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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Evaluation of skin symptoms among workers at a Swedish paper mill.

Process and office workers at a Swedish paper mill (n = 274) and dairy workers (n = 45) were investigated with questionnaires regarding skin symptoms. In the second part of the study, subjects reporting skin symptoms and a random sample of subjects without symptoms were examined and investigated with patch testing. Pruritus and skin irritation probably related to exposure to dust were found. The results do not indicate an increased prevalence of contact allergy. In two cases, positive patch test reactions to paper size (rosin) and a slimicide, mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sugar composition and FT-IR analysis of exopolysaccharides produced by microbial isolates from paper mill slime deposits.

Thirty exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by bacteria isolated from biofilms or slimelayers from different paper and board mills in Finland, France and Spain were subjected to size exclusion chromatography and sugar compositional analysis. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis revealed that some samples were composed of several molecular weight populations. These samples were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography and pooled accordingly. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the sugar compositions of the different pools indicated the presence of glucans and mannans caused by insufficient removal of the carbon or nitrogen source (yeast extract) from the bacteria growth medium leading to an overestimation of the glucose and mannose level in the sample, respectively. From the point of view of slime problems the EPS populations are the most important for multivariate analysis. Four groups of EPSs have been recognized by PCA analysis: a group of EPSs produced by Enterobacter and related genera similar to the regularly reported colanic acid; a group of Methylobacterium EPSs having high galactose and pyruvate levels and two groups that showed less dense clusters produced by Bacillus and related genera, showing high mannose and/or glucose levels and Klebsiella EPSs that showed galactose with rhamnose as major characteristic sugar moieties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the same samples followed by discriminant partial least squares regression (DPLS) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that, when used with a well-defined training set, FT-IR could be used clustering instead of time-consuming sugar composition analysis. The Enterobacter and Methylobacetrium EPS groups could be recognized clearly. However the fact that this could hardly be done for the other two groups in the dataset indicates the importance of a larger and well-defined training or calibration set. The potential to use FT-IR, as a tool for pattern recognition and clustering with respect to EPS structures produced by micro organisms isolated from a paper mill environment is discussed.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2003

Direct determination of resin and fatty acids in process waters of paper industries by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based methods were developed for the analysis of 10 resin acids and five fatty acids in process waters of paper industries. No fragmentation of target compounds was observed using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) with negative ionization. The [M - H](-) ion permitted the individual quantification of fatty and aromatic resin acids, whereas the non-aromatic resin acids presented a single and common ion at m/z 301. Separation with two columns of different polarity permitted peak confirmation. The method that used a C(8) column with 2-propanol in the mobile phase allowed a certain separation and identification of the non-aromatic resin acids, whereas the method using a C(18) column provided detection limits 10-fold lower for fatty acids. Limits of detection were 0.10 ng for all compounds. Direct sample introduction was compared with liquid-liquid extraction, with similar recoveries (70-101%). Whereas slightly lower detection limits were obtained with liquid-liquid extraction, better reproducibility was observed for direct sample introduction. Resin and fatty acids were determined in process waters of several paper industries. Palmitic, dehydroabietic and non-aromatic resin acids were encountered in most water samples, at levels between 22 and 403 micro g l(-1). LC/MS with direct sample introduction was found to be a good alternative to traditional liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography for the analysis of such compounds since no derivatization was required and sample manipulation was minimal.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

Surveillance of measles in the Sudan using filter paper blood samples.

Dried blood spots collected on filter paper are considered potential clinical specimens for measles surveillance because of their ease of collection, storage, and transport. The usefulness of these samples for surveillance of measles was evaluated in a field setting. Blood spots were collected by finger-prick from 316 clinically diagnosed measles patients in suburban Khartoum, mostly within a week after onset of the rash. Samples were collected between October, 2000 and April, 2003, and stored at 4 degrees C. Measles virus-specific IgM antibodies were detected in 200 (63%) of the samples using an "in-house" IgM capture ELISA. For 201 samples reconstitution and IgM measurement was repeated 1 year after initial testing with essentially the same results, showing the stability of IgM in the filter paper under these conditions. In a limited number of samples (n = 38) measles virus-specific IgM was also tested with a commercial indirect IgM ELISA. Although the results of the two assays correlated well, the "in-house" IgM capture ELISA proved slightly more sensitive. Measles virus-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplicons were obtained from 16 of 57 (28%) samples tested. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene showed the continued endemic circulation of genotype B3 viruses identified previously in this region. Although problems related to limited sample quantities were encountered, the present study confirms the usefulness of dried blood spots for measles surveillance. The results also demonstrate that measles continues to be endemic in the Sudan.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Paper chromatographic determination of chlortetracycline.

Chlortetracycline was successfully separated from its degradation products and from other tetracyclines on a paper chromatogram previously impregnated with a mixture of edetate disodium and urea solution in pH 5.0 McIlvaine buffer. Chlortetracycline separation from its degradation products and from both tetracycline and oxytetracycline was attributed primarily to the complexation of these antibiotics with urea and edetate on the chromatogram. The separated spots were located under UV light, and their Rf values were calculated. Chlortetracycline recovery from the paper chromatogram was satisfactory (98.3 +/- 0.002%). The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of chlortetracycline in various dosage forms. In addition, the method was adequate for monitoring chlortetracycline hydrochyloride stability in aqueous solutions.

Chlortetracycline↗
PubMed2002

Exposure of reproductively maturing rainbow trout to a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent.

Long-term studies on the reproductive fitness of fish under controlled exposure conditions are necessary to address some of the controversy surrounding the field-based studies of pulp and paper effluent effects. This study undertook effluent exposures of 2+ age rainbow trout that were approximately halfway through gonadal growth. Trout were exposed to a mixed thermomechanical/bleached kraft effluent in 12,000-L flow-through exposure tanks at an environmental research facility located at a pulp and paper mill in Kawerau, New Zealand. Trout were exposed to either upstream river water or 10% effluent in upstream river water and were maintained at a ration of 0.7% of body wet weight during the experiment. Results of the 2-month study indicated that trout survival was not significantly different between effluent-exposed tanks and reference tanks. There was extensive growth during the exposure but no differences were found due to effluent exposure. Gonadal development was not significantly different between treatments. Steroid hormone concentrations in males and females were not affected by effluent exposure. The effluent showed no potential to be estrogenic as indicated by a lack of vitellogenin induction in male trout. Other physiological indicators of energy storage and utilization also showed no significant differences. Modest induction of hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (2.5-fold) was the only detectable biological effect of the exposure. Biliary concentration of effluent-related compounds were typical of pulp mill effluent exposure and further suggested that the source of phytosterols was in fact dietary and not effluent-derived.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Separate detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by DEAE-paper chromatography.

Red blood cell lysates were applied to DEAE cellulose paper for detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was separated from 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) by DEAE-cellulose paper-chromatography and their activities were detected on the chromatogram by applying the reaction mixture. The fluorescence of NADPH formed by G-6-PD was not interfered with by 6-PGD activity. This is a sensitive procedure which detects slight loss of G-6-PD in red blood cells and could be applied to the detection of G-6-PD deficiency.

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose↗
PubMed1996

An epidemiologic study of employees at seven pulp and paper mills.

The cohort consisted of 11,178 Mead Corporation employees (9,358 males and 1,820 females) who had worked for at least one year between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1992 at seven pulp and/or paper mills in the United States. The vital status of the cohort was determined through a variety of sources over an observation period of 17 years (1976-1992). Mortality data were analyzed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), with expected deaths based on U.S. national mortality rates. Job categories with similar exposures were created based on an historical exposure assessment. Mortality analyses were performed separately for total female and male employees. Among female employees, overall mortality was less than expected, and no significant cause-specific mortality excesses were observed. The small number of deaths among female employees did not permit further detailed analyses. Among male employees, statistically significant deficits from overall mortality (SMR = 69.0) and from all cancers (SMR = 71.3) were reported. In addition, low mortality risks for many specific causes were also observed, including many specific cancer sites, various types of cardiovascular diseases, and different forms of nonmalignant respiratory diseases. In particular, there was no mortality excess from lung cancer (SMR = 77.5), digestive cancer (SMR = 69.4), stomach cancer (SMR = 46.7), laryngeal cancer (no observed death), rectal cancer (SMR = 82.8). Hodgkin's lymphoma (no observed death), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR = 103.6), leukemia (SMR = 72.2), diabetes mellitus (SMR = 110.4), ischemic heart disease (SMR = 80.0), and nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 36.7). Furthermore, detailed analyses by length of employment, interval since hire (latency), and job category demonstrated no occupationally related mortality increases from any of the diseases examined. Specifically, based on internal comparisons, no upward trends in cause-specific mortality risk were observed by duration of employment. In conclusion, the results of this epidemiologic investigation demonstrated a favorable mortality experience for employees at the seven pulp and/or paper mills.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1992

Clinical studies in workers engaged in maintenance of watermark moulds in a paper mill.

Thirty subjects engaged in maintenance and repair of moulds used for producing watermarks on paper were studied, along with 27 control subjects from the same paper mill. The workers were simultaneously exposed to copper, chromium, zinc, xylol, and fumes of sulphuric acid in the course of their work. The study subjects were investigated for clinical, occupational, radiological haematological and psychological details. The aforementioned combined exposure was found to be responsible for a high prevalence of symptoms pertaining to the respiratory system and higher nervous functions. Breathlessness (26.7%), expectoration (10.0%) and emphysema (10.0%) were significantly higher among the exposed subjects. The exposed subjects also showed lowered visuomotor coordination and delayed reaction to light and sound stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Location by paper chromatography of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) inhibiting activity in isobutanol extracts of bovine pineals.

Bovine pineal glands were extracted according to the methods reported by Bensinger et al. (1973) and Cheesman and Fariss (1970). Isobutanol soluble COH-inhibiting activity was further separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-15 and paper chromatography. With the Bensinger method, different active pineal fractions were obtained from Sephadex G-15 columns. Certain of those fractions were further separated by paper chromatography in butanol : acetic acid : water (4 : 1 : 1) and the COH-inhibitor was localized. The pineal COH-inhibitor could also be localized by high pressure, reverse phase liquid chromatography. More COH-inhibiting activity was extracted with the Bensinger method than with aqueous and acetic acid extraction methods used earlier by us. The Cheesman extraction method for arginine vasotocin gave less regular results in our hands than the Bensinger extraction method.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A miniaturized rapid paper chromatographic procedure for quality control of technetium-99m sestamibi.

A miniaturized rapid paper chromatographic technique (MRPC) for quality control of a technetium-99m sestamibi preparation was developed and compared with the manufacturer's and Hung et al. techniques. The MRPC system involves the use of 6.0x0.5cm Whatman 3MM paper strip developed in ethyl acetate. The procedure was completed within 3min while that of the manufacturer and Hung techniques took 30-35 and 4min respectively. The Rf range of 99mTc-sestamibi using MRPC was 0.55-0.75 while that of the other two techniques was 0.9-1.0. The results indicate that MRPC can be used to separate 99mTc-sestamibi from any 99mTc contaminant that migrates with the solvent front. The MRPC is a fast and effective chromatographic technique for routine quality control testing of 99mTc-sestamibi preparation.

Chromatography, Paper↗
PubMed1996

Stable-isotope selected-ion monitoring quantification of methylmalonic acid in dried filter-paper urine samples.

Urea and creatinine were measured by Kodak Ektachem methods and methylmalonic acid by stable-isotope gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 24 urine samples from patients with methylmalonic acidaemia. For each sample analyses were performed both directly on the liquid urine and on an aliquot which had been blotted onto filter paper and dried. There was good correlation between the methylmalonate/creatinine ratios in liquid and dried urine (r2 = 0.983). Urine dried on filter paper can be used advantageously for monitoring treatment in patients with this disorder.

Deuterium↗
PubMed2000

Decontamination of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) following chronic exposure to effluent from a pulp and paper mill.

A study was conducted to determine the influence of decontamination on winter flounder living downstream from a pulp and paper mill. The fish and controls were held 8-26 weeks under contaminant-free conditions in aquaria supplied with ambient sea water. Groups of flounder, for comparison, were also sampled near the paper mill at the time of or following autopsy. No differences were apparent in length/organ-weight relationships between depurated and control groups after 26 weeks at 0-6 degrees C, but condition factor, gonadal and hepatosomatic indices, coincident with elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes, differed from field-derived samples. Pathological changes, including hemosiderin deposits in the liver and spleen, decreased, whereas pericholangitis and clear cell foci were apparent in the depurated fish and in the field samples. In two additional groups decontaminated for 8-16 weeks at 6-16 degrees C, there was no evidence of pericholangitis, but hemosiderin deposits persisted and an increase of fibrosis and clear cell foci occurred in contrast to the field group. These results suggest that some tissue repair in the liver transpired primarily during summer while other lesions, such as preneoplastic clear cell foci, which were probably induced prior to depuration, increased, but hemosiderin concentration remained unchanged. The latter observation is consistent with previous studies that suggest that hemosiderin concentration is not seasonally but age influenced.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Composites of bacterial cellulose and paper made with a rotating disk bioreactor.

Suspended solids in the nutrient medium for Acetobacter xylinium in a rotating disk bioreactor become incorporated into the gelatinous mat of bacterial cellulose as it forms. Embedding fibers of ordinary cellulose creates composites with enhanced strength and the toughness of bacterial cellulose. Purified cellulose and elongated fibers from paper are incorporated differently than are spherical particles such as silica gel. About 90% of the final cellulose can come from scrap paper, and dried composite sheets were much stronger than plain bacterial cellulose per unit area.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed1997

Family-10 and family-11 xylanases differ in their capacity to enhance the bleachability of hardwood and softwood paper pulps.

Enzyme-aided bleaching of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps by glycosyl hydrolase family-10 and -11 xylanases and a family-26 mannanase was investigated. The ability to release reducing sugar from pulp xylan and to enhance bleachability is not a characteristic shared by all xylanases. Of the six enzymes tested, two xylanases belonging to family 11 were most effective at increasing bleachability and improving final paper brightness. None of the enzymes had a deleterious effect on pulp fibre integrity. The efficiency of individual xylanases as bleach enhancers was not dependent on the source microorganism, and could not be predicted solely on the basis of the quantity or nature of products released from pulp xylan. Cooperative interactions between xylanase/xylanase and xylanase/mannanase combinations, during the pretreatment of softwood and hardwood pulps, were investigated. Synergistic effects on reducing-sugar release and kappa number reduction were elicited by a combination of two family-10 xylanases. Pretreatment of kraft pulp with mannanase A from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa and any one of a number of xylanases resulted in increased release of reducing sugar and a larger reduction in kappa number than obtained with the xylanases alone, confirming the beneficial effects of family-26 mannanases on enzyme-aided bleaching of paper pulp.

Glycoside Hydrolases↗
PubMed2001

Strains degrading polysaccharides produced by bacteria from paper machines.

Biofilm-degrading enzymes are potential agents for slime control in paper machines. In this work, extracellular polysaccharides were produced by bacteria isolated from paper machines and the isolated polysaccharides were used as substrates for the screening of polysaccharide-degrading microbes. Polysaccharide yields of 1.5-3.5 g/l were obtained by ethanol precipitation from cultures of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on sucrose medium. Two K. pneumoniae strains apparently produced an identical heteropolysaccharide containing galacturonic acid. Fructose-containing polysaccharides were the main products of B. licheniformis and P. fluorescens. Bacteria capable of hydrolyzing the fructose-containing polymers (levans) appeared to be relatively common among the strains selected for screening. None of the bacteria or mixed cultures screened were able to utilize the Klebsiella heteropolysaccharides.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol in a semicontinuous solids-fed reactor.

Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol was investigated with the objective of operating under conditions approaching those expected of an industrial process. Major components of the bleached Kraft sludge studied were glucan (62 wt.%, dry basis), xylan (11.5%), and minerals (17%). Complete recovery of glucose during compositional analysis required two acid hydrolysis treatments rather than one. To avoid the difficulty of mixing unreacted paper sludge, a semicontinuous solids-fed laboratory bioreactor system was developed. The system featured feeding at 12-h intervals, a residence time of 4 days, and cellulase loading of 15 to 20 FPU/g cellulose. Sludge was converted to ethanol using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) featuring a beta-glucosidase-supplemented commercial cellulase preparation and glucose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiea. SSF was carried out for a period of 4 months in a first-generation system, resulting in an average ethanol concentration of 35 g/L. However, steady state was not achieved and operational difficulties were encountered. These difficulties were avoided in a retrofitted design that was operated for two 1-month runs, achieving steady state with good material balance closure. Run 1 with the retrofitted reactor produced 50 g/L ethanol at a cellulose conversion of 74%. Run 2 produced 42 g/L ethanol at a conversion of 92%. For run 2, the ethanol yield was 0.466 g ethanol/g glucose equivalent fermented and >94% of the xylan fed to the reactor was solubilized to a mixture of xylan oligomers and xylose.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Integrating dictation with PACS to eliminate paper.

Five years ago our department migrated from a film-based imaging environment to a PACS-based environment. We discovered that our reliance on paper tracking forms for clinical history and dictation information was hindering our practice. Integrating dictation with PACS was one of three key components we needed to free ourselves from the tyranny of paper, the other two being an online worklist and an online patient history. We discuss our evolution to a (mostly) paperless reading room environment, our implementation, general performance, and future development plans, focusing on integrated dictation.

Humans↗