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PubMed1994

Averbia as a selective naming disorder: a single case report.

After a moderate head injury a 33-year-old woman presented a selective defect in finding verbs and name actions. Objects, colors, body parts, and qualities were named in a normal way. No other associated aphasic defects were observed. It was proposed that the selection and use of verbs in their correct forms implies two different aspects, which eventually can become dissociated: (1) the ability to retrieve the lexical item (the action name); and (2) the ability to use the correct affixation, that is, to select the morphological form according to the current context. Only the second would be associated with agrammatism. Defects in the first aspect (selection of the lexical item) would represent a particular form of anomia, a category-specific anomia, or anomia for verbs (averbia). Our patient illustrated this particular type of category-specific naming disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The frequencies of disease names with the natural language used in the hospital information system.

The statistical behavior of disease names referred by physicians with the natural language in a large hospital information system is little known despite the theoretical and practical interest. To address this issue, we reviewed and investigated the usage-frequencies of 18,274 disease names, 10,288 for outpatient care and 7986 for inpatient care, referred from October 1983 to June 1992 with the notation of the natural language in Japanese by the use of the registration-retrieval system of disease names at Fukui Medical School, Japan. Consequently, we found that the investigated distributions did not conform to the Poisson distribution, but conformed well to the Polya-Eggenberger distribution in both cases of outpatient and inpatient care. It implies that the disease names with the natural language are possibly referred by physicians with some interrelations.

Disease↗
PubMed1998

Gender differences in colour naming performance for gender specific body shape images.

Males are increasingly subjected to pressures to conform to aesthetic body stereotypes. There is, however, comparatively little published research on the aetiology of male body shape concerns. Two experiments are presented, which investigate the relationship between gender specific body shape concerns and colour-naming performance. Each study comprised a between subject design, in which each subject was tested on a single occasion. A pictorial version of a modified Stroop task was used in both studies. Subjects colour-named gender specific obese and thin body shape images and semantically homogeneous neutral images (birds) presented in a blocked format. The first experiment investigated female subjects (N = 68) and the second investigated males (N = 56). Subjects also completed a self-report measure of eating behaviour. Currently dieting female subjects exhibited significant colour-naming differences between obese and neutral images. A similar pattern of colour-naming performance was found to be related to external eating in the male subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The changes of the thyroid function and serum testosterone levels after long-term L-NAME treatment in male rats.

Nitric oxide is a highly reactive gas that is produced by many tissues and exerts a series of physiological and pathophysiological effects. We studied the changes of the serum testosterone, thyroxine and thyrotropin levels, thyroid and anterior pituitary weights and thyroid cGMP concentrations in male Wistar strain rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) (1 mg/kg, im twice a week) and nonselective NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) alone and with combination of these substances. We have found that L-NAME in a dose 100 mg/kg/day but not in a dose 50 mg/kg/day increased the serum thyroxine and testosterone levels and in the case of testosterone in a higher dose partially blocked its drop when administered simultaneously with EB. The serum thyrotropin levels significantly fell after L-NAME and EB treatment. The cGMP thyroid levels changed only slightly in groups treated EB and L-NAME alone and were significantly decreased in group treated with combination of these substances. The nitric oxide thus seems to be an important modulator of thyroid and testicular function. The cGMP activation cascade is not probably involved in the nitric oxide induced changes of thyroid function.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by L-NAME in leukocytopenic patients with severe septic shock.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on hemodynamics and outcome in leukocytopenic (< 1000/microliter) patients with severe septic shock requiring strong vasopressor support. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit. PATIENTS: 10 patients with hematologic malignancies in chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia with severe septic shock and high-dose vasopressor requirement. INTERVENTION: Continuous intravenous infusion of L-NAME (0.3 mg/ kg per hour) for a study period of 24 h with prolongation for up to 96 h according to individual requirements. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Compared to baseline values, an increase in mean arterial pressure (p = 0.0021), systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.0001), and left ventricular stroke work index (p = 0.023) with a concomitant decrease in vasopressor requirement (p < 0.05) was observed during the first 24 h of L-NAME treatment. Cardiac output data were unchanged during the study period (p = 0.49). L-NAME was tapered off in five patients who again became responsive to vasopressor medication. Two patients survived the episode of septic shock and vasoactive medication was stopped. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase may be beneficial for the treatment of severe septic shock in leukocytopenic patients as indicated by an increase in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial pressure, and left ventricular stroke work index.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The contribution of nitric oxide to renal vascular wall thickening in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension.

We investigated the mechanisms of renal vascular wall thickening in a rat model of N-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension. To separate the effects of L-NAME-induced hypertension from other effects of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition, we created two models of L-NAME-induced hypertension: both had the same blood pressure level but NO inhibition was moderate in one group (group M) and severe in the other (group S). Urinary excretion of nitrates and nitrites was lower in group S than in group M. Wall thickening and lipid deposition in renal vessels were significantly greater in group S than in groups M. Simple and multiple regression analyses indicated that renal vascular wall thickening was more strongly correlated with lipid deposition than with blood pressure. The number of vessels positive for staining with Sudan black B was negatively correlated with urinary NO excretion. Expression of fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta was greater in the Sudan black B-positive than in the Sudan black B-negative vessels, suggesting that extracellular matrix production was increased in vessels with lipid deposition. Lipid deposition and increased production of extracellular matrix may contribute to renal vascular wall thickening in L-NAME-induced hypertension. Some mechanisms independent of hypertension play important roles in vascular wall thickening induced by NO inhibition.

Actins↗
PubMed2000

The effect of intraoperative colonic lavage with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on anastomotic healing in the presence of left-sided colonic obstruction in the rat.

The effect of intraoperative colonic lavage with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the healing of colonic anastomosis in the presence of a left-sided obstruction in the rat was investigated. Left-sided colonic obstruction was created in 144 Wistar rats. The obstruction site was excised 24h later and anastomosis was performed after either no irrigation or colonic lavage with either saline, povidone iodine (PI), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), L-NAME, or glutamine, in 24 animals each. Animals were killed on days 3 and 6, and a 4-cm colonic segment with the anastomosis at the center was excised. Bursting pressure (BP) and hydroxyproline (HP) content were measured. In the saline, PI, and SCFA groups, BP was higher (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively) and HP concentration was similar compared with controls. Both the BP and HP concentrations were higher in the glutamine group compared with controls (P < 0.001). BP was lower (P < 0.05) and HP concentration was similar in the L-NAME group compared with the control group. Colonocyte nutrition and tissue perfusion are the mainstays of anastomotic healing. Intraoperative colonic lavage with L-NAME suppresses colonic anastomotic healing in the presence of a left-sided obstruction.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2005

L-NAME administration prevents the inhibition of nucleotide hydrolysis by rat blood serum subjected to hyperargininemia.

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro effect of Arg on serum nucleotide hydrolysis. The action of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on the effects produced by Arg was also examined. Sixty-day-old rats were treated with a single or a triple (with an interval of 1 h between each injection) intraperitoneal injection of saline (group I), Arg (0.8 g/kg) (group II), L-NAME (2.0 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg) (group III) or Arg (0.8 g/kg) plus L-NAME (2.0 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg) (group IV) and were killed 1 h later. The present results show that a triple Arg administration decreased ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis. Simultaneous injection of L-NAME (20 mg/kg) prevented such effects. Arg in vitro did not alter nucleotide hydrolysis. It is suggested that in vivo Arg administration reduces nucleotide hydrolysis in rat serum, probably through nitric oxide or/and peroxynitrite formation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1996

The feasibility of linking hospital and police road crash casualty records without names.

Government and other agencies routinely collect complementary information on road crash casualties and there may be opportunities to widen the scope of data available for research and policy evaluation if mechanisms can be established to combine these data sources. Where unit record data are available, direct links within and between individual records can often be achieved using record linkage techniques. Without the benefit of unique identifiers, sufficient other identifying information such as the full name, date of birth and sex of the casualty, their role in the crash and the date of the crash are required to enable correct links between individual records to be made. However, all these data items may not be available and it is therefore important to investigate the effect this may have on the quality and quantity of links between records. The research reported here used the hospital admission and police records from the Western Australian Road Injury Database, which had previously been linked using all the identifying characteristics mentioned above, special purpose software and comprehensive manual checking. This set of linked records were considered to be a "gold standard" which could be used to measure the quantity and quality of links produced using fewer identifying characteristics. Results from this process showed that about 90% of the original links could be identified when a phonetic code of the family name of the casualty was used with age, sex, road user type and crash date. However, only about 50% of the original links were found if linking was performed without using names or phonetic name codes.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

Picture naming.

Picture naming has become an important experimental paradigm in cognitive psychology. To name a picture can be considered an elementary process in the use of language. Thus, its chronometric analysis elucidates cognitive structures and processes that underlie speaking. Essentially, these analyses compare picture naming with reading, picture categorizing, and word categorizing. Furthermore, techniques of double stimulation such as the paradigms of priming and of Stroop-like interference are used. In this article, recent results obtained with these methods are reviewed and discussed with regard to five hypotheses about the cognitive structures that are involved in picture naming. Beside the older hypotheses of internal coding systems with only verbal or only pictorial format, the hypotheses of an internal dual code with a pictorial and a verbal component, of a common abstract code with logogen and pictogen subsystems, and the so-called lexical hypothesis are discussed. The latter postulates two main components: an abstract semantic memory which, nevertheless, also subserves picture processing, and a lexicon that carries out the huge amount of word processing without semantic interpretation that is necessary in hearing, reading, speaking and writing.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Factors influencing naming performance in aphasia: a review of the literature.

The naming performance of aphasic patients may vary substantially, depending upon linguistic factors associated with the target words, characteristics of the referent (real or pictured), the manner in which the response is elicited, and the particular situation in which the naming response is produced. Furthermore, the specific influence of certain of these factors on naming performance appears to vary with type of aphasia. This article reviews and evaluates the literature pertaining to factors that influence adult aphasics' naming performances. Implications for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Speed of color naming and degree of familial sinistrality: correlation in girls, no correlation in boys.

Twenty-nine male and 35 female right-handed children, aged 5 to 7, were assessed for the effect of familial sinistrality on a rapid color-naming task. Controlling for age and family size, a significant effect for degree of familial sinistrality was found in the girls but not in the boys. Among the girls, those with two or more left-handed or ambidextral relatives were the fastest on the color-naming task, those with no such relatives were the slowest, and those with only one left-handed or ambidextral relative scored between the other two groups in color-naming speed. It is suggested that a gene associated with left-handedness, when present in a right-hander, interacts with sex to produce the superior color-naming performance that we observed in girls but not in boys.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

The effect of stimulus color on naming performance of aphasic adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect that color in visual stimuli may have on the confrontation naming ability of aphasic patients. A group of 11 nonfluent and fluent aphasic adults were administered identical black and white and colored versions of a naming test. Administration procedure for the tests required that a phonemic cue be given in the event of an incorrect response. The results revealed that the presence of color in the visual stimuli did not result in significantly improved naming performance in either group of subjects. Only the addition of the phonemic cue resulted in improved naming performance for both the nonfluent and fluent aphasic subjects. Further, no additional benefit was seen when color and cue were simultaneously presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The semantic deficit in aphasia: the relationship between semantic errors in auditory comprehension and picture naming.

Thirty aphasic subjects were asked to point to pictures on auditory command both when the distractors came from the same semantic category as the target and when the distractors were unrelated to the target picture. The aphasics made significantly more semantic errors than non-aphasic brain-damaged controls; the incidence of semantic comprehension errors was unrelated to aphasic diagnostic groups but was related to the overall severity of aphasia. The subjects were subsequently asked to name the pictures from the comprehension task; pictures that had elicited semantic errors in comprehension were no less likely to be named than those that had not, but the incidence of semantic errors in comprehension correlated significantly with their incidence in naming. The implications of a semantic deficit common to both auditory comprehension and naming that is not specific to particular lexical items is discussed in relation to a number of information processing models of the lexicon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Optic aphasia with spared action naming: a description and possible loci of impairment.

A brief functional description is given of an optic aphasic patient, A.G., who shows a pure and isolated deficit in naming visually presented objects on confrontation, but with sparing of visual action names. We show how some tasks related to imagery are compromised in this patient and speculate on possible functional site(s) of impairment in terms of the routes from perception to naming. We suggest why action naming may be spared in such cases.

Anomia↗
PubMed1983

Confrontation naming impairment in dementia.

The effects of dementia etiology and severity on the confrontation naming ability of individuals with Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases and multi-infarct dementia are investigated. Although naming impairment is reported as a consequence of dementing illness, confrontation naming is not found to be significantly impaired in mildly involved patients. Further, although moderate Huntington's and Parkinson's patients made more naming errors than normals, only moderate Alzheimer's disease patients are found to be significantly different. Regardless of etiology, most misnamings are found to be semantically related or semantically and visually related to the stimulus. Results challenge the theory that misnamings of dementia patients result primarily from misperception.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Picture-naming in aphasia.

The distribution of picture-naming errors for Broca's aphasics (n = 9), Wernicke's aphasics (n = 9), conduction aphasics (n = 9), frontal anomics (n = 7), and posterior anomics (n = 9) was examined to determine the diagnostic power of error types in picture-naming. Negated responses were associated with Broca's aphasia, whole-part errors ("hose" for nozzle) were associated with frontal anomia, and poor phonemic cuing was associated with Wernicke's aphasia. In addition, the relative distribution of the three most prominent naming errors-phonemic errors, semantic errors, and multiword circumlocutions-tended to distinguish the two anomic subgroups from the other aphasia subgroups. Anomic aphasics produced the fewest phonemic errors and the most multiword circumlocutions; this pattern suggests minimal word-production difficulty in anomic aphasia relative to the other aphasia syndromes. Despite such group differences, the overall picture indicates that there is considerable similarity among aphasia syndromes in terms of picture-naming behavior.

Anomia↗
PubMed1986

Effects of hypnosis and imagery training on naming behavior in aphasia.

The effects of hypnosis and imagery training on the naming behavior of three subjects with Broca's aphasia were investigated using a multiple baseline design across subjects. Treatment consisted of the induction of hypnosis, followed by guided imagery focused on the physical and functional attributes of stimulus objects. Measures of naming ability on both trained and untrained items were taken at baseline, after every training session, and a few hours after training each day. Measures were also taken of imagery ability, hypnotic susceptibility, and psychological state. Results indicated that treatment facilitated improvement in naming ability, over baseline level, for two subjects. In the case of the third subject, the verbal label was incorporated into the imagery procedure following 10 training sessions. Subsequently, this subject's naming behavior improved over baseline level. The results are discussed in terms of current theory and research in neuropsychology and cognitive psychology.

Anomia↗