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PubMed1987

Clinical features of burning mouth syndrome.

A study was carried out to compare the clinical features of 102 subjects suffering from burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and 43 age- and sex-matched control subjects. In comparison with those in the control group, the BMS subjects reported a significantly higher prevalence of dry mouth, thirst, taste and sleep disturbances, headaches, nonspecific health problems, pain complaints, and severe menopausal symptoms, but no significant differences in other oral or dental features or in the prevalence of candidiasis infection. In addition, there was no hematologic evidence of a nutritional disturbance in more than 90% of the BMS subjects tested, but immunologic abnormalities and an elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were found in more than 58% and 63% of the BMS subjects, respectively. These findings demonstrate those features which distinguish BMS subjects from age- and sex-matched control subjects but provide no confirmatory evidence for many of the etiologic factors frequently suggested for BMS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dermoid cyst in the floor of the mouth. Review of the literature and case reports.

Dermoid cyst, frequently used to describe three closely related histologic cysts, the dermoid, epidermoid, and teratoma, is commonly considered a rare finding in the floor of the mouth. This review, which identifies 195 case reports of dermoid cysts in the floor of the mouth, has unveiled some findings that do not support conclusions expressed in previous articles. Examination of the literature includes muscle influence on clinical presentation and surgical approaches, locations, age distribution, histologic distribution, infection rate, incidence of multiple cysts, fibrous attachments, airway problems, anesthesia administration, surgical difficulties, and diagnostic aids. Brief suggestions in treatment are made in light of the clinical, radiographic, and historic findings. Three clinical cases are also included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effect of intersource spacing on local control and complications in brachytherapy of mobile tongue and floor of mouth.

From 1971 to 1988, 133 T1 and 141 T2 biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinomas of mobile tongue and floor of mouth were definitively managed by Iridium-192. Implantations were performed using either guide gutters or afterloading plastic catheters. The prescribed dose at the reference isodose (85% of the basal dose rate, Paris system) was 60-70 Gy. Total dose was not adjusted to dose rate or tumor volume. Results of the 274 implants have been analysed to look for a possible influence of intersource spacing on local control and necrosis. Follow up for patients free of local recurrence is 1-180 months with median of 35 months. The 274 tumors were divided into two groups according to intersource spacing: 9-14 mm (n = 204), and 15-20 mm (n = 70). At 5 years, the estimated local control (Kaplan Meier) was 86% and 76%; respectively (p = 0.13); the necrosis rate was 33% and 46%, respectively (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis shows that dose and activity of wires were significantly related to local control, while only tumor site was predictive of necrosis; there was a non-statistically significant relationship between intersource spacing of wires and local control (p = 0.055). When considering only patients with oral tongue cancers, necrosis was significantly related to activity of wires (p = 0.013), and there was a non-significant trend to a relationship between necrosis and intersource spacing (p = 0.066) and tumor diameter (p = 0.065). For patients with floor of mouth cancer, none of these factors was significantly related to necrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Electromyographic activity evaluation and comparison of the orbicularis oris (lower fascicle) and mentalis muscles in predominantly nose- or mouth-breathing subjects.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oris--lower fascicle (LOO) muscle and the mentalis muscle (MT)--in predominantly nose-breathing (PNB) and mouth-breathing (PMB) subjects. METHODS: Thirty-four subjects, 22 PNB and 12 PMB, with Class II Division 1 malocclusions were evaluated in 2001 (T1) and again in 2004 (T2), 2 years 5 months later. The age ranges of the sample were 11 years to 14 years 11 months at T1, and 13 years 4 months to 16 years 6 months at T2. EMG activity was recorded with bipolar surface electrodes at rest and during 12 movements; data were processed and normalized by the EMG highest value. The Student t test and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test were used to compare the mean values and the variables between the observation times. RESULTS: Greater EMG activity of the MT was observed in the PMB group at rest and swallowing at T1 and T2. At T2, increased EMG activity of the LOO at blowing and pronunciation of the phoneme \b\ was observed as well as a greater increment of EMG activity of this muscle at blowing, pronunciation of the phoneme \m\, and chewing in the PMB group. In addition, greater EMG activity of the MT at chewing in the PMB group was observed at T2. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that mouth breathing influences EMG activity of the LOO and MT muscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Validation of binary ethyleneimine (BEI) used as an inactivant for foot and mouth disease tissue culture vaccine.

The complete inactivation of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus is a critical requirement in the production of FMD vaccine to ensure the safety of the product. Binary ethyleneimine (BEI) is an aziridine compound, produced from bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) commonly used for the inactivation of FMD virus during vaccine manufacturing. The validation of BEI, when used as an inactivant, is essential to ensure the quality of the inactivating agent and the validity of the process. In the present study, the inactivation kinetics of Foot and Mouth Disease virus (O, A and Asia-1 serotypes) were determined for different concentrations of BEI (0.4 mM, 0.8 mM, 1.2 mM, 1.6 mM and 2.0 mM). Statistically significant differences in the inactivation kinetics were observed between 0.4 mM and 1.6 mM of BEI. The results indicated that BEI at 1.6 mM was able to inactivate the FMD virus within 8-10 h. Increasing the concentration of BEI beyond 1.6 mM did not appreciably improve the inactivation process. No differences in the inactivation kinetics were found between the various serotypes studied. This study can be used as a guideline for routine procedures for validating the quality of BEA and the inactivation process.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Non-capsid proteins to identify foot-and-mouth disease viral circulation in cattle irrespective of vaccination.

The ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to establish subclinical and even persistent infection, the so called carrier state, imposes the need to reliably demonstrate absence of viral circulation, to monitor the progress of control measures, either during eradication programs or after reintroduction of virus in free areas. This demonstration becomes critical in immunized populations, because of the concern that silent viral circulation could be hidden by immunization. This concern originates from the fact that vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) protects against clinical disease, but not necessarily against subclinical infection or establishment of the carrier state in cattle. A novel approach, developed and validated at PANAFTOSA during the 1990s, based on an immunoenzymatic system for detection of antibodies against non-capsid proteins (NCP) has proven valuable for monitoring viral circulation within and between herds, irrespective of the vaccination status. Antibodies against NCP are induced during infection but, in principle, not upon vaccination. The validation of this system led to its international recognition as the OIE index test. The fitness of this serosurvey tool to assess viral circulation in systematically vaccinated populations was demonstrated through its extensive application in most regions in South America. The experience attained in these regions supported the incorporation of the "free of FMD with vaccination" provisions into the OIE code. Likewise, it opened the way to alternatives to the "stamping out" policy. The results gave input to an old controversy related to the real epidemiological significance, if any, of carrier animals under the vaccination conditions in South America, and supported the development of recommendations and guidelines that are being implemented for serosurveys that go with control measures in vaccinated populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Catenin expression in T1/2 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth.

Reduction of the expression of catenin is a crucial step in the pathogenesis, progression and prognosis of many epithelial cancers including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Catenin expression in oral carcinomas was evaluated in relation to clinico-pathological features in order to determine its value as a prognostic marker. Eighty-five patients with histologically proven T1/2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral floor who underwent surgical treatment were eligible for the study. A tissue microarray consisting of multiple representative tissue cores of each carcinoma was composed. The expression levels of alpha, beta and gamma-catenins were determined immunohistologically. Correlation between clinical features and the expression of catenin proteins was evaluated statistically using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests and chi(2)-tests. Loss of alpha-catenin expression in carcinoma of the floor of the mouth correlated significantly with poor prognosis (P=0.05). Conversely, significantly reduced rates of lymph-node metastases were observed in alpha- and beta-catenin-positive T1 and T2 SCCs. Loss of gamma-catenin expression indicated a reduced survival rate in nodal-negative tumours (P=0.02). Catenin expression in carcinomas of the floor of the mouth seems to be a predictive parameter in the prognosis of T1 and T2 SSCs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development and comparison of genome detection assays for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease suspected clinical samples.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from clinical specimens by conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus isolation in cell culture is often compromised owing to limited sensitivity and inactivation during transit, respectively. A RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA in both solid and aqueous phase hybridization formats targeting an across serotype conserved site at 3C-3D region was developed and its effectiveness was compared with that of the known targets at the IRES region. A non-isotopic RNA dot hybridization assay with colorimetric detection targeting both the IRES and the 3D region were also validated, which is capable of handling high throughput samples with ease. RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA and dot hybridization assay showed 1000- and 10-fold greater sensitivity than the sandwich ELISA, respectively. Robustness of these diagnostic methods was explored by examining on sandwich ELISA-negative clinical samples. Both the assays developed in the present study were able to detect viral genomes in samples undetectable by conventional ELISA, thereby demonstrating 'proof of sensitivity'. Although the potential of these assays for providing definitive diagnosis in carrier hosts and in species where clinical disease is inapparent remains to be examined, nevertheless these assays can be adapted for comprehensive surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in India.

3C Viral Proteases↗
PubMed2005

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus confers complete clinical protection in 7 days and partial protection in 4 days: Use in emergency outbreak response.

Recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) demonstrate that this highly contagious viral infection of cloven hoofed animals continues to be a significant economic problem worldwide. Debate about the most effective way to respond to outbreaks of FMDV in disease free countries continues to center on the use of vaccines. In this report, we present data showing that a commercially available, standard dose vaccine formulation can fully protect cattle against direct challenge with the virus in as little as 7 days with no carrier transmission to naïve animals. Cattle challenged 4 days after vaccination have reduced disease severity, no detectable virus in blood and little virus shedding from nasal secretions. These significant effects at 4 days post vaccination, confirmed in two separate trials, support the value of using currently available vaccines as a first line of defense against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle.

There has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Europe, according to which, spread of the FMD virus (FMDV) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. Since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with FMDV following challenge exposure, it is necessary to either remove all vaccinates (vaccinate-to-kill) or to detect and remove vaccinates in which virus is circulating or has established persistent infections (vaccinate-to-live), in order to rapidly regain the most favoured trading status of FMD-free without vaccination. The latter approach can be supported by testing vaccinated animals for the presence of antibodies to certain non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV, which are induced by infection with the virus, but not by vaccination with purified FMD vaccines. Using test sensitivity and specificity data established at a recent workshop on NSP assays [Brocchi E, Bergmann I, Dekker A, Paton DJ, Sammin DJ, Greiner M, et al. Comparative performance of six ELISAs for antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine, in press], this paper examines the ways in which serological testing with NSP ELISAs can be used and interpreted and the effect that this will have on the confidence with which freedom from infection can be demonstrated within guidelines specified by the World Animal Health Organisation and the European Commission.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine IL-18 on foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in mice model.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and can cause a considerable socio-economic loss for affected countries. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays important role in both the development of a functional immune system as well as the response of the organism to infection. In the present study, bovine IL-18 (BoIL-18), Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 and VP1/BoIL-18 fusion genes were cloned and expressed in pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and subsequently immune effects were evaluated to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant BoIL-18 (rBoIL-18) on FMD vaccination. The results showed that the genes encoding for BoIL-18, VP1 and VP1/BoIL-18 are successfully expressed in P. pastoris and the expressed recombinant VP1 (rVP1) proteins could induce both humoral and marginal cell-mediated immune responses in mice, while the co-inoculation with rBoIL-18 could markedly enhance both of immune responses, and the inoculation of the fusion product rVP1/BoIL-18 showed even more dramatic immune responses, suggesting rBoIL-18 has a potential to enhance the efficacy of vaccination against FMDV infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

No foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission between individually housed calves.

The foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in The Netherlands in 2001 most likely started on a mixed veal-calf/dairy-goat farm. The outbreak among the 74 calves on this farm appeared to be limited to four animals, and no clinical signs of FMD were reported. Also on a second veal-calf farm minor clinical signs and limited virus transmission were observed. Since FMD is known to be a very contagious disease, and can cause severe lesions, these observations were disputed. Therefore, we carried out two experiments to determine whether the Dutch FMD virus isolate from 2001 does spread among individually housed calves with limited contacts, either indirect (experiment 1) or direct (experiment 2). In experiment 1, four pairs of calves were housed in an individual box at 1m distance from each other. In experiment 2, two groups of three calves were housed in individual boxes, directly bordering each other. We infected one animal per pair in experiment 1, and the calf in the middle in experiment 2. We recorded clinical signs, virus shedding in saliva and the development of antibodies. In addition, we determined whether the virus was transmitted from the inoculated calves to the neighbour(s). All inoculated calves showed mild signs of FMD--fever, and some vesicles on hooves and/or in the mouth--but only one calf showed signs that were visible without physical examination. All inoculated calves shed virus in the saliva and developed neutralising antibodies. None of the contact animals seroconverted, indicating that virus transmission did not occur. These experiments showed that no virus transmission among individual housed calves can occur. This finding supports the hypothesis of the route of virus introduction to The Netherlands in 2001 and show that the observations on the two veal-calf farms were not impossible.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Treating tumors of the sublingual glands, including a useful technique for repair of the floor of the mouth after resection.

BACKGROUND: From a 55-year experience with about 4,000 patients treated for salivary gland tumors, we have identified 18 patients (0.5%) who received definitive treatment for neoplasms arising in the sublingual glands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient ages ranged from 35 to 76 years (median 59), and men and women were equally represented. All had malignant tumors, which included adenoid cystic carcinoma (9 patients), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (5 patients), and adenocarcinoma (4 patients). An asymptomatic swelling was the most common complaint (7 patients); the tumor was incidentally discovered by a dentist in 4 others. For all patients, the treatment delay ranged from 3 to 24 months, but only 3 had lesions that extended beyond the confines of the floor of the mouth. All were treated surgically by resections, which were peroral in 4 patients, transcervical in 5, and pull-through type (including the submandibular gland) in 7. The remaining 2 patients had composite procedures. In 3 more recently treated patients, pull-through resections were followed by a floor-of-the-mouth repair involving transmandibular sutures. This technique has proved useful and will be described in detail. RESULTS: Results in this small patient cohort have been most encouraging. Local recurrence occurred in 3 patients who succumbed 11 months, 27 months, and 21 years after initial treatment. Fourteen others remain alive and well 20 months to 20 years (median 74 months) posttreatment, and the remaining patient was recurrence free when he died of unrelated causes 7 years after resection. CONCLUSION: This small experience confirms the rarity of sublingual gland tumors and attests to the good results in terms of function and survival that can be anticipated with adequate surgical treatment when the lesion is relatively small.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Burning mouth syndrome: a review of etiologies.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Dental practitioners occasionally have patients present clinically with a history of chief complaint of burning and painful sensations in the oral cavity. Often the patient demonstrates clinically normal mucosa, which can make formulating a diagnosis challenging. This scenario, has been referred to as burning mouth syndrome, a multifactorial syndrome. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to present a review of etiologic factors and clinical implications related to the condition of burning mouth syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Foot and mouth disease.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) affects cloven-footed animals. It is caused by seven species ("types") of Foot and Mouth virus (FMDV) in the genus aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae (). FMDV is a single-stranded RNA virus, with a protein coat consisting of four capsid proteins enumerated as VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 (Garland and Donaldson 1990).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative selection and random drift of genomes. Adaptation is the result of selective amplification of subpopulations of genomes. The extent of adaptation to a given environment is quantified by a relative fitness value. Fitness values depend on the virus and its physical and biological environment. Generally, infections involving large population passages result in fitness gain and population bottlenecks lead to fitness loss. Very different types of mutations tend to accumulate in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome depending on the virus population size during replication. Quasispecies dynamics predict higher probability of success of antiviral strategies based on multivalent vaccines and combination therapy, and this has been supported by clinical and veterinary practice. Quasispecies suggest also new antiviral strategies based on virus entry into error catastrophe, and such procedures are under investigation. Studies with FMDV have contributed to the understanding of quasispecies dynamics and some of its biological implications.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach.

European foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). The method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. Alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody titres to protection from challenge. Logistic regression analysis of data from two independent research laboratories, representing six of the seven main serotypes of FMD, permitted the parameterisation of these models and indicated that a significant relationship existed between antibody titre and probability of protection. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the parameters of logistic models fitted to different strains within the serotypes A, O, and SAT-3, or when strains from serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, or SAT-1 and SAT-3, were combined. However, significant differences in the model parameters did exist between different laboratories. Using these models a bootstrap analysis suggested that for vaccines that induced consistently high titres, as few as six to eight individual animals could be used to establish with confidence the minimum protective doses that would protect 50% of vaccinated animals. We conclude that a serologically evaluated truncated test that eliminates the need to virus challenge cattle is a credible alternative for quantifying vaccine potency.

Algorithms↗