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PubMed1976

The erosion of professional authority: a cross-cultural inquiry in the case of the physician.

The extent to which the erosion of professional authority observed in the United States is also occurring in the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R. is examined in the case of the primary care physician. Informal interviews with health practitioners in these diverse societies revealed that the model of the professions which bases physicians' autonomy and authority on the occupational characteristic of a monopoly of specialized knowledge is subject to some revision. Education of the patient emerged as a critical factor in eroding physician authority in both countries, while patient age affected authority relations differentially in the two societies. Despite variations in the level of bureaucratization of health care, the role of the physician, as gatekeeper to non-medical benefits, served to counteract the erosion trend in both. The legacy of deference to the upper classes in Great Britain and in the U.S.S.R., an ideology of health as a citizen's obligation plus the "mothering' ambience of a largely female personnel are varying societal characteristics which also affect physician authority.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Professional development activities of medical technologists: management implications for allied health.

Professional development activities enable individuals to develop beyond the fundamental skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes required for their present jobs. The process focuses on improving organizational efficiency while relying on the development of the individual employee. This study tracked a sample of 392 early-career medical technologists (MTs) to investigate antecedents of professional development. Results suggested that there were two related but distinct types of professional development, scholarship and administrative. Data from 1994 and 1997 repeat respondents indicated that both types of professional development increased. A differential pattern of significant correlates to each type of professional development emerged. The link between professional development and employees' occupational commitment may provide guidance to the allied health professions.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Overview of Athletic Training Education Research Publications.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the limited amount of peer-reviewed literature on athletic training education that has been published in athletic training journals. Publications that related specifically to the development of evaluation tools or specific addenda to the required athletic training curriculum were not included. BACKGROUND: As education reform continues to unfold in athletic training, it is important for all certified athletic trainers to understand the research that undergirds the educational practices in athletic training. Many of the profession's educational practices have been taken from standards and methods developed by the discipline of education, with very little validation for applicability to the discipline of athletic training. A very limited number of comprehensive scientific investigations of the educational standards and practices in athletic training education have been carried out; however, for more research to be conducted, it is essential that the currently available research be reviewed. DESCRIPTION: The summaries of athletic training educational research in this article include the topics of learning styles, facilitation of learning and professional development, instructional methods, clinical instruction and supervision, predictors of success on the National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification certification examination, program administration, and continuing education. The amount of research in athletic training education is limited when compared with the amount and quality of educational research available in other professions, such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. In this article, I attempt to describe the existing literature and identify what is needed to expand the breadth and depth of research in athletic training education. CLINICAL ADVANTAGES: This article is intended to help educators identify areas within athletic training education that require further validation and to provide both educators and clinicians with insight into the current validated educational practices that may be appropriate to incorporate into educational settings or practice.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Capacity to lead.

The presentation defines the nature of leadership, how it might be fostered, and how it might have the greatest impact on the allied health field. Leadership is defined as the "capacity to lead." Individuals with the capacity to lead generally have four key attributes: the skill to work and influence others; an awareness of the nature of conflict; an ability to implement the flow, adoption, and wise use of knowledge; and the ability to conceive and create innovative plans. If the American Society of Allied Health Professions is to increase the impact of allied health on health service delivery and to secure an indisputable place for the allied health professions in educational and health service settings, it will need to improve its capacity to lead. To this end, ASAHP is currently mounting a national program designed to nurture these attributes in its leadership. This endeavor is critical to the future and perhaps survival of the allied health professions.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Suicide deaths in England and Wales, 1982-92: the contribution of occupation and geography.

Following two previous articles which described changes that are occurring in suicide rates and trends in factors known to be associated with suicides, this article examines in greater depth the effect of occupation and geography on suicide mortality. For both men and women the highest risk occupations are mostly in Social Class I or II. The occupations at highest risk, which include several medical-related professions, and the method of suicide they choose, suggest that easy access to means of suicide is an important factor. Suicide rates for men aged 15-44 are generally higher in Inner London, rural areas, resort and retirement areas, and urban manufacturing areas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The representation of Hispanics in the health professions.

Hispanics are the country's second largest and fastest growing minority group. This investigation was conducted to review the preprofessional educational experience of Hispanics as well as their representation in the nation's schools of health professions. Findings revealed that Hispanics are the most undereducated major segment of the US population. The majority of all young Hispanics (60% to 75%) do not attend college at all and of those who do attend, less than 10% graduate. Deliberate policy decisions and a concerted national effort to recruit and train minority students in the health professions has resulted in a significant increase in the number of minority health professionals practicing in our country. However, available data clearly point to an underrepresentation of Hispanics in most of the health professions.

Allied Health Occupations↗

PubMed1994

[A social study of a group of depressed patients recovering in a private clinic].

Depression is a widespread illness in Sardinia and is treated mainly in private clinics which accept National Health patients. The aim of the present study was to evidence socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of depressed subjects who turn to these clinics. Furthermore we will examine the reason which led to the choice of a private clinic on the basis of services provided by the same, of those available in public hospitals and of patients' psychopathological history and socioeconomic characteristics. We examined 122 depressed patients who had been admitted to a private clinic in Cagliari over a period of six months. By means of a data collection sheet the following parameters were studied: sex, age, place of birth and residence, marital status, family nucleus, profession, level of education, head of the family's occupation, receipt of pension or subsidy, geriatric or other forms of assistance, diagnosis, age at onset of illness, characteristics of current episode, previous hospitalizations, treatment received (public or private), structures usually applied to patients, social welfare aid and reason for the same, psychiatric structures available locally, persons who had requested current and previous hospitalization, reason which had led to choice of clinic. Examination of data collected revealed that females are hospitalized (94.27%) more than males (5.73%); this finding is in agreement with data reported in the literature which evidence a higher incidence of depression among females. The majority of patients were in the over-50 age group (56.5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Acoustic evoked potentials in patients with vocal problems in relation to their hearing in wide frequency range].

The function of different compartments of the acoustic analyser was assessed by the findings at tonal audiometry in standard and extended range of frequencies (10, 12, 14 and 16 kHz) as well as by characteristics of acoustic evoked potentials. A total of 62 patients with chronic vocal dysfunction (CVD) and 20 subjects with normal hearing and voice were examined. CVD patients were found to have: normal hearing both in standard and extended range of frequencies (25.8%); normal hearing in standard but defective one in extended range of frequencies (51.6%); defective hearing sensitivity to tones both in standard (4, 6 and 8 kHz) and extended frequency range (22.58%). CVD patients with abnormal hearing in the extended frequency range exhibited affection of the brain stem and cortical compartments of the acoustic analyser. Acoustic evoked potentials were especially abnormal in patients with high hearing thresholds (17.4 +/- 1.6; 25.8 +/- 1.9, 29.7 +/- 2.1 dB) in standard frequency range (4, 6 and 8 kHz), respectively. In such patients the disease ran a protracted course with frequent relapses. These findings can help in making decision on the treatment policy, occupational fitness expertise and selection of patients with vocal professions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1997

[Relation between renal transplantation and work situation].

OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzed occupational rehabilitation following renal transplantation and its impact on social costs. METHODS/RESULTS: A survey was conducted on 493 patients who had undergone renal transplantation during 1979 to 1995. The results show that 27.76% were working after kidney transplantation versus 27.52% during dialysis. Retirement was the most common explanation given for not working (29.4%) when the percentage of those over age 65 accounted for 8%. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the occupational status in relation with sex, age, level of education, profession and type of dialysis disclosed that women aged 25-34 years, with a high level of education, who describe themselves as entrepreneurs and have had peritoneal dialysis, have a higher likelihood of working after transplantation.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2003

Feminism and women's health professions in Ontario.

Historically, prevailing gender ideologies were an important element in both the exclusionary strategies employed by male occupational groups and the countervailing responses by female groups. The way in which evolving gender ideologies, and feminism in particular, influence the continuing struggle for greater status and recognition by female professions, however, remains to be fully explored. In this paper, we examine the impact and the role of feminism and feminist ideologies within three female professional projects: nursing, dental hygiene and midwifery in Ontario. We argue that feminism provides an ideology of opposition that enables leaders in these professions to battle against professional inequalities by laying bare the gender inequalities that underlie them. Framing their struggles in feminist terms, female professions also seek recognition for the uniquely female contribution they make to the health care division of labour. At the same time, there exists a tension between ideals of feminism and ideals of professionalism, that has the potential to undermine female professional projects.

Female↗

PubMed1979

A model for establishing occupational therapy and physical therapy services in the public schools.

One procedure for the establishment of therapists in public schools and on management and administration teams in the State Department of Public Instruction, Division for Exceptional Children is discussed. A significant aspect of the procedure is a model for a working relationship between the Division for Exceptional Children and the Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Divisions in the Department of Medical Allied Health Professions in a School of Medicine.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Weaving the warp and weft of occupational therapy: an art and science for all times.

This article employs a metaphor of weaving in order to analyze, both historically and critically, the art and science of occupational therapy. To spark reflection about where occupational therapy has been, is now, and would like to progress as the new century approaches, the article is thematically organized around the profession's two most fundamental convictions. These convictions are termed the warp and weft of occupational therapy. The warp of occupational therapy is defined as our philosophical belief that engagement in occupation can favorably influence health. The weft of occupational therapy is defined as our humanistic value of respect for the person. Occupational therapy is, in turn, regarded as a powerful tapestry of human potential that unfolds when this belief and value are therapeutically applied. By analyzing selective clinical, educational, and research initiatives throughout this century, the article is dedicated to the continued adherence to, and development of, occupational therapy's core principles.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Untangling occupation and activity.

Activity and occupation are two core concepts of occupational therapy that are in need of differentiation. Occupation is defined here as a person's personally constructed, one-time experience within a unique context. Activity is defined as a more general, culturally shared idea about a category of action. The ways in which subjectivity and context are handled within the concepts of occupation and activity are keys to disentangling them. The proposed untangling of the two concepts into distinct definitions is congruent with their historical origins as well as with current definitional trends. Once occupation and activity are recognized as two separate and equally valuable concepts, they offer a rich set of theoretical relations for exploration. The clarity that will result from differentiating occupation and activity will enhance disciplinary discourse and research as well as enhance the intervention efficacy, moral surety, and political strength of the profession.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Helen Primrose LeVesconte: occupational therapy clinician, educator, and maker of history.

BACKGROUND: The Canadian history of our profession is not well known and our identity is thought to suffer as a result. Helen Primrose LeVesconte (7896-1982) is one pioneer in our development whose story has not been told. PURPOSE: Our purpose is to explore LeVesconte's life and work in order to expand knowledge of our roots and thereby strengthen our identity. METHOD: Using interpretive biography methods we draw on LeVesconte's own writings, articles written about her, and archival documents to describe turning point moments in her life and to display meaningful patterns in her work. RESULTS: LeVesconte's work as a clinician and her role and reputation as an educator, show her to have been a strong and visionary leader. Her views on the client's role, the importance of the therapist-client relationship, prevention, community-based programs, and vocational rehabilitation are of particular interest. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Because LeVesconte educated over 1,850 students while director of the occupational therapy program at the University of Toronto, her influence has been felt throughout the country. Her perspective is compared to current practice; and questions are raised as to aspects of her legacy and philosophy that might now be reconsidered.

Canada↗

PubMed2006

Lipoma due to chronic intermittent compression as an occupational disease.

A total of 15 coppersmiths who do the job as a traditional profession in Kahramanmaras Province were retrospectively analyzed for revealing a possible relationship of lipoma formation and chronic compression, as the work characteristic related to mechanical pressure to the right thoracal and shoulder region. The workers were examined and their historical data were noted. Chronic compression sites in the patients were also evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. The ages were between 30 and 52 years. Body mass index ranged from 18.6 to 38.8. Five were operated for visible lipomatous masses at their injured sites. All of the specimens were reported as containing mature adipocytes. An increased subcutaneous fat thickness at the injured sides of the patients was seen when compared with the uninjured contralateral sides using ultrasonography. At the magnetic resonance images, no capsule intensity was observed in the lipomatose masses. Subcutaneous fat of injured right mammarial regions was thicker than the other contralateral sides in all of the cases. The most prominent lipomas were seen in obese workers, and strong evidence for chronic trauma and lipoma formation as an occupational disease was obtained from the study.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Work-related complaints of dentists and dental assistants.

Occupational health problems of dental teams were investigated in 68 dentists and 90 dental assistants of Helsinki Health Centre. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used. Diagnosed diseases or discomforts of occupational origin were reported by 38% of the dentists and 12% of the dental assistants. Thirty-one percent of the dentists and 10% of the assistants reported having been on sick-leave during the 2 years prior to the survey because of some kind of occupational problem. As a consequence of years in the dental profession, musculoskeletal disorders of back and neck and stress were most frequently experienced by the dentists and rasH or allergic reactions and respiratory infection by the assistants. Only 1% of both professional groups reported no aches while practising dentistry during the 6 months preceding the survey. The vast majority of subjects took regular physical exercise but practice of muscular relaxation or gymnastics at the place of work was unusual. The results indicate that dental teams need functionally designed dental equipment and proper training in ergonomic methods.

Bone Diseases↗

PubMed1979

Selection of occupational therapy students.

A research study on the selection of students for entrance into the basic professional four-year occupational therapy curriculum at Elizabethtown College is presented in this paper. The study has tow primary objectives: the determination of factors that could serve to discriminate between prospective students who would remain in the program from those would withdraw; and the development of a mathematical model that could be used in future years for student selection to the occupational therapy program. It is suggested that the model can be applied to any educational setting, can effectively streamline the usual admissions process, and can ensure that qualified students enter occupational therapy programs and thus be an additional indicator for the success and continuation of the profession.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Determinants of health in nurses].

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 1980 among 824 nurses in 10 hospitals on the occasion of the annual checkups. The purpose was to describe the relationship between demographic and occupational characteristics and health, stressing the effects of work in shifts. Using Khi-2 tests and logistic models, the negative health effects of arduous shift work appear to be less than expected. This could be a result of the high turnover in the profession, which is characterized by a low average age and a short occupational lifetime.

Adult↗