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PubMed1977

Measured and laboratory-stated parameters of hydrophilic contact lenses.

One hundred thirty-one new hydrophilic lenses made by 3 manufacturers were randomly selected from an optometry clinic for measurement and inspection. Approximately 60% of the base-curve specifications fell within the following ranges for the measured dimensions: Bausch & Lomb Soflens contact lenses, less than 0.150 mm; Milton Roy Naturvue lenses, less than 0.375 mm; Soft Lens Inc. Hydrocurve, less than 0.225 mm. More than 65% of the lenses supplied by all the manufactures were within 0.25 D of the power specification. About two-thirds or more of all lenses had a central thickness and overall diameter within 0.04 mm and 0.40 mm, respectively, of the manufacturers' specifications, although there were notable differences among manufacturers. Most of these new lenses exhibited surface scratches and other surface defects, and many lenses had edge defects.

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic↗

PubMed1978

Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies.

Phoria, vergence, and fixation-disparity were measured at near working distances for a nonclinical sample of 3rd-yr optometry students. A questionnaire divided the sample into 33 symptomatic and 44 asymptomatic subjects. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which clinical measures best predicted the group to which each subject belonged. Sheard's criterion was a good discriminator for exo deviations, and a variant of Percival's criterion was good for eso deviations. Fixation-disparity variables proved to be valuable diagnostically. The best fixation-disparity measures were the curve slope, curve type, and amount of fixation disparity.

Asthenopia↗

PubMed1978

Evaluation of ophthalmic materials.

Ophthalmic materials from 11,677 spectacle-prescription orders were evaluated during an 18-mo period in a university optometry clinic. Five percent of the orders received were not acceptable based on criteria stemming from the ANSI-Z80. 1-1972 standards. Almost two-thirds of these rejections were lens related. Frame-related rejections were predominantly due to gross human error. Rejection rate and delivery time varied widely among the supplying laboratories. Rejection rate did not decrease with increased delivery time. Since notifying the laboratories of our results, the percentage of unacceptable orders has decreased.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1979

A survey of intraocular pressures with emphasis on patients under ten years of age.

This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional survey of intraocular pressures in patients of the University Optometric Center, the clinical facility of the State College of Optometry, SUNY. The study consisted of two parts: a pilot study conducted by one of the authors and a survey of patient records that were reviewed at random with particular emphasis on patients under 10. The results indicate that the intraocular pressure norms used to evaluate the general population are also appropriate for evaluation of patients under 10 years of age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Objective assessment of accommodation orthoptics. I. Dynamic insufficiency.

Three young adult females with symptoms related to focusing difficulties at near were treated by standard orthoptic procedures, including jump focus, plus-and-minus lens flippers, and pencil pushups. Home training was done 20 minutes each day for 4 1/2--7 weeks. Objective measures of dynamic accommodation were made each week in our Neuro-optometry Clinic. Initially, these objective measures showed prolongations of time constants and latencies of accommodation. During treatment, the patients showed significant reductions in time constants and latencies that correlated well with elimination of subjective symptoms. Also, in all three patients, flipper rates increased and symptoms were either markedly diminished or no longer present at termination of therapy. These results clearly demonstrate that orthoptic treatment in our three adult patients resulted in objective improvement of accommodation function.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1979

Prevalence of monocular amblyopia among anisometropes.

Some 167 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 2 D, were selected from the records of the eye clinic of the Ramathibodi hospital in Bangkok, Thailand and 472 subjects showing anisometropia of at least 1 D were selected from the clinic records of the Indiana University, School of Optometry. The incidence of amblyopia (20/30 or less) was found to be 100% among least meridional hyperopic anisometropes of 3.5 D and greater, and among myopic anisometropes of 6.5 D and greater. Lower levels of anisometropia showed a smaller proportion of amblyopia. Comparable results were obtained for anisometropes computed in terms of mean spherical refractive error. Significant difference was not apparent for the Thai and American groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

The prevalence of refractive and ocular anomalies among 1242 institutionalized mentally retarded persons.

The population of a large Canadian institution, providing rehabilitative and health care for the mentally retarded, received oculo-visual assessments in an optometric clinic established in the hospital by the University of Waterloo, School of Optometry. The ocular and visual anomalies of 1242 residents have been compiled and analyzed. This paper reports the results and discusses their implications. The size of the sample makes the data useful in planning vision care delivery to the mentally retarded. Comparisons are made to similar data obtained from a concurrent study of a community sample and to studies from vision literature.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Mydriatic effectiveness of dilute combinations of phenylephrine and tropicamide.

The effects of two solutions, each consisting of a combination of tropicamide and phenylephrine at lower than conventional concentrations, were studied in 79 students at Pacific University College of Optometry. Clinically effective diameters (CED's), measured when the eye was illuminated for direct ophthalmoscopy, were followed for 90 min after mydriatic instillation. Intraocular pressure (IOP), systolic arterial blood pressure (sBP), and the systolic BP/IOP ratio were also monitored for 90 min. Both combination A (0.25% tropicamide + 1.25% phenylephrine) and combination B (0.125% tropicamide + 2.0% phenylephrine) produced CED's as large as produced by 0.5% tropicamide in the opposite eye. By combining a low concentration of a sympathomimetic with a parasympatholytic agent, it is possible to achieve mydriasis superior to that produced by 0.5% tropicamide or 2.5% phenylephrine while reducing the risk of systemic or ocular side effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Effect of orthoptic procedures on stereoscopic acuities.

Ten stereophotogrammetry students and three graduate photogrammetrists were given 7 weeks of nonspecific orthoptic exercises. The visual systems of these 13 experimental subjects were matched to those of 13 control subjects chosen from the students and staff of the Ferris State College of Optometry. Stereoscopic acuities were determined before and after the training period on both groups using a Wild Stereoplotter, a Howard-Dolman apparatus, and the Keystone Multi-Stereo Test. Stereoscopic acuities as determined on the stereoplotter and the Howard-Dolman apparatus were improved at better than a 0.05 significance level as computed on the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Student's t-test for the difference between two dependent means.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Application of visual signal detection concepts to clinical decision analysis.

The performance of both clinical diagnostic and mass screening tests is commonly measured in terms of the two basic parameters, sensitivity and specificity. Selection of cut-off points, balancing the sensitivity-specificity trade-off, and comparison with alternative tests are often a matter of arbitrary decisions and are frequently made without consideration of outcome. Some of the concepts used in the analysis of visual signal detection systems can be helpful in this aspect of screening test selection and evaluation. A simplified version of these concepts is developed and its application to clinical and public health optometry is illustrated.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1983

Progression of myopia in youth: age of cessation.

Patient records of young myopes were collected from three optometry practices. An index of the age at which increases of myopia in young people cease was derived using four different graphical and statistical methods. The results suggest that myopia stops increasing earlier in females than in males. There is, however, a great deal of individual variability in cessation age. Some implications for clinical practice and clinical research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Overcorrection as a means of slowing myopic progression.

Thirty-six subjects (18 males and 18 females) ranging in ages from 7.38 to 15.82 years received an overcorrection of 0.75 D over the power required to correct their myopia exactly. These 36 experimental subjects were matched by control subjects selected at random from the files of the Indiana University Optometry Clinics. The criteria used in matching were sex, beginning age, beginning refractive error, and duration of time covered by the record. The mean rate of change of refractive error for the experimental group was (minus indicating increase of myopia) -0.49 D/year (range, +0.37 to -1.95 D/year) on retinoscopy and -0.52 D/year (range, +0.21 to -1.32 D/year) on subjective refraction. The mean rate of change for the control group was -0.47 D/year (range, +0.06 to -2.03 D/year) on retinoscopy and -0.47 D/year (range, +0.28 to -1.72 D/year) on subjective refraction. Rates for the experimental and control groups were not significantly different. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that an overcorrected myope has a lower rate of increase of myopia than a myope wearing a conventional spectacle correction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Vision screening of specialized populations.

This paper describes the vision screening tests for specialized populations as used by the Community Eye Care Services Program of the Pennsylvania College of Optometry. Referral criteria have been elaborated. This paper is designed to help those who are interested in organizing such a screening.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Microbial factors in contact lens fitting.

As contact lens practitioners, optometrists work in a nonsterile environment and on a nonsterile part of the human body. Our report describes 10 cases of eye infection related to contact lens wear. Practitioners need to be aware of the problems which can occur when a thoroughly sterilized contact lens is placed on an unsterile and biologically complex eye. We recommend taking swabs of the conjuctiva in all eyes where ocular inflammation is present. In those areas in which the professions of optometry and medicine meet, cooperation should exist. Improving our knowledge and skills in microbiology helps to facilitate such cooperation. Our experience has been most rewarding and interaction in this field with medical practitioners has been positive. The use of a high quality slitlamp is essential.

Acinetobacter Infections↗

PubMed1985

Prevalence and pattern of adult myopia progression in a general optometric practice population.

Longitudinal data on 559 myopic patients were collected from five optometry practices; adequate adulthood refractive data for analysis (three or more visits after 18 years of age) were available for 108 patients. Patterns of refractive change were evaluated subjectively and by linear regression analysis. Most myopes do not progress in young adulthood (about 20 to 25 years of age). Myopia progression during this age period is more common among males than among females. Adulthood myopia progression is related to an increase in corneal power.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Differences in the perceptual skills development of young myopes and hyperopes.

The purpose of this study was to compare the visual perceptual skills of young myopes and hyperopes. The case records of over 700 young University of Houston College of Optometry clinic patients revealed significant differences between the two groups (p less than 0.001), suggesting that myopes are, indeed, more analytical than hyperopes. Comparisons are also made with emmetropes. Implications of these data are discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Bifocal adds in Nigeria.

A total of 447 female and 915 male presbyopic patients were examined in the Benin-City, Nigeria optometry clinic. Comparison of bifocal adds with published data from other areas of the globe suggests that climatic temperature has less effect on the age of onset of presbyopia than other authors have claimed.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of bifocal lenses on the rate of childhood myopia progression.

Longitudinal records obtained from three optometry practices in the central United States were used to assess the effect of bifocal lenses on the rate of childhood myopia progression. Rates in D/year were derived by linear regression for age spans between 6 and 15 years of age. Records were available for 52 persons who wore single vision lenses (SV group) during this entire age span, and 60 persons who wore bifocal lenses (BF group) during the complete period of observation. The mean rates of myopia progression were -0.44 D/year for the SV group, and -0.37 D/year for the BF group (difference not statistically significant). When rates were determined as a function of nearpoint phoria and near binocular cross cylinder net, the BF group had rates of myopia increase which were lower in magnitude than the SV group in children with nearpoint esophoria and of higher cross cylinder net.

Adolescent↗