of research for a practice-based discipline can nursing address the real issues of relevance to nurses and patients in clinical settings.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1996

[Health education: some considerations and implications for nursing practice].

The article focuses on distincts approaches on Health Education, analyzing its implications for the nursing practice in the health work process. It emphasizes the importance of this theme for the health agents' education for a interdisciplinary work with social sciences. It also points out some implications of the social citizenship's developing approach for nursing practice and education.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Nursing science and sociology: in what way can sociological expertise support nursing research?].

Nursing science is currently orientated towards theories and methods from the social sciences. The article asks in which exact fields nursing science can use experiences of sociologists. Central topics are methodological aspects as well as concrete research contents. The following aspects are dealt with in greater detail: In the methodological field the relation of theory and practice is analyzed. Secondly, the relation of empirical and theoretical methods is described. Concerning the concrete research contents it is suggested that the topics nursing and society, nursing and hospital organisation, and the patient-nurse-interaction by sociological means should be analyzed. Several examples relevant to nursing illustrate the argument.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Science in medicine: too much or too little and too limited in scope?

Contrary to the common assertion that there is too much science in medicine, it is precisely the application of the natural sciences in the clinic that has enhanced the diagnostic and therapeutic powers of the physician. Much of the criticism of science in medicine mistakes the technology made possible by science, and the way that technology is employed, for science itself. What has hampered progress is too narrow a view of the sciences relevant to medicine. The concepts and methods of the social sciences must be integrated into medical education if physicians are to be enabled to respond effectively to illness as a human experience. Nonetheless, without major changes in the social context of medical practice, efforts to improve performance through curriculum reform will be futile.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2005

The "total" museum, a tool for social change.

Science museums encourage not only scientific knowledge and methodology, but also people's opinion about scientific issues. This has been the main concern of Barcelona's Museo de Ciência de la Fundación "la Caixa" throughout its twenty years of existence. According to the author of the present article, the goals of "total museology" comply with the new trend some museums have been following. So that this new trend becomes more sound and widespread, it is necessary to create new concepts for museology. The first science museums were natural history and tools and machinery museums, which displayed artifacts in glass cases to visitors. Their mission was also that of preserving collections for the use of scientists. Science museums of today display real phenomena and provide visitors' interaction with them. Whatever the topic it focus, a science museums is "concentrated reality" either of objects or phenomena. This is probably the main distinctive feature of museology and of other forms of scientific communication. For teachers and lecturers, words are the basic element of communication, for books and magazines, the written language. There are no films without images, as there is no radio with sounds. In a museum, there are no restrictions as to the use of stimulation, models, graphic images or new technology, but just as accessories to reality, never as reality itself.

Education↗
PubMed1998

Levels of analysis in health science. A framework for integrating sociobehavioral and biomedical research.

One of the principal goals of the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research at the National Institutes of Health is to facilitate interdisciplinary research between social, behavioral, and biomedical scientists. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for such interdisciplinary health research. The essence of this framework is the concept of levels of analysis in the health sciences. These levels include the social/environment, behavioral/psychological, organ systems, cellular, and molecular. The interdependence of these five levels of analysis suggests that advances in the health sciences may be accelerated by a more integrated, multilevel approach to research. The principles of integrated, multilevel research are outlined, and examples of research that support this approach are presented. Finally, some of the activities of the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research that will further interdisciplinary research across levels of analysis are summarized.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The politics of suffering: implications for nursing science.

Drawing on newly emergent conceptualizations of suffering in the social sciences that emphasize political dimensions, this article uses a critical-feminist, self-reflective approach to propose a reconceptualization of suffering for nursing science. Discourse analysis of local narratives and metanarratives is undertaken as a basis for proposing alternative methods, including a critical humanities approach, for nurse scholars to use in creating a transformed, politicized epistemology of suffering.

Asian↗
PubMed2002

Challenges and opportunities in the psychological sciences.

In this commentary, the author draws on his experiences at the National Science Foundation to reveal that threats to the value and autonomy of social science research are more common than most psychologists suspect. To reduce the likelihood of these threats in the future, it is necessary to improve the public's understanding and confidence in the psychological sciences. The key is to focus on the results and accomplishments of the research and to avoid caveats and qualifications. It is also important to motivate the interest of the public by helping them to understand why and how psychological research is improving the quality of their lives. The author concludes with some practical suggestions regarding how psychologists can become more proactive in their education of the public, the media, and congressional representatives.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychological interventions and their immune consequences].

Psychoneuroimmunology is a new tendency in science which integrates medicine and social sciences. An interdisciplinary point of view on the etiology and treatment of many diseases fortifies the empirically holistic conception which is very old in medicine. The disease is the result of the collapse of the defensive mechanisms in stress. The nervous, hormonal and immune systems are integrated. The social environment and stress influence the individual's personality and cause diseases, frequently cause immunosuppression. Psychotherapy can "wake" up the immune system. The results of research in psychoneuroimmunology are particular significance for psychosomatic medicine since they explain in a systemic way the earlier clinical observations and scientific studies concerning the influence of stress on the health condition. Studies of the immune system conditioning and the influence of this the relaxation training on this function are very important in coping with the disease.

Depression↗
PubMed2000

The potential contributions of critical social theory to nursing science.

As a theoretical and philosophical orientation to science, critical social theory (CST) is increasingly used in nursing inquiry, theory, and practice to address oppressive sociopolitical conditions influencing health and health care. Although the emancipatory focus of CST is well aligned with nursing's social mandate, the examination of ontological and epistemological assumptions underlying CST reveal important incongruities in relation to the unique epistemological requirements of nursing science for both generalizable and particular knowledge. This article examines the potential contributions of CST to nursing science and areas of philosophical compatibility and incongruity. The author argues that the most significant contribution of CST to nursing science may be achieved by critiquing the fundamental ideologies upon which nursing knowledge is developed. By interrogating these ideological assumptions, and by maintaining the integrity of our diverse epistemological requirements, CST can advance nursing science towards progressive, emancipatory objectives.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed2006

[Brazilian psychosocial and operational research vis-à-vis the UNGASS targets].

Items from the UNGASS Draft Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (2001) are analyzed. The Brazilian experience of new methods for testing and counseling among vulnerable populations, preventive methods controlled by women, prevention, psychosocial support for people living with HIV/AIDS, and mother-child transmission, is discussed. These items were put into operation in the form of keywords, in systematic searches within the standard biomedicine databases, also including the subdivisions of the Web of Science relating to natural and social sciences. The Brazilian experience relating to testing and counseling strategies has been consolidated through the utilization of algorithms aimed at estimating incidence rates and identifying recently infected individuals, testing and counseling for pregnant women, and application of quick tests. The introduction of alternative methods and new technologies for collecting data from vulnerable populations has been allowing speedy monitoring of the epidemic. Psychosocial support assessments for people living with HIV/AIDS have gained impetus in Brazil, probably as a result of increased survival and quality of life among these individuals. Substantial advances in controlling mother-child transmission have been observed. This is one of the most important victories within the field of HIV/AIDS in Brazil, but deficiencies in prenatal care still constitute a challenge. With regard to prevention methods for women, Brazil has only shown a halting response. Widespread implementation of new technologies for data gathering and management depends on investments in infrastructure and professional skills acquisition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Socio-cultural information in support of local health planning: conclusions from a survey in rural Kenya.

Existing health information systems in developing countries are managed and used mainly by biomedically trained personnel and by general healthcare administrators. They focus on epidemiology, service utilization and finance; they generate little of the socio-cultural data needed for developing and adjusting health services and disease control programmes to local health-related perceptions, values and resources. This paper reviews some of the published literature on socio-cultural factors related to health and summarizes the findings of a health household interview study in rural Kenya. It concludes that local views on specific disease categories and their causes are crucial for the planning of local disease control and that health information systems need to be expanded to incorporate such data. It discusses methods of generating community-based socio-cultural health information likely to be useful, particularly at district level. Options include observation, household interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Four improvements are suggested: (1) health information systems should be reoriented to focus less on individual patients and clients and more on population-based information including socio-cultural data; (2) post-basic health manpower training is needed in applied health-related social sciences; (3) staff positions for social scientists at central, provincial and district levels of the health sector; and (4) expansion of research on national and local socio-cultural issues of relevance to health and care-seeking behaviour.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2001

[Women and sex-specific health research in the German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention].

Since the 1970s women's health research has put gender-specific topics on the agenda of health research and practice. Based on a social science approach, it focuses on social conditions of the maintenance of women's health and of their needs in prevention, health promotion, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. Besides an analysis of woman-specific topics (such as sexual violence or drug abuse) women's health research addresses questions of gender bias in health research. In Germany, guidelines are lacking that ensure appropriate attention to gender issues for health research. The section "Woman-specific and gender-specific health research" of the German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP) intends to intensify the discussion on the gaps in health research and prevention and on the development of guidelines to detect gender bias. The main goal is to implement the concept of gender mainstreaming in public health.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating UK research in speech and language therapy.

BACKGROUND: There has been a steady growth in recent years in British higher-degree training in speech and language therapy. But what is the standing of UK research in the subject and its component areas which should underpin and inform such training? How can such research be evaluated? AIMS: The intention was to compare UK publications relevant to speech and language therapy with those of other countries, both quantitatively and qualitatively. We sought then to examine the UK papers in more detail to analyse their sources of funding, their geographical distribution and the ways in which they could appropriately be evaluated. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Papers were selectively retrieved from the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index for 1991-2000 by means of a filter based on journal names and paper title words. They were subsequently checked to remove many false positives. The papers were classified into one of seven subject areas and by their research level (from clinical to basic). Their importance was estimated through their potential impact on other researchers, as determined by the citation score of their journals, by the numbers of citations they actually received and by the subjective esteem in which the various journals were held by UK speech and language researchers. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: World output of speech and language therapy papers has averaged 1000 papers per year during the 1990s, and has grown by half over the period. UK output has been about 12% of the total, compared with 10% in biomedicine, and is published in high impact journals relative to the norm for the field, which is quite a low rate compared with biomedicine overall. Almost half the UK papers had no funding acknowledgements, with the private-non-profit and industrial sectors playing less of a role than in other biomedical areas. Papers in seven subject areas showed substantial differences in their performance on the four criteria selected. CONCLUSIONS: The state of British speech and language research appears to be satisfactory, with an above average output in both quantity and quality. However, it is not attracting funding from some types of sponsors and is not being published in general medical journals where it might have a wider influence on general clinical practice. It is also not clear how best such research can be evaluated, although conventional citation counts may be relevant for some subject areas.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

Worldwide alcohol-related research and the disease burden.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine the international commitment to alcohol-related research relative to its global burden of disease, which is 4% of disability adjusted life years (DALYs). METHODS: The worldwide literature indexed in the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index during 1992-2003 was analysed using advanced bibliometric techniques. RESULTS: Biomedical research and the global disease burden due to alcohol both increased during 1992-2003, whilst the number of papers from alcohol-related research remained static and declined to <0.7% of all biomedical research literature. Nearly 58% of all alcohol-related research papers were from Canada and the United States, 30% from Western Europe, and 10% from Australia, New Zealand, or Japan. However, these regions suffer only 13% of the global burden of disease due to alcohol; meanwhile, the rest of the world contributed only 8% of the total research whilst suffering from 87% of the disease burden. The estimated annual expenditure on alcohol-related research in 2001 was 730 million dollars, or about 12 dollars per DALY due to alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: The global commitment to alcohol-related research is only one-sixth of that warranted by the burden of disease due to alcohol. Most such research is conducted in the developed world but is still less than that appropriate to the regional burden of disease. There is a need for more interest in alcohol-related research in the developing world, particularly in Latin America and Eastern Europe in view of their high burden of disease due to alcohol.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1976

Report from the National Institute on Aging: the research grant support mechanism.

Most NIH support of research on aging has been in the area of the biomedical sciences, followed by behavioral and social sciences. Research project and program project grants are the primary mechanisms available to the NIA for support of research on aging. The grant process for aging research begins with preparation and review at the applicant institution. The process of review at NIH proceeds from referral to an intitial review group for peer review and NIA for possible funding, NIA staff review, the National Adivisory Council on Aging review, and concludes with NIA funding action. The primary mode of applicant appeal of a negative decision by NIA on an application is reapplication.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Writing place: a comparison of nursing research and health geography.

The concept of 'place', and general references to 'geographies of ...' are making gradual incursions into nursing literature. Although the idea of place in nursing is not new, this recent spatial turn seems to be influenced by the increasing profile of the discipline of health geography, and the broadening of its scope to incorporate smaller and more intimate spatial scales. A wider emphasis within the social sciences on place from a social and cultural perspective, and a wider turn to 'place' across disciplines are probably equally important factors. This trend is raising some interesting questions for nurses, but at the same time contributes some confusion with regard to imputed meanings of 'place'. While it is clear that most nurse clinicians and researchers certainly understand that place of care matters to their practices and patients, many diverse uses of 'place' are found within nursing literature, and contemporary understandings of the term 'place' within nursing are not immediately clear. It is in this context that this article plans to advance the discussion of place. More specifically, the aims of this paper are threefold: to critique 'place' as it appears in nursing literature, to explore the use of 'place' within health geography, whence notions of place and 'geographies of' have originated and, finally, to compare and contrast the use of 'place' in both disciplines. This critique intends to address a deficit in the literature, in this era of growing spatialization in nursing research. The specific questions of interest here are: 'what is "place" in nursing?' and 'how do concepts of place in nursing compare to concepts of place in health geography?'

Body Image↗