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[Labor and mental hygiene: the process of discourse production in this field in Brazil].

This investigation of discourse production in Brazil's field of hygienic psychiatry between the years of 1925 and 1934 explores the relations between psychism and human labor, endeavoring to more precisely define the field's boundaries. We have chosen to designate the knowledge and practices which result from the intersection of these two areas as Labor and mental hygiene. My analytical procedure associated elements of Foucault's "archeology of knowledge" and "genealogy of power" (Foucault, 1995; 1990; 1987), while the Brazilian Mental Hygiene Archives served as the resarch source. The latter documents subsidized analysis of the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League's discourses on relations between labor and mental hygiene. Each one of the texts was analyzed with regard to the dimensions of object, concept, enunciation and theory. The study also explores how the authors and agents of this discourse viewed the social reproduction of the industrial labor force and the status quo.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

Exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial of shared care development for long-term mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Primary care clinicians have a considerable amount of contact with patients suffering from long-term mental illness. The United Kingdom's National Health Service now requires general practices to contribute more systematically to care for this group of patients. AIMS: To determine the effects of Mental Health Link, a facilitation-based quality improvement programme designed to improve communication between the teams and systems of care within general practice. DESIGN OF STUDY: Exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-three urban general practices and associated community mental health teams. METHOD: Practices were randomised to service development as usual or to the Mental Health Link programme. Questionnaires and an audit of notes assessed 335 patients' satisfaction, unmet need, mental health status, processes of mental and physical care, and general practitioners' satisfaction with services and beliefs about service development. Service use and intervention costs were also measured. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in patients' perception of their unmet need, satisfaction or general health. Intervention patients had fewer psychiatric relapses than control patients (mean = 0.39 versus 0.71, respectively, P = 0.02) but there were no differences in documented processes of care. Intervention practitioners were more satisfied and services improved significantly for intervention practices. There was an additional mean direct cost of pound 63 per patient with long-term mental illness for the intervention compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were seen in relapse rates and practitioner satisfaction. Improvements in service development did not translate into documented improvements in care. This could be explained by the intervention working via the improvements in informal shared care developed through better link working. This type of facilitated intervention tailored to context has the potential to improve care and interface working.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Sex status, mental health referral processes, and involuntary disposition.

This paper investigates the relationship between sex status, community referral sources, and determination of voluntary or involuntary disposition. The relationship between sex status and involuntary disposition is made primarily through significant differences in community living arrangements associated with different referral sources. Males are more likely to be living in more institutional settings which are linked to more distant referral sources; females are more likely to remain in private living settings and to be referred by close sources. These differences in ecological location within the community are linked to disposition as voluntary treatment or involuntary detention. It is suggested that the criteria of reform legislation tightening procedures for involuntary disposition are more descriptive of the status of socially marginal and economically indigent males.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mentally retarded children's abilities in the process of comparison.

Mentally retarded children were asked to make various types of comparisons between sets and subsets of objects. Results showed that they succeeded when the comparison involved numerically unequal subsets of objects within the same set. When sets, or subsets, were numerically equal, the children clearly failed; instead of rejecting both alternatives in the comparison question, they selected one. With other comparisons, within and between sets and subsets of objects, the children guessed at an answer, and there was a tendency to answer in accordance with the most recently uttered part of the comparison question. These results indicate that although retarded children are thoroughly acquainted with certain aspects of language and its use in the process of comparison, other important aspects have yet to be learned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A study of the expository process model in mental health settings.

A number of authors have documented complaints made by consumers about psychological reports. Prominent among these complaints are that basic data are not included, that psychological terms whose meanings are not certain are used, and that the logic of the report is unclear. Ownby and Wallbrown (1986) have proposed a model for report writing that addresses these concerns by specifying the types of data and the mode of data presentation most likely to be viewed positively by readers of reports. In the present study, psychologists (N = 29) in several mental health settings rated statements based on the model as significantly more credible and persuasive than nonmodel equivalent statements.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Processing of incongruous mental calculation problems: evidence for an arithmetic N400 effect.

We investigated if incongruent solutions of simple multiplication problems would elicit similar event-related brain potentials as inappropriate words in sentences. In Experiment I, 12 subjects verified the appropriateness of solutions of multiplication problems or of final words in short sentences. Both incongruent solutions and incongruent words evoked a phasic negative shift between 300 and 500 ms having a similar topography. In Experiment II, we tested with another sample of 13 subjects if the amplitude of this arithmetic N400 effect was affected differently by different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA = 200 and 500 ms) and by errors that were either table-related or table-unrelated to the preceding operands. Again, incorrect solutions elicited an arithmetic N400 effect whose amplitude depended on both the relatedness of the solution and the SOA. The ascending part of the N400 effect was always larger for unrelated than for related errors independently of the SOA, whereas the maximum of the N400 effect was larger for unrelated errors in case of a long SOA only. This pattern of effects was similar to that observed with semantic material varying lexical associations. These results suggest that arithmetic incongruencies are handled by the system in a manner functionally similar to that of semantic incongruencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought.

The mental control of mood and mood-related thought was investigated. In Experiment 1, Ss reminiscing about a happy or sad event were asked to make their mood positive, were given no instructions, or were asked to make their mood negative. Ss attempting mood control without an imposed cognitive load were successful, whereas those who attempted control while rehearsing a 9-digit number not only failed to control their moods but also showed self-reported mood change opposite the mood they intended to create. In Experiment 2, Ss attempting to control mood-related thoughts under cognitive load showed increased accessibility of those thoughts contrary to the direction of intended control in a Stroop-type color-naming task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

From source material to news story in New Zealand print media: a prospective study of the stigmatizing processes in depicting mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse how newspaper articles that depict mental illnesses are generated from source materials. METHOD: From a prospectively collected national sample of print materials involving mental illness, 50 published items that related to the Privacy Commissioner's opinion about disclosure of a psychiatric patient's health information were identified. A copy of the Privacy Commissioner's original Case Note and three news stories about the Case Note distributed by the New Zealand Press Association constituted the database. These materials were subjected to discourse analysis. We identified themes and their transformation from the Case Note through the news stories and examined the impact of these transformations on the stigmatization of mental illness. RESULTS: Four themes were identified: human rights, vulnerability, risk of dangerousness and threat, and mental illness/psychiatric patient. The only potentially positive theme, human rights, was limited both by being fragmented in the source material, and by being utilized, in the published news stories to undermine the legitimacy of the patient's right to privacy. Use of the other themes was consistent with stereotypes about mental illness. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no inaccuracies in the content of the news stories they were substantially more negative than the source material in their depiction of the identified patient. A potentially positive discourse (human rights) was not by itself sufficient to ensure a positive portrayal of mental illness. An understanding of the transformations is important for efforts to effectively combat the stigmatization of those with mental illness.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

Problem size effect and processing strategies in mental arithmetic.

We investigated the event-related brain potentials elicited by arithmetical operations whose solution requires direct memory retrieval or non-retrieval strategies. The problem size effect--the increment in reaction time for arithmetical problems with large operands--appears to be due to the selective use of non-retrieval procedures, and studies with event-related potentials have demonstrated an amplitude modulation of a late positive slow wave (range between 400-800 ms) related to the problem size effect. Two arithmetic operations (additions and subtractions) and three levels of problem size (adding or subtracting 2, 4 or 6) were used. We found an amplitude modulation of the late positive slow wave in subtractions, where non-retrieval procedures are mainly used. This amplitude modulation was not evident in additions, where direct retrieval strategies are believed to be used. Our results suggest that the problem size effect is related to non-retrieval procedures of calculation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A quality improvement process for state mental health systems.

Continuous improvement of the quality of patient care is a major goal in state mental health systems, most of which operate several large hospitals and many community mental health centers geographically dispersed across the state. Although each facility may have an adequate quality assurance program, many opportunities for improvement are lost without integration of these efforts into a unified, statewide quality improvement system. The authors describe development of such a system in South Carolina and give examples of improvements in patient care that have taken place since the program was initiated in 1987. The activities of the central office of quality assurance include collecting and analyzing data about adverse incidents in state facilities, monitoring corrective actions, conducting annual surveys of operations at all state facilities, and investigating and coordinating resolution of complaints about patients' rights.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Effects of training in monitoring accuracy on processing speed in mental retardation.

Monitoring accuracy during choice RT allows subjects to maintain fast, safe RT bands and avoid overly fast, unsafe RT bands. 5 retarded adults received trial-by-trial feedback on accuracy over a number of sessions to train monitoring of accuracy and to improve RT performance. Training was introduced according to a multiple-baseline-across-subjects (with reversal) design. Training had no significant effect on subsequent RT performance, suggesting that inefficient monitoring of accuracy may be a structural characteristic of mental retardation.

Adult↗