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PubMed1984

Differentiating violent and nonviolent opiate-addicted reformatory inmates with the MMPI.

Used multivariate profile analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis in an effort to discriminate among four groups of male opiate-addicted reformatory inmates (N = 193) classified according to degree of criminal violence: (1) Bodily Violent (N = 19); (2) Potentially Bodily Violent (N = 25); (3) Materially Violent (N = 113); and (4) Nonviolent (N = 36). Profile analysis indicated that the four groups were very similar; a stepwise discriminant analysis significantly distinguished the Bodily Violent group from each of the other groups, but failed to differentiate successfully among the remaining three groups. A second stepwise discriminant analysis, in which Groups 2, 3 and 4 were combined, produced a significant discriminant function and correctly classified 68.4% of the Bodily Violent group and 75.9% of the combined Nonbodily Violent groups. The MMPI scales that contributed most to the latter prediction of group membership, in relative order of discriminating power, were: F, MA, D, PD, HS, PA and SI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Characteristics of DSM-III borderline MMPI profiles.

Examined the distinction between the MMPI mean profile (8-4-2) obtained for a sample of 27 psychiatric inpatients diagnosed as borderline on the basis of DSM-III criteria, and the actual frequency distribution of scale elevations and code-types within the sample. Results of this study support the findings of previous investigations of a peak on scale 8, but suggest that the heterogeneity of this population will probably preclude the specification of any two- or three-point code type which would be obtained by even a sizable minority of a given sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Reply to "Validity of five MMPI alcoholism scales: a critique and reanalysis".

Replied to Hays and Stacy's critique of an article by Holmes, Dungan and McLaughlin in which the validity of MMPI alcoholism scales was questioned. Hays and Stacy asserted that the original authors misinterpreted the results of the statistical analyses. The present article presents support for the original conclusions and comments on Hays and Stacy's reanalysis.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1984

The relationship of MacAndrew alcoholism scale scores to MMPI profile type and degree of elevation.

Collected MMPI data for 38 Caucasian males who were hospitalized in a Veterans Administration alcoholism treatment program. On the basis of a Q-factor analysis, three prototypic profiles were derived, which adequately described 92% of the sample. These profiles were labeled: Type I (scales 1 and 2), Type II (F-K, Scales 4 and 9), and Type III (Scales K, 3 and 4). Type II was found to be correlated positively with scores on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. No relationship was found between MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale scores and magnitude of psychological distress, as measured by mean T scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The schizophrenia-organicity (SC-O) and psychiatric-organic (P-O) MMPI scales: a review.

Reviewed the research on the MMPI Schizophrenia-Organicity (Sc-O) and Psychiatric-Organic (P-O) Scales, measures developed to separate brain-damaged patients from schizophrenics and from functional psychiatric patients as a whole. Over 10 cross-validations, the average Sc-O scale hit rate has been 69%, which suggests that it is a better differentiator of brain-damaged from schizophrenic males than most popular ability-based organicity tests. Hit rates for five studies that contrasted organic and psychiatric patients on the P-O scale also averaged 69%. The scales appear to be useful in both medical and psychiatric hospitals, but their validities in female samples are not well established. A system for making diagnostic decisions from ability and personality measures in combination is described, and evidence is cited that it improves on the hit rates achieved by either type of test alone.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1984

Age differences in MMPI scale scores from 1,189 psychiatric patients.

Investigated age-related differences in MMPI scale scores from 1,189 individuals (ages 20 to 64 years) who were applying for psychiatric treatment. All major scales except L, K, D, and SI showed statistically significant age group differences. In general, older patients had higher scores on HS and HY, while younger patients had higher scores on F, PD, PA, PT, SC, MA. These results underscore the importance of the age of the patient in the clinical interpretation of an individual protocol.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Do anorexics and schizophrenics look alike on the MMPI? A critique.

MMPI data presented by Small, Madero, Gross, Teagno, Leib, and Ebert (1981), contrary to the authors' conclusion, show distinct differences, consistent with the clinical diagnosis in the case of the schizophrenic patients, and suggestive of an affective disorder in the anorexic patients.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1985

MMPI codetypes characteristic of DSM-III schizophrenics, depressives, and bipolars.

The association between various MMPI codetypes and DSM-III schizophrenics, depressives, and bipolars (manic or depressed) (N = 169) was examined. Most codetypes predictive of bipolar-depressed also predicted major depression, yet these codetypes were not characteristic of bipolar-manic. Furthermore, "affective" codetypes often overlapped with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Age differences on alcoholic MMPI scales: a discriminant analysis approach.

Ninety-one male alcoholic inpatients were administered the MMPI after detoxification. Subjects were divided into four age groups. One-way analysis of variance was calculated on the 13 clinical scales and 15 experimental scales (A, R, ES, MT, LB, CA, DY, DO, RE, PR, ST, CN, AT, SO-R, AMAC). In addition, two discriminant analyses were calculated to evaluate whether the inclusion of the 15 experimental scales would increase the percent of correctly classified alcoholics according to age. Results indicated that the Psychopathic Deviant and Paranoia scales declined with increasing age. The Low Back Pain scale indicated a decline from the 50-65 group to the 20-29 group, while the Responsibility scale increased with age. Results from the two discriminant analyses suggested that inclusion of the 15 experimental scales improved the percentage of correctly classified alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Using the 1983 norms for the MMPI: code type frequencies in four clinical samples.

MMPI responses obtained from a large random sample of midwestern adults who were 18 through 99 years old and had no physically or mentally handicapping condition yielded a pattern significantly different from the pattern of the original norms. From these data, two new kinds of normative tables have been developed: Norms that reflect, for each sex, the response pattern of the general adult population, and a set of tables, separate for each sex, that allow comparisons to be based on age. In addition, the traditional scoring procedures based on a linear transformation that maintains any underlying skewness of the raw score distribution has been replaced by procedures that yield normalized T scores. The changes that are apparent at the item and scale level are also evident in the frequency with which certain 1- and 2-point codes occur in normal and clinical samples. These changes are apt to make our interpretive statements more meaningful because they are based on contemporary norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

MMPI measures of psychological disturbance in adolescent and adult victims of father-daughter incest.

The MMPI was used to study psychological disturbance in two different age groups of victims of father-daughter incest. The profiles of a group of 27 adolescent victims and 31 adult victims were compared and analyzed. All subjects had a history of being molested when they were children by their fathers or stepfathers, and all were in psychotherapy at the time of testing. In order to establish clear age differentiation between the two groups, no adolescent was over the age of 19 and no subject in the adult group was under age 30 when they were tested. The results indicated that the overall profiles were more elevated for the adult victims than for the adolescent victims. Both groups were elevated (T greater than 70) on Scale 8 (Sc), and the adults also were elevated on Scale 4 (PD), while the adolescents were high (T = 69) on Scale 9 (MA). The results are discussed in terms of core personality disturbance shared by the two groups and the probable influence of time or age on how the psychopathology is expressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Applying posttraumatic stress disorder MMPI subscale to World War II POW veterans.

In order to determine whether the MMPI-PTSD subscale has application for assessing DSM-III diagnosed PTSD among populations other than Vietnam veterans, a group of WWII POWs (N = 69) were given the subscale. Results indicated that the use of the PTSD subscale can be generalized to older veterans; in a small sample of Pacific POWs, PTSD is more common among those from the Pacific theater than those from Europe. However, the subscale fails to distinguish between Pacific and European POW veterans. Difficulties in sampling and confounding stressors are discussed, as well as implications for treatment of WWII veterans.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Normative tables for the F-K index of the MMPI based on a contemporary normal sample.

Recent work with the F-K index of the MMPI has reaffirmed its usefulness for identifying dissimulation. However, the potential usefulness of any index of malingering is dependent on its frequency of occurrence in the normal population. This article presents normative tables for the F-K index based on a contemporary normative sample of 335 normal women and 304 normal men.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

An MMPI analysis of similarities and differences in three classifications of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and morbid obesity.

While considerable clinical literature exists on the personality characteristics of the different classifications of eating disorders, standardized psychometric measures have not often been utilized to compare the various disorders with each other. The present investigation employed the MMPI to study the similarities and differences of the mean profiles of 30 hospitalized anorexic patients, 30 hospitalized bulimic patients, 30 morbidly obese outpatients, and 30 subjects in a matched control group. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the overall profiles of the three experimental groups, but that all differed from the control group. Individual scale analysis demonstrated that the three experimental groups shared a core disturbance demonstrated by common elevations on scales 1 (HS), 2 (D), and 4 (PD). Differences on scales 6 (PA), 7 (PT), 8 (SC), and 0 (SI) were discussed in terms of the specific manifestations of the core disturbance symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A cross-validation of the Keane and Penk MMPI scales as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The scores of DSM-III-diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients (N = 116), psychiatric patients who did not meet the criteria, and normals (N = 19) on the Keane, Malloy, and Fairbank (1984) PTSD and Penk Combat scales for the MMPI were compared. The Keane scale discriminated PTSD-positive patients from normals at a substantial level of accuracy (omega 2 = .23; mean hit rate = 80.5%) and PTSD-positive from PTSD-negative patients at a more modest level (omega 2 = .09; mean hit rate = 64%). The scores of the PTSD-positive and PTSD-negative patients were considerably lower than those of Keane et al.'s (1984) samples, which suggests that local norms may be needed to facilitate their interpretation. The Penk Combat Intensity scale, which was correlated highly with the Keane scale, differentiated the PTSD-positive patients from both the normals and the PTSD-negative patients, but with less differentiating power (omega 2'S = .07 and .08). The Penk Combat Exposure scale did not separate the groups.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed1986

An investigation of the utility of an MMPI posttraumatic stress disorder subscale.

This study attempted to cross-validate an MMPI subscale designed to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PTSD subscale scores of 19 Vietnam combat veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD were compared to those of 40 Vietnam era veterans with a psychiatric diagnosis other than PTSD. Diagnostic hit rates were considerably lower than those reported in the original investigation despite several attempts to control for misdiagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of borderline syndrome disorders to early schizophrenia on the MMPI.

An intriguing question in modern psychopathology is the relationship of borderline syndrome disorders to other psychopathological conditions and to each other. The present study compared groups of DSM-III defined Borderline Personality Disorder (N = 51), Schizotypal Personality Disorder (N = 14), and Mixed Borderline-Schizotypal Personality Disorder (N = 17), with CATEGO diagnosed Schizophrenic Disorder of recent onset (N = 30) and nonpsychiatric controls (N = 20) on the MMPI. Profile and individual scale analyses revealed gross elevations on multiple scales in each of the patient groups, as compared with controls. Subtle differences in test performance between the borderline personality and schizotypal personality groups are noted and are consistent with their separation as disorders in DSM-III. Multivariate profile analyses distinguished the borderline, schizotypal, and early schizophrenic groups from each other, but not from the mixed personality group. Thus, this latter group may serve to bridge these diverse populations.

Adolescent↗