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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Mass production of insect cells in suspension.

The production of insect pathogenic viruses for the use in integrated pest control is presently done in vivo in populations of their natural hosts. However, efforts are made in several laboratories to produce some of these baculoviruses in insect cell cultures. The mass production of the viruses in vitro depends on a technology for the mass production of cells. Data are presented for the production of up to 10(10) insect cells per logarithmic growth phase in a continuously running fermenter culture at volumes of 9-10 litres.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Hazards of chemicals used in agricultural aviation: a review.

Chemicals at the present time are the only means of controlling pest damage to crops on economic, efficient, and compatible grounds. Timely application, particularly over large areas or inaccessible areas, requires aircraft to apply them. Aerial agriculture is an essential industry, and growing in worldwide use. It is being used more and more in areas of the world where food is in short supply, and will be used more extensively to increase food production. Problems are associated with the use of chemicals, or more particularly, their misuse. There is an almost infinite variety of potentially valuable insecticides. Whilst the number of individual agents can become quite large, it is fortunate perhaps, that only a few types of classes of chemicals possess useful pesticidal activity. The aerial applicator's toxicological problems are mainly concerned with four classes: dinitrophenols, carbamates organochlorines, and organophosphates. It is recommended that application pilots and ground crews using these classes of pesticides should have their individual cholinesterase levels established at the start of a season for project, and monitored at intervals. Recommended lowest levels in blood and plasma are tabulated. Electromyography is also introduced in establishing a non-invasive method of measuring toxicity in the pilots and ground crews.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[pH variations in the midgut of Aedes aegypti in relation to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype H14) crystal intoxication].

After feeding Aedes aegypti larvae with B. thuringiensis var. israelensis crystals the very alkaline pH (greater than or equal to 10) of the anterior midgut remains stable during the first twenty minutes, in spite of important cytological damage. Thereafter, the pH drops to surround the neutrality and the death occurs. These results are discussed according to the knowledge on the action of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Control of Aedes albopictus larvae using time-release larvicide formulations in Louisiana.

The ability of time-release formulations of larvicides and insect growth regulators (IGRs) to provide long-term control of Aedes albopictus was investigated in the field. Larvicides used in the study were Bactimos pellets (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, active ingredient) and Abate pellets (temephos, active ingredient). The IGR Altosid (methoprene, active ingredient) was used in pellet and sand formulations. Application rates were higher than label recommendations. In a preliminary test, clay flower bowls were treated with 2 g of material. Bactimos pellets failed to provide control after 60 days. Abate pellets and the Altosid formulations provided essentially 100% control for 150 days. After 360 days in the field, the Abate pellets produced 100% larval mortality, and significant levels of control were provided by the Altosid formulations and the Bactimos pellets. In a small-scale operational trial of this technique, 1 g of Altosid pellets was applied to every container that could be located in 2 urban residential neighborhoods in Lake Charles, LA. Aedes albopictus biting populations were monitored weekly in the treated areas and in an untreated control area. Biting population densities declined significantly in treated areas compared with the control area. Results suggested that long-term control of Ae. albopictus populations can be achieved economically with one application of Altosid pellets or Abate pellets in containers.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

[Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera, Culicidae) in eastern Veneto].

A survey was carried out in autumn 1992 and spring-autumn 1993 to study the seasonal distribution and the dispersal of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Portogruaro (province of Venice; North-Eastern Italy). Larvae and pupae were found from May through September; the larvae hatching from eggs after the end of September seemed unable to complete development. The adults bit until October. The mosquito spread in new areas of Portogruaro town, even after insecticidal treatments. Private areas seemed to play an important role in the preservation of the infestation, as they were not treated by the public pest control service.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Larvicidal activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on the mosquito Aedes triseriatus and the black fly Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae).

Laboratory bioassays evaluated the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum against Aedes triseriatus. All larval instars were found to be susceptible at temperatures from 18 to 25 degrees C. Blastoconidia were more virulent than conidia. Mortality was proportional to exposure time in assays using blastoconidia. Blastoconidia and exposure time appear to be a more adequate method for bioassay of T. cylindrosporum virulence than the standard procedure of using conidia and continuous exposure. Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was also active against Simulium vittatum black fly larvae, but the mortality recorded was much lower than with mosquito larvae.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of granular corncob formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis against mosquito larvae using a semi-field bioassay method.

A semi-field bioassay method using commonly available laundry tubs evaluated efficacy and residual activity of 6 granular corncob formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis against laboratory-reared late 3rd- and early 4th-instar larvae of Aedes taeniorhynchus introduced to the tubs. These formulations produced appreciable larval mortalities (up to 75%) for 9 days posttreatment, with indications of having more prolonged activity. The consistent posttreatment larval mortality trends and the elucidated efficacy differences between formulations suggest that this bioassay method for the granular formulations is reliable and reproducible.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

[Ectoparasites of animals: methods of ecological, biological, genetic and mechanical control].

The use of insecticides is still the basic procedure for controlling most ectoparasites, but various methods are being developed to act in addition to, or in synergy with these products, so as to enhance the efficacy and reduce the adverse effects of insecticides, by contributing to ecologically acceptable strategies. These methods are classified as ecological control (modification of the environment of the parasite), biological control (predation, parasitism, action of pathogens, etc.), genetic control (release of sterile males, hybridisation, genetic manipulations) and mechanical control (insect traps, use of repellents). The application of such methods depends on the biological and ecological characteristics of the ectoparasite, and they may act directly or indirectly, affecting mortality and/or reproduction. The authors review the principal methods applicable to major groups of ectoparasites of veterinary interest. Non-chemical methods are the subject of wide-ranging and promising research, particularly in view of recent developments in biotechnology.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Integrated management of waste tire mosquitoes utilizing Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda: Cyclopidae), Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene.

This study evaluated the compatibility and efficacy of using a predatory copepod, Mesocyclops longisetus in concert with 3 "biorational" compounds for mosquito control in waste tires. The toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i), Bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene to Mesocyclops longisetus was assessed in the laboratory using concentrations 10 times the maximum labeled or suggested rate and based on a water depth of 7.6 cm. Microbials were tested using mature copepods exposed for durations of 24, 48, and 72 h. Methoprene bioassays consisted of individually exposing newly hatched copepods (i.e., nauplius larvae) and monitoring their development to maturity. The toxicity tests indicated B.t.i., B. sphaericus, and methoprene were not deleterious to copepods at concentrations exceeding those expected in the field. Copepods exposed to methoprene matured normally, and when mated, 50% developed egg sacs. A 5-month field test, integrating the copepod and B.t.i., B. sphaericus, and methoprene provided better mosquito reduction together than either copepods or control agents alone. When copepods were combined with B.t.i. or methoprene, overall reduction of 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae during the 5-month interval was equal to or greater than 90%. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis alone temporarily produced a high degree of larval reduction (up to 100%), however reapplications were necessary to maintain that level of control. Of all the treatments, B. sphaericus alone produced the lowest degree of mosquito suppression due to lack of toxicity to Aedes albopictus, the predominant species during the study. It is recommended that mosquito control managers consider integrating M. longisetus and B.t.i. or methoprene against mosquitoes in waste tires.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[DDT and public health].

The availability of DDT led to a revolution in insect pest control. However, in the 1970's it was banned or its use restricted in many countries because it was accumulating in the environment. It was suggested that this could have a deleterious effect on human health. However, these effects, particularly carcinogenesis, have never been clearly proved in humans. Furthermore, accumulation is significantly lower in the tropical than temperature environment. DDT can therefore be continued to be used as a spray in houses, where it is sequestrated by mud walls. It is mainly used against anopheles (mosquitoes) for malaria control and phlebotomus (sand flies) for control of leishmaniasis. However, the value of DDT is restricted by the resistance of many vector species; and its excitatory-repellent effect which does not allow interruption of malaria transmission in highly endemic areas (for example Northern Cameroun).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Campaign against Culex quinquefasciatus using Bacillus sphaericus: results of a pilot project in a large urban area of equatorial Africa].

Culex quinquefasciatus, which is sometimes the vector of Bancroft's filariasis, is a harmful mosquito, the immature stages of which live in collections of waste water resulting from human activity. Larval control, the most appropriate method, is at present carried out with chemical insecticides. But the toxicity of these compounds, together with phenomena of resistance, and the cost of substitute insecticides have turned research towards products of biological origin, and one of the most promising is a liquid concentrate of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362. This was applied experimentally over an area of 200 hectares in a large city in the south of Cameroon, characterized by a short dry season during which mosquito density is at its highest. Spraying was carried out every three months for a year in a concentration of 10 g/m2 and its efficacy evaluated at the level of adult mosquitos through an indirect system of capture on human baits. The results of this study show, in essence, a reduction by 52.7% in the number of females captured in the overall study area treated, and that the impact of treatment is greater during the period of high mosquito density (55.1%) than in the low density period (40.7%). After analysis of the full set of results, the authors conclude that the pattern of rainfall, the conditions in which the insecticide is applied and reinvasions of mosquitos from untreated areas were the principal factors limiting the efficacy of this control campaign.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of inorganic salts, soaps and detergents on dissolution and larvicidal activity of alginate formulation of Bacillus sphaericus.

Various inorganic salts and commonly used soaps and detergents were tested in the laboratory for their effect on the dissolution and larvicidal residual activity of a slow-release alginate encapsulated granular formation of Bacillus sphaericus. Fluoride, chloride and sulphate salts and a detergent powder affected the residual activity of this formulation drastically by rupturing it but did not effect its larvicidal activity. Nitrates and phosphates of sodium and potassium also had the same effect but to a moderate level. The safest concentration of these water impurities for effective functioning of the alginate encapsulated B. sphaericus formulation have been determined.

Alginates↗
PubMed1995

A North American model to contain the spread of Aedes albopictus through tire legislation.

The introduction, spread, and establishment of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in the United States has been facilitated by used or waste tires. This species has not only caused considerable concern among public health officials but also highlighted that the growing accumulations of used tires are a serious solid waste problem and a challenge to the recycling industry. This paper illustrates how the State of Illinois addressed the public health and solid waste problems associated with waste tires, mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens. The goal of the State was to develop and implement through legislative process the Illinois Waste Tire Act. The purpose of the Waste Tire Act is: 1) to ensure that used and waste tires are collected for disposal and recycling, 2) to provide for the abatement of used and waste tire dumps and associated threats to public health, 3) to encourage the development of used and waste tire processing facilities and technologies, including energy recovery, and 4) to provide for research on vectors associated with used and waste tires, and the diseases they spread. The discussion will include key statutes from the Act and the model used to coordinate the effort of five different governmental agencies. An up-to-date presentation of vector-related research, mandated by the Act, ranging from applied investigations on mosquito control to more basic studies investigations on virus identification using molecular technology will be discussed. Finally a discussion of problems that have been encountered along with solutions dealing with legislative language, multidisciplined agency efforts and interactions with the general public are presented.

Adaptation, Physiological↗