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PubMed2003

The occurrence and epidemiology of Salmonella in European pig slaughterhouses.

This study was part of an international research project entitled SALINPORK (FAIR CT-950400) initiated in 1996. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella in pig slaughterhouses and to identify risk factors associated with the contamination of pig carcasses. Data was collected from 12 slaughterhouses in five European countries. Isolates were characterized by serotyping, phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility. In one country, no Salmonella was found. Salmonella was isolated from 5.3% of 3485 samples of pork and from 13.8% of 3573 environmental samples from the seven slaughterhouses in the four remaining countries. The statistical analyses (multi-level logistic regression) indicated that the prevalence was significantly higher during the warmer months and that the environmental contamination increased during the day of slaughter. The polishing (OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.43-9.78) and pluck removal (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.66-7.96) processes were found to contribute significantly to the total carcass contamination, the latter especially if the scalding water also was contaminated. To reduce carcass contamination, it is recommended to ensure sufficiently high temperatures of scalding water (62 degrees C) and appropriate cleaning and disinfection of the polishing equipment at least once a day in order to reduce the level of carcass contamination and consequently the prevalence of Salmonella in pork.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Effect of spelt wheat flour and kernel on bread composition and nutritional characteristics.

Spelt wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta cv. Ostro) were used to obtain white spelt flour (64.5% yield), wholemeal spelt flour (100% yield), and scalded spelt wheat kernels. From these materials, white spelt wheat bread (WSB), wholemeal spelt wheat bread (WMSB), and spelt wheat bread with scalded spelt wheat kernels (SSKB) were made and were compared to the reference white wheat bread (WWB). The spelt wheat flours and breads contained more proteins in comparison to wheat flour and bread. Among the samples the highest rate of starch hydrolysis was noticed in WSB. During the first 30 min of incubation this particular bread was shown to have significantly more (P < 0.05) rapidly digestible starch than the WMSB and later on also more starch than in WWB and SSKB, respectively. The WMSB had the lowest hydrolysis index (HI = 95.7). However, the result did not differ significantly from that in the reference common wheat bread. On the other hand, the most refined spelt wheat flour resulted in a bread product (WSB) that was statistically withdrawn (P < 0.05) as one with the highest HI (112.6).

Bread↗
PubMed1976

Disappearance of 125I-labelled and unlabelled insulins from blood in normal and injured rats.

1. The disappearance from blood of either 125I-labelled bovine insulin or unlabelled rat insulin after a single intravenous injection has been studied in rats. 2. The disappearance of the labelled insulin was slower than that of native insulin. 3. Ether anaesthesia produced a significant impairment, and bilateral nephrectomy a very marked impairment, of disappearance of the labelled insulin, suggesting that changes in the removal of this tracer may nevertheless parallel changes in the metabolism of native insulin. 4. Simultaneous intravenous injection of unlabelled bovine insulin (1 unit/kg) did not affect disappearance of the labelled insulin. 5. A 20% full-thickness scald injury, produced 2 h previously, had no significant effect on disappearance of the labelled insulin, either with or without the simultaneous administration of unlabelled bovine insulin. 6. The disappearance of unlabelled rat insulin from plasma was also similar in control and scalded rats. 7. It was concluded that the half-life of plasma insulin in the rat, as estimated by either of the techniques used, is not significantly affected by this severe non-haemorrhagic injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Washing and chilling as critical control points in pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems.

AIMS: The aim of this research was to examine the effects of preslaughter washing, pre-evisceration washing, final carcass washing and chilling on final carcass quality and to evaluate these operations as possible critical control points (CCPs) within a pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study estimated bacterial numbers (total viable counts) and the incidence of Salmonella at three surface locations (ham, belly and neck) on 60 animals/carcasses processed through a small commercial pork abattoir (80 pigs d(-1)). Significant reductions (P < 0.05) in bacterial numbers were noted at some stages of the slaughter/dressing process, i.e. the process of hair removal (scalding-dehairing and singeing) resulted in an approx. 4.5 log10 cfu cm(-2) decrease in bacterial numbers. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in bacterial numbers was observed after pre-evisceration washing. Final washing increased the bacterial counts to between 3.6 and 3.8 log10 cfu cm(-2) while chilling effected a small but statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase to between 4.5 and 4.7 log10 cfu cm(-2). The incidence of Salmonella on pigs at the farm was 27%, decreasing to 10% after preslaughter washing. However, stunning and bleeding effected a considerable increase in Salmonella contamination and the incidence after these operations was 50%, which was reduced to 0% during the scalding-dehairing process. CONCLUSIONS: Washing the live animals and subsequent carcasses with cold water is not an effective control measure but chilling may be used as a CCP. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Recent changes in European Union legislation legally mandate HACCP in pork slaughter plants. This research will provide a sound scientific basis on which to develop and implement effective HACCP in pork abattoirs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence of chlamydiae in the genital tracts of sows at slaughter and their possible significance for reproductive failure.

The aim of this study was to investigate further the role of chlamydiae as pathogens in the genital tracts of sows at slaughter. Genital tracts of 101 randomly selected sows were collected and specimens of genital tract localizations were systematically examined for chlamydiae using immunohistochemistry and PCR. In the genital tracts of 10 sows, Chlamydia psittaci DNA was detected by PCR, and was further typed as 'serotype 1' in nine cases and as avian strain 6 BC in one animal. However, all specimens examined by immunohistochemistry were negative for chlamydiae. Pooled samples of scalding tank water were additionally investigated for 95 animals. Of these samples, 63.2% contained chlamydial DNA, mostly C. trachomatis, and in one sample C. psittaci 'serotype 1'. Although in most cases contamination through influx of faecally contaminated scalding water is a possible reason for the positive PCR results in the genital tract, latent infection cannot be excluded. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that chlamydiae are of no or only minor importance in the examined group of Swiss breeding sows. Nevertheless, the role and significance of chlamydiae as pathogens in porcine reproductive disorders remain unresolved and require further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genital and perineal burns in children: 10 years of experience at a major burn center.

PURPOSE: The aim of this report is to review a decade of experience in the management of perineal and genital burns at a major burn center. METHODS: Seventy-eight children who sustained perineal or genital burns admitted to the Shriners Hospitals for Children in Galveston are discussed. RESULTS: Genital and perineal burns occurred in the context of major burns and were rarely isolated. A total of 64.1% were caused by hot liquids (scalds), 29.5% were flame burns, 3.8% contact burns, and 2.6% electrical burns. A total of 61% of the burns could be treated conservatively with loose debridement, topical, and parenteral antibiotics with satisfactory outcomes. Foley catheterization did not increase the morbidity in these patients except in children less than 1 year of age. Testicular involvement was associated with the most severe burns. Child abuse was found in 46% and 48% of boys and girls, respectively, younger than 2 years that had sustained scald burns to the perineum and, or genitals. CONCLUSIONS: Most perineal and genital burns in children can be treated successfully with a conservative approach. Child abuse should be vigorously investigated.

Burns↗
PubMed1982

The stress of a family move as a precipitating factor in children's burn accidents.

The present study focuses on the stress of a family move as a precipitating factor in children's burn accidents in a group of 330 burned children. Data on the type of burn injury (flame versus scald) and the age and sex of the child were related to the amount and type of family stress which the child and his/her family had experienced. Children in the study sample were found to have moved at approximately three times the rate of children in the general population. It was found that children under five, who were scalded, were more likely to have moved than older children who had sustained a flame burn. A critical period at 2-5 months after the move was identified where the child seemed to be especially vulnerable to burn accidents. Possible explanations for this critical period are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Epidemiology of burns in Bergen, Norway.

We organised a prospective series to study, the epidemiology and causes of burns in the city of Bergen, Norway. We included 361 patients treated during one year at the casualty centre or at the burn centre at the hospital. Thirty-six per cent (n = 131) of the patients were less than 15 years old, and 9% (n = 33) were over 60. The incidence of burns was 17/10,000 inhabitants, 0.7 for patients who were admitted and 17 for outpatients. Burns were most common among male subjects aged 40 years or less, while women were more at risk in the older age groups. Almost half the injuries were caused by scalds, and 92 (26%) were from contact with hot surface. Scalds were more common among women than among men, while firework and flame burns were more common among men. Burns occurred at home in 227 patients (63%), at work in 58 (16%), and during leisure activities in 76 (21%). The mean surface area burned was 3.5% total body surface area (TBSA); patients who were admitted had a TBSA of 18% compared with 1.8% among those treated as outpatients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) Lyell's syndrome.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis, a unique rapidly developing mucocutaneous reaction pattern, characterized by sheets of erythema, necrosis and bullous detachment of the epidermis, closely resembling that of scalding of the skin and rapidly fatal, was described by Lyell, and is now recognized as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) Lyell's syndrome. The condition is indistinguishable from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), and generalized fixed drug eruption. Hence, there has always been controversy as regards terminology. It is well conceived that TEN is equivalent to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), at its greatest severity. TEN, therefore, is a great challenge and warrants instant attention based on a thorough knowledgeable background covering several related facets including the recent advances in pathogenesis and management strategies. The details contained in the following text should prove very useful in the comprehension of a largely intractable entity.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Leucine supplementation has an anabolic effect on proteins in rabbit skin wound and muscle.

We investigated the effect of leucine supplementation on protein metabolism in skin wounds and muscle in anesthetized rabbits. l-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine was infused on d 7 after the ear was scalded, and the scalded ear and uninjured hindlimb were used as arteriovenous units to reflect protein kinetics in skin wounds and muscle. In comparison with a commercially available amino acid solution (10% Travasol), isonitrogenous [1638 micromol/(kg . h)] infusion of the amino acid solution with supplemental leucine to account for 35% of total nitrogen increased the net phenylalanine balance (P < 0.05) in the skin wound and muscle from -6.7 +/- 6.1 to 0.9 +/- 1.4 and from -4.4 +/- 2.4 to -1.0 +/- 0.4 micromol/(100 g . h), respectively. Infusion of leucine alone did not significantly improve the net phenylalanine balance in either skin wounds [-4.0 +/- 4.6 micromol/(100 g . h)] or muscle [-2.7 +/- 0.7 micromol/(100 g . h)]. We conclude that leucine supplementation had an anabolic effect on proteins in skin wounds and muscle, provided that adequate additional amino acids were also available.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Effect of cloacal plugging on microbial recovery from partially processed broilers.

Experiments were performed to test the contribution of bacteria contained in the intestinal tract of broilers at the beginning of processing to counts on the exterior of modified New York-dressed carcasses. Thirty-two birds were processed for each of seven replications. Within each replication, batches of four birds were electrocuted, scalded, and picked, with batches alternating between treatment and control groups. Treated birds were cloacally plugged with rayon fiber tampons prior to electrocution to prevent escape of intestinal contents during scalding and picking. Control birds were processed in the same manner, except that cloacal plugs were inserted immediately after defeathering to reduce escape of intestinal contents during sampling. Gram-negative enteric bacteria and Campylobacter spp. were enumerated on carcasses by whole carcass rinse procedure and in cecal contents. Counts were converted to log10 and subjected to analysis of variance. Cecal levels of Gram-negative enterics were significantly higher for plugged birds, but there was not a significant difference between levels of cecal Campylobacter spp. between treatment groups. Plugging before electrocution resulted in significantly lower levels (2.5 vs 3.0 log10 cfu/mL) of Campylobacter spp. and Gram-negative enteric bacteria (3.0 vs 3.4 log10 cfu/mL) in carcass rinses of treatment birds than in those of controls. All carcasses were positive for Gram-negative enterics. Cloacal plugging resulted in significantly lower incidence of Campylobacter spp. carcass contamination as determined by chi-square. Intestinal carriage of both campylobacters and Gram-negative enteric bacteria appears to influence the microbial quality of the carcass during processing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Aerobic bacteria and solids in a three-tank, two-pass, counterflow scalder.

Scald water and whole carcass rinse samples were collected on 9 different d in a commercial broiler processing plant operating adjacent lines that processed birds from the same flock simultaneously. A conventional, single-tank, two-pass scalder was installed on one line and the other line had a three-tank, two-pass, counterflow scalder in which water mixed across the two lines of carcasses within each tank. Water samples from the turn around point in each tank were analyzed for aerobic bacteria and suspended solids. At the same time that water samples were taken, six carcasses were removed from the processing line immediately after feather removal and rinsed in 100 mL of phosphate-buffered saline; recovered rinse solution was analyzed for aerobic bacteria using a most probable number procedure. Estimated numbers of aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced in the third tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the second tank, or compared to the single tank of the conventional scalder. Despite the differences in aerobic bacteria between scald tanks, numbers of aerobic bacteria in carcass rinses were not affected by scalder design. Organic and total solids were significantly reduced in the third tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the first and second tanks, and in the third tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the conventional scalder. Solids in the third (final) tank of the counterflow scalder were reduced by about 70% compared to the conventional scalder.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Influence of flooring type during transport and holding on bacteria recovery from broiler carcass rinses before and after defeathering.

Four trials were conducted to determine whether conventional solid or elevated wire mesh flooring, during transport and holding of broilers prior to slaughter, influenced the number of bacteria recovered from feathered and defeathered carcasses. After 4 h off feed, 7-wk-old broilers were placed at commercial density into a modified commercial transport dump-coop on either fiberglass sheeting or 2.54x2.54 cm wire mesh flooring that allowed feces to fall through. Broilers were transported for 1 h and then held for 13 h under a covered shed before processing. Broilers were killed by electrocution, and the vents were plugged to prevent escape of feces. External carcass rinses were obtained twice (from the same carcass) from eight broilers per flooring treatment per trial, before scalding and defeathering and again after defeathering and removal of the head and feet. Greater numbers of total aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were recovered from feathered carcasses than from defeathered carcasses. Campylobacter count was also less for defeathered than feathered carcasses from the solid flooring treatment but did not significantly decrease following defeathering of carcasses from the wire flooring. The incidence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was reduced following defeathering for both flooring treatments, but the percentage of Salmonellae-positive carcasses remained constant. Coliform (log10 6.20 vs. 5.63 cfu/mL of rinse) and E. coli (log10 5.93 vs. 5.36) counts in the feathered rinses were significantly higher for the solid flooring compared with wire flooring, respectively. After defeathering, the number of coliforms (log10 3.12) and E. coli (log10 2.91) recovered did not differ between flooring treatments. Aerobic plate count (log10 7.06 and 4.02), Campylobacter count (log10 2.49 and 1.80), and the incidence of Campylobacter-positive (44 and 11%) and Salmonellae-positive (52 and 50%) carcasses for feathered and defeathered rinses, respectively, did not differ between flooring treatments. These results indicate that although broilers transported and held on solid flooring had noticeably dirtier breast feathers and higher coliform and E. coli counts prior to scalding and defeathering, bacteria recovery from external carcass rinses did not differ between the solid and wire flooring treatments after defeathering.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Release of Escherichia coli from feathered and featherless broiler carcasses in warm water.

Release of bacteria from individual broiler carcasses in warm water was measured as a model of bacterial contamination of scald water. Immediately after shackling and electrocution, feathered and genetically featherless broiler carcasses (n = 24 of each) were immersed individually in 42 degrees C, air-agitated tap water for 150 s. Although any visible fecal material expelled as a result of electrocution was removed before sampling, carcass condition was typical for market-age broilers subjected to 12 h of feed withdrawal. Duplicate water samples were taken at 10, 30, 70, 110, and 150 s, and Escherichia coli counts were determined. Samples of initial tap water and contaminated water approximately 2 min after removal of carcasses indicated that E. coli could not be detected in the original water source and that mortality of E. coli in the warm water was negligible. Mean numbers of E. coli released were 6.2 and 5.5 log(10) (cfu/carcass) at 150 s for feathered and featherless carcasses, respectively. For both feathered and featherless carcasses, the rate of release of E. coli was highest in the first 10 s, and the rate declined steadily during the remaining sampling period. This result is compatible with published reports of sampling of operating multiple-tank scalders, indicating that a high proportion of total bacteria in a multiple-tank scalder are in the first scald tank that carcasses enter. Higher numbers of E. coli released from feathered carcasses are probably due to the much greater surface area of contaminated feathers compared with the skin of featherless carcasses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni from broiler carcasses and slaughterhouse environment by amplified fragment length polymorphism.

We examined the occurrence and diversity of Campylobacter jejuni on broiler carcasses during slaughter of an infected flock and in the slaughterhouse environment during slaughter and postdisinfection before a new production run. During the slaughter of a known C. jejuni infected broiler flock, samples were taken from broiler carcasses at 7 different stages during the process. Thirty-seven sites in the slaughterhouse environment were sampled both during process and postdisinfection. The samples were analyzed for C. jejuni, and genetic fingerprinting was performed using amplified fragment length polymorphism. All carcass samples were positive. Of the environmental samples collected during slaughter, 89% were positive; 100% of those from the arrival, stunning, scalding, defeathering, and evisceration facilities and 67% of those from the cooling and sorting facilities. Postdisinfection, 41% of the samples were positive; 71% of those from the arrival and stunning area, 60% of those from the scalding and defeathering area, and 20% of those from the evisceration, cooling, and sorting area. The C. jejuni isolates (n = 60) recovered were grouped into 4 different amplified fragment length polymorphism clones with a similarity index of 95% or greater. All isolates obtained from the flock and 94% of the isolates obtained from the environment during slaughtering belonged to clone A, whereas 1 environmental isolate belonged to each of the clones B and C. Isolates from clones A, B, and D were present postdisinfection. Only clone B was detected on flocks slaughtered during the previous week. The high level and continuous presence of Campylobacter in the environment constitutes a risk for transmission to negative carcasses. In Norway, where above 96% of the broiler flocks are Campylobacter-negative, this aspect is of special importance. The ability of Campylobacter to remain in the slaughterhouse environment through washing and disinfection is associated with constructional conditions of equipment and buildings, complicating cleaning and providing sufficient moisture. To reduce the probability of the workers acquiring campylobacteriosis, precautions should be taken when slaughtering Campylobacter-positive flocks.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Burns in patients under 2 and over 70 years of age.

A total of 246 consecutive burn patients younger than 2 years and older than 70 years of age admitted to a burn center were reviewed retrospectively to study morbidity and mortality specific to these two age groups. Of these patients, 165 were less than 2 years of age and 81 were over 70 years of age, representing 16% and 8% of the total patient population respectively. In patients under 2, scald burns occurred in 127 (77%) and flame burns in 18 (11%). In patients over 70, flame was the most common burn mechanism, occurring in 64 (79%) patients, while scalds occurred in 12 (15%). The mean total body surface area (TBSA) burned in the younger age group was 13.2% (2.4% full thickness, 10.8% partial thickness) and in the older age group was 25% (12.8% full thickness, 12.2% partial thickness). Only 1 death occurred in the younger age group (0.6% mortality), while 41 deaths occurred in the older age group (50.6% mortality). If the burn involved a total body surface area greater than 40%, all patients died (100% mortality). A total of 36 complications occurred in the younger age group (0.2 complications per patient) and 111 in the older age group (1.4 per patient). Burn wound sepsis was the most common complication in each group, occurring in 28 patients under 2 and 42 elderly patients, and was responsible for the 1 death in the younger age group. Although burn wound sepsis was the most common complication in those patients over 70, cardiovascular and pulmonary complications were the most deadly, accounting for 68% (28 patients) of total deaths in this group.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial translocation and intestinal atrophy after thermal injury and burn wound sepsis.

Bacterial translocation (BT) occurs after thermal injury in rodents in association with intestinal barrier loss. Infection complicating thermal injury may also affect the intestine producing bowel atrophy. To study these relationships, Wistar rats received either 30% scald followed by wound inoculation with Pseudomonas; 30% scald with pair feeding to infected animals; or sham injury as controls. On days 1, 4, and 7 after injury animals were killed with examination of the bowel and culture of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), livers, spleens, and blood. All burned animals demonstrated BT to the MLN on day 1 after injury, but only burn-infected animals had continued BT on days 4 and 7, with progression of BT to the abdominal organs and blood. Burn injury and infection also resulted in significant atrophy of small bowel mucosa temporally associated with continued BT. Thus injury complicated by infection results in prolonged and enhanced bacterial translocation, perhaps due to failure to maintain the mucosal barrier.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatic and intestinal blood flow following thermal injury.

Because cardiac output decreases after burn injuries, investigators have assumed, based upon dye clearance techniques, that hepatic and intestinal blood flow are also decreased following these injuries. Blood flow to the liver, stomach, small intestine, and kidney was determined by the uptake of 201thallium and 125I-labeled fatty acid (para-125I-phenyl-3-methyl pentanoic acid) in a 20% body surface area scald injury that also included plasma volume replacement resuscitation. Uptake of these radioisotopes was determined 15 minutes, 18 hours, and 72 hours after injury. The uptake of the 201thallium and 125I-labeled fatty acid by the gastrointestinal tissues was not statistically different at any of the time periods after comparison of the injured and control (sham-treated) animals. 201Thallium uptake by the kidney was significantly diminished 15 minutes after the burn injury (P less than 0.01). Based on these blood flow measurement techniques, the data suggest that the 20% body surface area scald injury did not alter blood flow to the liver or gastrointestinal tract within the initial 72 hours after the burn injury even though a decrease in renal blood flow was easily detected. These results suggest that the dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system or hepatic system observed after an acute burn injury is not simply the result of hypovolemic shock, which reduces both renal and mesenteric blood flow. These gastrointestinal and hepatic alterations may be related to a factor or factors other than intestinal ischemia.

Animals↗