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PubMed1989

Alcohol consumption and cancers of hormone-related organs in females.

The relations between alcohol consumption and cancers of the breast, corpus uteri and ovary were investigated in a case-control study involving 1,740 cases of breast cancer, 239 cases of cancer of the corpus uteri, 417 cases of ovarian cancer and 8,920 controls with other cancer sites identified from the Aichi Cancer Registry, Japan 1980-1986. The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of daily alcohol drinkers compared to non-drinkers was significantly increased for breast cancer (RR = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.78), that for cancer of the corpus uteri was lowered insignificantly (RR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.15-1.38) and that for ovarian cancer was significantly lowered (RR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.90). The increase in the risk of breast cancer associated with daily alcohol drinking was evident in the age range 50 and over, the risk specified by type of alcoholic beverage being highest for beer. Multivariate analyses controlled for age, residence, marital status, occupation, smoking habit and family history of breast cancer did not materially change the RRs of daily alcohol drinkers. Despite the several limitations of the study, the results were consistent with those of previous studies from other countries, suggesting that alcohol consumption may contribute to the risk of breast cancer in Japanese woman, as it dose elsewhere. The present study also suggested alcohol consumption not to be associated with elevated risks of cancer in other hormone-related organs in females, and possibly to be associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Parental attitudes toward children with handicaps: new perspectives with a new measure.

Research on attitudes toward the disabled generally has focused on adult perceptions of disabled adults, or children's attitudes toward peers. In view of changing social practices, such as mainstreaming in education and community integration of children with special needs, measures of adults' attitudes toward disabled children are needed. This paper reports on the development and validation of a 30-item self-report questionnaire assessing parental attitudes toward children with handicaps, and presents information concerning several determinants of parental attitudes. The measure is easy to use, reliable, and shows good evidence of construct validity. It detects differences among parents by gender, by parental education and occupational status, by cultural background of parents, by parental familiarity with a handicapped person, and by stimulus (physically disabled vs. mentally retarded child referent). Results are discussed in relation to determinants of parental attitudes toward handicaps. Potential applications of this measure for evaluation of teacher attitudes are suggested.

Attitude↗
PubMed1988

Myocardial infarction at young age.

In a group of 25 men after myocardial infarction (MI) at an age under 40 years the occurrence of risk factors of ischaemic heart disease, the results of both invasive and noninvasive investigations as well as other special examinations within one year after the attack of acute MI were analysed. In 36% there was a normal finding or nonsignificant stenosis on the coronary arteries (less than 50% lumen obstruction at coronary angiography); a significant stenosis was found in 64%, out of which only one coronary vessel was affected in 32%. Dominant risk factors were: smoking, lipid metabolism disturbances, hypertension and a positive family history. The average number of risk factors in the group with a normal finding on the coronary arteries was 2.55, and in the group with a significant coronary sclerosis 4.85. The risk of myocardial infarction is increased by the coexistence of heavy smoking habits and vigorous physical activity. No correlation was found between the extent and location of coronary sclerosis and the functional parametres and wall motion of the left ventricle. An analysis of occupational status before MI revealed that 52% of the patients were workers, 40% professional drivers and only 8% were clerks.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patients' preferences for resident physician dress style.

A survey study was conducted to determine patients' preferences for resident physician attire as well as the relationship of physicians' attire to patient satisfaction and perception of the quality of care. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 200 consecutive subjects equally divided among four clinical settings (a hospital-based internal medicine clinic, an emergency room, an internal medicine ward, and a community-based internal medicine clinic) which are maintained by the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center. The questionnaires were administered only to English-speaking patients who had seen a physician on a previous visit. A majority of the patients at the four settings indicated that they had no preference regarding attire (70.5% for male doctors, 66.5% for female doctors): however, 44% of the patients said that neatness of dress was moderately to very important. The aggregate findings were not greatly altered when adjusted for demographic variables such as age, sex, race, occupational status, and education.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Day Center experience in rehabilitation of craniocerebral injured patients.

The Day Center for head-injured patients specialises in treating patients at later stages following brain trauma. The goal of therapy is social reintegration as measured by the quality of family and social life and by actual occupational status. At this later stage, a year or more since injury, the cognitive and behavioral aspects of brain damage determine the outcome of rehabilitation. The therapy aims at preserving as well as improving patients' overall performance including family life and therefore their families are treated as well. As the patients are not hospitalised at this stage, the asset of this model is that it constitutes an arresting factor in preventing regressive attitudes acquired during hospitalisation which is a sheltered framework. The Day Center System encourages the patients to cope "in vivo" with reality, while the therapy given strives at providing them with the instruments needed for coping in actual life situations. We present here our experience in 38 patients admitted consecutively during the course of a year. The results show that the therapeutic milieu was of great help in preserving as well as improvement patients' performance; furthermore, it is evident that some improvement was achieved even after several years post trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The attitude of South African women to mastectomy for breast cancer.

No previous study has reported on the acceptance of and attitudes towards the treatment of breast cancer among white South African women. The influence of age, social, economic and marital status, occupation, and the effect of knowledge of the disease on the reaction to the possible diagnosis of breast cancer, the attitude to mastectomy, and physical and psychological readjustment after mastectomy were studied in 100 respondents to a questionnaire. The preliminary conclusions from this study are that South African women desire effective treatment of breast cancer, that physical and psychological readjustments are readily made by the majority without major problems, and that reconstructive surgery is not in high demand.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Preliminary experience obtained from pregnancy attitude questionnaire (author's transl)].

An approach to measuring attitudes towards pregnancy (S-S-G by Lukesch and Lukesch, 1976) is described in this paper together with preliminary results so far obtained from random samples in the GDR. Findings have suggested an obvious need for adjusting the Normal Category to GDR conditions. Attitudes taken during pregnancy also were found to depend more strongly on whether the given pregnancy had been planned or not. Differences between attitudes towards pregnancy were quite clearly associated also with the education factor and resulting occupational status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1966

A survey of women graduates from a Canadian medical school.

Information was obtained from 104 of 106 surviving women medical graduates of the University of Western Ontario in a study designed to determine subsequent working careers and related factors. Of those who had graduated six or more years before this study 85% were engaged in medical work (66% full-time and 19% part-time). General practice, psychiatry and preventive medicine were the leading categories of work. Childbearing was the most important determinant of occupational status. Fewer of the women who had borne children were currently engaged in medical work than were either single or childless married women. The apparent contribution of other factors to working status arose from their correlation with child-bearing. Comparison with other studies suggests that the percentage of female graduates doing medical work is substantially higher than in Britain and about the same as in the United States.

Canada↗
PubMed1982

Home environments of developmentally disabled infants as a function of parent and infant characteristics.

Variables from three categories were inspected as correlates of HOME Inventory ratings for 43 severe perinatal risk or developmentally disabled infants at 8 to 9 months post-expected date of delivery. These variables were maternal perceptions of the infant's temperament, maternal self-reported mood, and interactional characteristics of the infant as rated by a home observer. Stepwise regression analysis of HOME total scores showed that infants who were viewed by their mothers as more active and by the observer as less irritable were particularly likely to experience more optimal developmental practices in the home. Significant predictors in regression equations for various of the HOME subscales were: maternal ratings of the infant's mood, approach, adaptability, and rhythmicity; maternal self-reported depression, tension, and confusion; and infant pleasure in physical contact. The finding that homes of fathers with high occupational status were rated lower on Maternal Involvement and Emotional and Verbal Responsivity of the Mother is inconsistent with results of studies of the homes of developmentally normal children.

Behavior↗
PubMed1980

Seroepidemiologic investigations of hepatitis in the tropics. A study on volunteers of the German volunteer service.

Sera from 349 volunteers of the German Volunteer service (GVS), who had lived in tropical or subtropical countries for about two years were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen two years were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS-antigen), antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti--HBS), and antibody to Hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA) by radioimmunoassay. The findings were compared with those from a control group whose sex, age and occupational status corresponded with the volunteer group. The incidence of HBS-antigen was equal in both groups (1%). Anti-HA was found in 34% and anti-HBS in 19% of the volunteers but only in 26% and 7%, respectively, of the members of the control group. The greatest occurence of anti-HA was found among volunteers of the health service (46%) and technical service (35%) and of anti-HBS among the health service (29%), economic service (26%) and agricultural service (21%). Returned volunteers from West Africa showed a higher frequency (anti-HA 38%, anti-HBS 30%) than those from other countries (anti-HA 30%, anti-HBS 17%). The increased frequency of hepatitis corresponded with an increase in the morbidity rate from 25.5/10 000/year prior to service to 244/10 000/year during the service.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pi type MZ and an increased risk of pneumonia.

Among 114 men of Pi type or MZ, 42% (17/40) of those of Pi type MZ reported having been told by a physician that they had had pneumonia at least once whereas only 18% (13/74) of those of Pi type M did so (p less than 0.05). This significant difference could not be accounted for by differences in age, smoking status, occupation or baseline lung function (FEV1). Examination of medical records of those reporting pneumonia for the preceding 20 years provided confirmation of the diagnosis of pneumonia and support for the association; 12% (5/40) of the MZ group but only 3% (2/74) of the M group had confirmed episodes of pneumonia during the preceding 20 years. Since alpha 1-antitrypsin has been implicated as a factor in inflammatory response, reduced levels may permit the development of more frequent and/or more serious episodes of pneumonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Partnership and sexuality of thalidomide-affected young people (author's transl)].

In the 1977-1979 period, 84 thalidomide-affected young people who had followed secondary education up to level I (Sekundarstufe I; school leaving age approx. 16 years), had been interviewed on their sexual experiences. The group was composed of young people with purely orthopaedical impairments, which were rank-ordered in four degrees of disability severity according to the extent of medical lesion. The group under examination was matched by a parallel group of non-disabled young people who had been selected on the criteria of sex, age, educational level, vocational objectives, and occupational status of the father. In comparison to the non-disabled, physically disabled young people are demonstrated to have deficits in sexual experience, which are getting more pronounced with increasing severity of the disability. These deficits in sexual experience do not seem to stem from a lack of social contacts, but rather from their perceived non-compliance with the norms that govern non-disabled people's concepts of performance, attractiveness, and sexuality. The physically disabled young people are aware of these problems; they however seem to be able to cope with them through their leading a "normal" life as regards such aspects as school education, vocational training, and social contacts. Special emotional problems may however develop in the severely disabled young people. An additional sexual problem may arise from their partly less pronounced acquisition of typical sex-role identities, which may however also be viewed as a potentially positive circumstance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Sex function disorders after myocardial infarct. Diagnosis, counseling and therapy].

Sexual activities are possible and important even after myocardial infarction. Sexual complaints after a coronary heart disease are frequent, in most cases functional and primarily caused by psychological or psychosocial problems. There are good reasons to provide for psychological counselling and short-time therapy of sexual disturbances in the postcoronary rehabilitation programme. Beside clarifying the organic situation (physical load capacity, length of the interval after myocardial infarction, genitovascular insufficiency, medication etc.), the hormonal and functional situation, it is necessary to pay particular attention to a sufficient counselling and psychic management of the patient's sexual problems (fear of the dangers of overexertion, depression, fear of failure, the undigested change of familial and occupational status etc.). It is shown that these demands may be taken into account in multidimensional therapeutic work which has been performed in a special rehabilitation centre treating patients suffering from heart and circulatory diseases.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Vocational development of spinal cord injury patients: an 8-year follow-up.

This study determined the relationship between the vocational and educational plans, interests, work values, and rehabilitation outlook of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and their vocational and social adjustment 8 years after first hospital discharge. While hospitalized the patients were given 15 measures of vocational development on a scale ranging from 13 to 52. Reliabilities (r) of the 15 measures ranged from r = 0.77 to r = 0.96, with the average reliability of the scale measured at 0.88. Eight years after discharge each patient was sent a questionnaire covering his/her school and employment history since discharge. Occupational status was classified by 3 categories: competitive labor market, student or homemaker, and unemployed. All data were subjected to intercorrelations and factor analysis. Five persons were employed in the competitive labor market, 1 was a student, 1 had retired after working for 6 1/2 years, and 17 were unemployed. Compared to a study of the same group after 4 years, 2 more persons were employed, including 1 who subsequently retired. The best predictors after 8 years were vocational plans, work interests, work values, remotivation, rehabilitation outlook, and grade completed. Four years after discharge, the best predictors were educational and vocational plans and remotivation and rehabilitation outlook. The findings indicated that patients with traumatic SCI did not significantly enhance their employment after another 4 years in the community. Nevertheless, 6 measures of vocational development were predictive of vocational adjustment after discharge.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[The work load of family physicians in deprived neighborhoods in Amsterdam: do their patients com more often?].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether residents from deprived Amsterdam neighbourhoods report more contacts with their general practitioner (GP) than other residents. DESIGN: Face-to-face health interview survey. SETTING: Amsterdam. METHODS: Data on two previous months' contacts with GPs and on background characteristics came from a survey among Amsterdam residents aged 16 years and above (n = 5,121; response: 61.4%). Deprived neighbourhoods were defined as having low mean incomes and high unemployment rates. RESULTS: Residents with a private health insurance from deprived neighbourhoods contacted their GPs significantly less frequently. The contact frequency of persons with compulsory health insurance depended on the definition of deprived neighbourhood: with the preferred definition they contacted their GPs more frequently (0.31/year, 0.49 adjusted for age and gender). This higher contact rate was partially connected with family composition, country of birth, occupational status and chronic psychiatric complaints. CONCLUSION: Quantitatively, residents from deprived Amsterdam neighbourhoods contribute relatively little to the higher workload of Amsterdam GPs; this study gave no information on qualitative aspects. However, Amsterdam residents with compulsory health insurance appeared to visit their GPs more frequently than the Dutch average, and those from deprived neighbourhoods even 9% more.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Blood parameters associated with atherogenic and thrombogenic risk in smokers and nonsmokers with similar life-styles.

Current evidence indicates that life-style factors can affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The life-style of cigarette smokers, as a group, differs in many ways from that of nonsmokers. Most studies that compare clinical pathologic findings related to atherogenic and thrombogenic risk in smokers and nonsmokers do not adequately control for most of the life-style differences between these two groups. In this study, a number of atherogenic risk factors (cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein/cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose) and thrombogenic risk factors (total white blood cell count, total red blood cell count; percent of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils; interleukin-1, leukotriene B4, hematocrit, hemoglobin, bilirubin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen) were compared in male and female cigarette smokers and non-smokers who were selected to have approximately similar self-reported life-styles (i.e., food, alcohol, and vitamin consumption and exercise level). However, the smokers (male and female) consumed more coffee (P < 0.05) than the nonsmokers. A trend toward blue-collar versus white collar occupational status was also observed in the male smokers relative to male nonsmokers. Cigarette consumption and urinary cotinine and carboxyhemoglobin levels did not differ between male and female smokers. Atherogenic and thrombogenic values were determined from venous blood samples. No statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences in clinical pathologic findings related to atherogenic risk were observed between the smokers and nonsmokers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Factors influencing mothers' decisions to consult a general practitioner about their children's illnesses.

BACKGROUND: In the management of childhood illness only a small proportion of symptoms result in a medical consultation. AIM: This pilot study set out to assess the influence of sociodemographic factors, social network, reason of choice of doctor and contact with allied health professionals on mothers' decisions to consult a general practitioner about their children's illnesses. METHOD: In one suburb of Melbourne, Australia all mothers with children aged 11 to 26 months were identified from the maternal and child health centre register. Mothers were invited for interview and if they attended were asked to keep a health diary for their child for four weeks. Logistic regression was used to test a multivariate model of factors predicting consultation with the general practitioner. RESULTS: A total of 150 mothers were identified. Interviews were carried out with 81% of target mothers and diary data collected for 72% of target children. Over the four-week diary period, consultation rates with the general practitioner were significantly higher if symptoms were recorded on 15 days or more, or the general practitioner had been recommended by a friend or was the mother's own doctor before the child's birth. Contact with a maternal and child health nurse was also a significant predictor of medical contact. Contact with friends and relatives, whether or not the study child was the first child in the family, mother's education, husband's occupational status or contact with a chemist were not significantly related to medical consultation rates. CONCLUSION: Choice of doctor (current doctor same as doctor before birth of child, or doctor recommended by a friend) resulted in significantly more consultations as did contact with a maternal and child health nurse. These factors would seem to require further study and inclusion in future models of consulting behaviour.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Outcome of functional psychoses in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.

In a study of 43 psychotics resident in a large metropolitan community of a non-Western country, scores of defined measures of illness outcome namely symptom score, social impairment score, change in occupational status score, indicate a generally poor prognosis in functional psychoses. This is congruent with the reports of similar studies in the industrialised countries and curiously at variance with the reports of better prognosis for several African and Asian patients. Our findings might be due to the fact that the population studied was exposed to significant western influence or contained poor prognosis illness variants. Alternatively, functional psychoses might run different courses among different ethnic groups within the same country. Our tentative findings should be base-stimulus for further enquiry.

Adolescent↗