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PubMed2006

Isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the air plume downwind of a swine confined or concentrated animal feeding operation.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated the levels of antibiotic- and multidrug-resistant bacteria in bioaerosols upwind, within, and downwind at locations 25 m, 50 m, 100 m, and 150 m from a swine confined animal feeding operation. DESIGN: We used Andersen two-stage samplers to collect bacterial samples, the replicate plate method to isolate organisms, and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to determine antibiotic resistance. RESULTS: The percentage of organisms resistant to at least two antibiotic classes and all four classes evaluated were, respectively, 2.1 and 3.0 times higher inside (n = 69) than upwind (n = 59) of the facility. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent organism recovered. Concentrations of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus decreased with increasing distance from the facility. Using Fisher's exact methods, the change in distribution of antibiotic resistance profiles for each antibiotic was statistically significant (oxytetracycline, p = 0.010; tetracycline, p = 0.014; ampicillin, p = 0.007; erythromycin, p = 0.035); however, this relationship was not seen with lincomycin and penicillin (p > 0.05) . In addition, the levels of antibiotic-resistant S.aureus 25 m downwind were significantly greater than the levels from samples taken upwind from the facility for the same four antibiotics (p < 0.05) . The percentage of resistant group A streptococci and fecal coliform increased within the facility compared with upwind values for all antibiotics evaluated,except for lincomycin. The percentage of resistant total coliform organisms increased within the facility compared with upwind values for oxytetracycline and tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial concentrations with multiple antibiotic resistances or multidrug resistance were recovered inside and outside to (at least) 150 m downwind of this facility at higher percentages than upwind. Bacterial concentrations with multiple antibiotic resistances were found within and downwind of the facility even after subtherapeutic antibiotics were discontinued. This could pose a potential human health effect for those who work within or live in close proximity to these facilities.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1995

Mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis by macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics.

During protein synthesis on the ribosome, the growing peptide is linked covalently to a transfer RNA. With a certain probability this peptidyl-tRNA dissociates from the ribosome, whereupon it becomes susceptible to hydrolysis catalyzed by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. When placed at nonpermissive temperatures, mutant (pthts) Escherichia coli that are temperature-sensitive for the hydrolase will accumulate peptidyl-tRNA, suffer inhibition of protein synthesis, and eventually die. Treating cells with chloramphenicol before raising the temperature prevents cell death but erythromycin, other macrolides, and lincosamide antibiotics all enhance cell death. Accumulation of peptidyl-tRNA by pthts cells at high temperatures is blocked by chloramphenicol but enhanced by macrolides and lincosamides. The data are most consistent with macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics having as their primary mechanism of inhibition the stimulation of peptidyl-tRNA dissociation from the ribosome. Rather than blocking peptide bond formation or peptidyl-tRNA translocation from the A- to the P-site of the ribosome, these antibiotics allow the synthesis of small peptides which dissociate as peptidyl-tRNAs before being completed. Low doses of erythromycin and lincomycin stimulate preferentially the dissociation of peptidyl-tRNAs that are erroneous. Errors in proteins can be assessed by the time necessary to inactivate beta-galactosidase at > 55 degrees C. Whether erroneous peptidyl-tRNAs are induced by treating E. coli with streptomycin or ethanol, or by starving for an amino acid, the shortened time to inactivate beta-galactosidase is counteracted if the cells are simultaneously treated with erythromycin or lincomycin. In contrast, errors in beta-galactosidase caused by synthesis in the presence of canavanine, an arginine analogue, cannot be counteracted by the simultaneous presence of erythromycin. This result rules out any effect of the drug on post-translational mechanisms of error correction.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Presence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B and tetracycline antimicrobials in swine waste treatment processes and amended soil.

Little is known about the fate of antimicrobials during common agricultural waste handling procedures. To better define the potential scope of this problem, concentrations of antimicrobials throughout the waste treatment process were estimated based on known antimicrobial usage, and the resulting predictions of high antimicrobial concentrations indicated the need for further investigation. Samples from building pits, a solids settling basin, a holding pond, and soil amended with waste treatment byproducts were therefore analyzed for traditional chemical parameters and macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline antimicrobials. Substantial improvements in water quality were observed during the treatment process. While the macrolide tylosin was not detected, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and lincomycin were found at high concentrations throughout the waste treatment process. Oxytetracycline and lincomycin were also detected in soil from a field amended with waste treatment byproducts.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Europe and the United States.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 811 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in 11 countries. The countries and number of isolates included Denmark (105), England (92), Finland (95), Germany (103), Iceland (22), Ireland (42), Norway (101), Sweden (123), Switzerland (69), United States (53), and Zimbabwe (6). The antimicrobial agents tested were penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin + clavulanate, penicillin + novobiocin, enrofloxacin, premafloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, pirlimycin, neomycin, lincomycin + neomycin, and sulfamethazine. The MIC90 for these antimicrobial agents for all strains were 0.5, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0, < or =0.06, 0.125, 0.125, < or =0.0078, 0.5, 1.0, 16.0, 1.0, 2.0, 0.5, and 4.0 microg/ml, respectively. Overall, only small variations between countries were seen in the MIC90 for the majority of compounds tested. Of the strains tested, 35.6% were positive for beta-lactamase production on initial testing, with an additional 21.3% positive after induction by penicillin. In conclusion, the overall level of resistance was generally low for all antimicrobial agents tested regardless of country. Given the differences in antimicrobial use in various countries, the widespread adoption of mastitis control programs to prevent infections limits the exposure of S. aureus infected animals to antimicrobial drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Survival and fertility of antibiotic-treated bovine spermatozoa.

Motility of spermatozoa stored at 5 C with up to 1000 units or mug of chloramphenicol, polymyxin, kanamycin, tylosin, ampicillin, lincomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, novabiocin, or terramycin per ml of extender was compared to that with penicillin plus dihydrostreptomycin. Novabiocin and terramycin were toxic, but other antibiotic treatments had no effect. However, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as colymycin, depressed motility of frozen thawed spermatozoa. Spermatozoal motility was equivalent, following freezing in ampules or straws. All of the antibiotics which were non-toxic when added singly to frozen semen were also not harmful to frozen spermatozoa when as much as 2000 units or mug were added per ml of extender containing penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. The addition of 1000 units or mug of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, polymyxin, or spectinomycin per ml of extender containing 750 units penicillin and 750 mug dihydrostreptomycin per ml did not influence the fertility of frozen spermatozoa in a field test involving 19,663 first inseminations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of diet and antimicrobials on growth, feed efficiency, intestinal Clostridium perfringens, and ileal weight of broiler chicks.

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet and antimicrobials on weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal weight, and Clostridium perfringens in the ileum of broiler chicks. In the first experiment, glucose, sucrose, and fructose were added to a semipurified diet and the results were compared with those from a practical corn and soybean meal diet. All of the diets were fed with and without bacitracin at a level of 55 ppm. Fructose resulted in the greatest depression in weight gain, followed by sucrose. Bacitracin significantly improved weight gain and feed efficiency of chicks fed the fructose, sucrose, and practical diets. Highly significant inverse correlations were obtained between ileal weight and weight gain and the number of C. perfringens in the ileum and weight gain. In other experiments bacitracin, penicillin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, virginiamycin, lincomycin, bambermycins, and carbadox, all at a level of 55 ppm, improved weight gain and feed efficiency and significantly reduced the weight of the ileum and the number of C. perfringens in the ileum of chicks fed the practical diet. The antibacterial agents 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid, arsanilic acid, furazolidone, and sulfathiazole had little to no effect on the 4 parameters evaluated. Virginiamycin and lincomycin at 16.5 and 4.4 ppm, respectively, were shown to be effective. In vitro activities of the antimicrobials against C. perfringens did not directly relate to in vivo activities and the effects on growth and feed efficiency. The results of these experiments support the concept of antimicrobials as growth permittants and provide further evidence for C. perfringens as a causative bacteria for growth depression.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Effect of antibiotics on tissue trace mineral concentration and intestinal tract weight of broiler chicks.

Two experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks to determine the effect of antibiotics on intestinal weight and kidney, bone, and liver trace mineral concentrations. All antibiotics were in diets at the manufacturers' recommendations. Feed intake of experimental diets (antibiotics or non-treated control) was restricted to 90% of that of an additional group fed the control diet ad libitum. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by dietary treatments. Virginiamycin decreased intestinal weight an average of 19% as compared with 14% for bambermycins and oxytetracycline, 6% for Zn bacitracin, and 18% for lincomycin. Except for Zn bacitracin, all antibiotics produced intestinal weights which were lower (P less than .01) than those of controls. Only virginiamycin increased (P less than .01) kidney Mn concentration. Bone Mn concentration was greater (P less than .01) for virginiamycin than bambermycins or oxytetracycline in Experiment 2, and greater (P less than .05) for lincomycin than virginiamycin or Zn bacitracin in Experiment 2. Feeding Zn bacitracin increased (P less than .01) bone Zn concentration whereas feeding virginiamycin caused a decline (P less than .05) in bone Zn concentration in Experiment 1. There were no differences in Cu, Zn, or Fe concentrations in liver or kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and meat.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antimicrobial agents, and the relationship between antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and carriage of plasmids. DESIGN: A random sampling of milk and meat samples was carried out. SETTING: Milk was collected from various dairy co-operative societies in Nairobi and Kiambu districts. Minced meat samples were purchased from various outlets in the city of Nairobi. SUBJECTS: Ninety six Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk (seventy five isolates) and minced meat (twenty one isolates) samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility tests to ampicillin, lincomycin, penicillin, erythromycin, methicillin, minocycline, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. RESULTS: Seventy one per cent of the isolates carried between one and six plasmids of molecular sizes ranging from 0.1 to 14.5 kilobases. High frequency of resistance was observed with lincomycin (67.7%), penicillin (66.7%) and cotrimoxazole (51%). A high percentage (76%) of isolates were susceptible to minocycline followed by erythromycin (57.3%). Most (80.2%) of isolates were multiply resistant to between two and six antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Most Staphylococcus aureus isolates were multiply resistant to various antimicrobial agents, but there was no apparent relationship between carriage of plasmids and antimicrobial resistance. Milk and meat may contain resistant Staphylococcus aureus posing a potential risk to consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Sensitivity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in Saint-Petersburg to antibacterial drugs].

One hundred and thirty strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in St. Petersburg (42 toxigenic and 88 nontoxigenic) were tested with the method of serial dilutions in solid media for their susceptibility to 20 antibacterial drugs. The MICs of the drugs for the isolates ranged from < or = 0.015 to > or = 32.0 micrograms/ml. 13 per cent of the isolates was resistant at least to one antibacterial drug. The isolates resistant to erythromycin (11.5 per cent), lincomycin (11.5 per cent) and trimethoprim (8.5 per cent) were most frequent. 3 isolates (2.3 per cent) had multiple resistance to 8 drugs: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin, trimethoprim, and nitroxolin. No significant differences in the susceptibility of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae were detected. Gentamicin, rifampicin, tetracycline, doxycycline and pefloxacin were the most active antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Investigation of intrauterine microbes after intrauterine operation].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the postoperative changes in the cultures of ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), mycoplasma hominis (Mh), L-form bacteria (L-form), anaerobic bacteria (Ana) and chlamydia trochomatis (CT) after intrauterine operation. METHODS: Four groups of patients were set up: group 1, induced abortion; group 2, intrauterine device (IUD) insertion; group 3, penicillin i.m. after IUD insertion; group 4, oral lincomycin after IUD insertion. Intrauterine secretion were aspirated to identify the above microbes before operation and within 1 week of ending of menstrual bleeding for 4 consecutive postoperative cycles. Bacteria-carrier was defined as at least one of the 5 microbes detected. RESULTS: No difference was shown in the incidence of bacteria-carrier (IBC) among the 4 groups preoperation. The IBC tended to be the highest in the first menstrual cycle postsurgery in all the 4 groups, then decreased. Compared with preoperation, there were significantly higher IBC in the 3 IUD groups (P < 0.05) except group 1. CONCLUSION: IUD is a major factor for intrauterine microbes existing after operation, and the natural body defense system can help to get rid of the organism by time. Small doses and short period of penicillin or lincomycin administration proved not effective in clearing the intrauterine microbes after IUD insertion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

[Dynamics of immune status in patients with phlegmons of the maxillofacial area during endolymphatic antibiotic therapy]].

Studies of immunotropic effects of ampicillin, gentamicin sulfate, lincomycin, and rifampicin SV used in endolymphatic therapy of patients with maxillofacial phlegmons demonstrated a pronounced immunomodulating effect of rifampicin SV in polygluquine. The immunomodulating effect of lincomycin was lower, and that of ampicillin virtually null. Gentamicin sulfate suppressed some parameters of the immune status.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli on ostrich carcasses and the susceptibility of ostrich-origin E. coli isolates to various antibiotics.

There has been limited research on the prevalence of foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter on ostrich carcasses. Likewise, few studies have been done in ostriches to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of common bacteria, like E. coli. In this study, ostrich carcasses were sampled from eight slaughterhouses in Ohio and one in Indiana. Although results demonstrated no E. coli O157:H7 from the carcasses sampled, 91% (116/128) of the dressed carcasses sampled had E. coli present. One carcass sample (1/152) was positive for Salmonella. Campylobacter were detected in 10% (19/191) of the carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 93 carcass E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (99%), neomycin (65%), netilmicin (2%), oxytetracycline (22%), streptomycin (2%), and trimethoprim (3%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin. For the large intestinal sampling, 149 of the 217 (69%) samples had E. coli present. Fifty of these 149 samples had E. coli levels ranging from 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units/g feces. Campylobacter were isolated from 6 of 201 (3%) samples. No Salmonella colony was detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 131 intestinal E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (98%), neomycin (66%), netilmicin (34%), oxytetracycline (34%), streptomycin (40%), and trimethoprim (13%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Method of oblique illumination in studying the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus colonies sensitive and resistant to antibiotics].

The morphology of the colonies of Staph. aureus sensitive and resistant to antibiotics and the colonies with artificial resistance to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, cephaloridin and lincomycin was studied with the method of slanting light. Changes in the morphology of the colonies were most pronounced at the beginning of the microbial resistance development first of all in the cultures of Staph. aureus resistant to cephaloridin and lincomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Sensitivity of Mycoplasma hominis cultures isolated from clinical material to certain antibiotics].

Sensitivity to II antibiotics of 80 strains of M. hominis isolated from patients with various inflammatory processes of the urogenital tract was studied by the method of suppressing the metabolic activity. Inhibition of the arginine metabolism of mycoplasma was used as a test for determination of the growth suppression. All the strains tested were highly sensitive to tetracycline and lincomycin. Kanamycin and neomycin were less active against M. hominis. All the strains tested were resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, ristomycin, novobiocin and streptomycin. The inhibitory effect of tetracycline and lincomycin on M. hominis decreased by the 5th day.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Antibiotic sensitivity of plague microbe strains from foreign countries].

The method of serial dilutions on the Hottinger agar was applied to comparative assay of antibiotic sensitivity in 50 strains of the plague microbe isolated abroad and in 5 strains isolated in the plague focus in the Central Caucasus. The antibiotics used in the assay were the following: streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, monomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ristomycin, lincomycin and polymyxin M. Irrespective of the origin, all the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and polymyxin M. The levels of the sensitivity to the other antibiotics were different. The data serve as a ground for the statement that there is no tendency to development of antibiotic resistance in the plague microbe in patients treated with high doses of the antibiotics and mainly streptomycin. Along with streptomycin, such antibiotics as gentamicin, tetracycline, doxycycline and kanamycin are useful in the therapy of plague and require further investigation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Susceptibility of sixty-five non-oral clinical isolates of the Streptococcus milleri group to seven antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of sixty-five non-oral Streptococcus milleri group clinical isolates to penicillin, gentamicin, lincomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin were determined by an agar dilution method. All strains were penicillin-sensitive (MIC < or = 0.031 microgram/ml) and the majority (64/65) were susceptible to erythromycin (MIC < or = 0.125 microgram/ml). Low-level resistance to gentamicin was observed, and the majority of strains possessed an MIC of 8 micrograms/ml. Lincomycin and ampicillin at 0.5 microgram/ml inhibited 52/65 and 61/65 strains, respectively. Of the isolates 92% were inhibited by chloramphenicol at < or = 2 micrograms/ml. Twenty-two S. milleri group strains (of which thirteen were vaginal isolates) were resistant to tetracycline (MIC > or = 8 micrograms/ml).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Use of clarithromycin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis complicated by staphylococcal infection].

Thirty patients (19 boys and 11 girls) with atopic dermatitis complicated by pyodermia were treated with clarithromycin tablets (Fromilid, KRKA, Slovenia) in a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The average treatment course was 7 days. The severity of atopic dermatitis was evaluated by the SCARAD Index. Thirty patients of the reference group were treated with intramuscular lincomycin in a dose of 10-20 mg/kg body weight twice a day for 7 days. The difference in the average SCORAD Index before and after the treatment with clarithromycin amounted to 19.95 vs 14.68 (p < 0.005) with the use of lincomycin. The tolerance of clarithromycin was good.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Resistance pattern of antibiotics against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

The present research was conducted to study the susceptibility and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates against various brands of commonly used antibiotics. A total of 50 bacterial isolates were obtained from various clinical specimens submitted to the clinical laboratory of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad (PIMS). Out of 50 isolates 30 (60%) were identified as coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. These isolates were tested for susceptibility pattern 19 (63%), these isolates were resistant to penicillin, 17 (57%) to ampicillin, 19 (63%) to cloxacillin, 20 (67%) to streptomycin, 11 (37%) to clindamycin, 16 (53%) to lincomycin and 19 (63%) to neomycin. These isolates had MIC range of penicillin and lincomycin (<0.5 to > 512 microg/mL), ampicillin, cloxacillin and clindamycin (0.5 to 256 microg/mL), streptomycin (4 to >512 microg/mL) and neomycin (2 to 256 microg/mL). Clindamycin was found to be the most effective among these antibiotics tested in the study against these clinical isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗