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PubMed1987

Comparison of United States (NIOSH Lifting Guidelines) and European (ECSC Force Limits) recommendations for manual work limits.

In the early 1980's two different guidelines for manual lifting were established: the NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting and the European Coal and Steel Community's Force Limits in Manual Work. A comparison of the two guidelines indicates some discrepancies in their predictive capabilities and a significant nonlinear relationship between the two limits. These discrepancies may be explained by differences in respective predictive equations, assumptions and underlying concepts.

European Union↗
PubMed1988

Physiological guidelines for the design of manual lifting and lowering tasks: the state of the art.

The goal of many researchers and practitioners of occupational health and safety has been to design manual materials handling (MMH) tasks so as to reduce the frequency and severity of overexertion injuries usually associated with these types of tasks. Physiological limits with respect to the manual lifting and lowering aspects of MMH have been reviewed and evaluated. The information provided by different researchers has been presented in a concise manner that is easily accessed by designers and practitioners of MMH. Recommendations for future research in determining physiological limits of individuals engaged in manual lifting and lowering tasks and other aspects of MMH activities have been provided.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2001

Effectiveness of laparoscopic gonadectomy using abdominal wall lift method on Turner's syndrome patients with 45, X/46, XY mosaicism.

We present a Turner's syndrome patient with a 45, X/46, XY mosaicism who underwent a prophylactic laparoscopic gonadectomy using the abdominal wall lift method. The patient was a 14-year-old phenotypic girl who was referred for an examination of primary amenorrhea. She had already been found to have Turner's syndrome with 45, X/46, XY mosaicism. After an extensive discussion with the patient and her family regarding her high risk for developing a gonadoblastoma, a laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy using the abdominal wall-life method was performed. Laparoscopy using the abdominal wall lift method has an advantage over CO2 pneumoperitoneum method for patients with Turner's syndrome when it is difficult to intubate because of a webbed neck or a shortened trachea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Randomized comparison of conventional carbon dioxide insufflation and abdominal wall lifting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Gasless laparoscopy using abdominal wall lifting (AWL) has been developed in an attempt to avoid the adverse effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum that may occur in conventional laparoscopy. However, lifting has been criticized for its poor operative space and surgical invasiveness. This study compared the AWL method with conventional CO2 pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to operation performance, postoperative course, and stress response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 6-month period, 95 patients with symptomatic gallstones were randomly assigned to receive laparoscopic cholecystectomy with conventional CO2 pneumoperitoneum (CO2 group; N = 47) or the AWL method (AWL group; N = 48). Operative results and operative time were recorded. Cardiopulmonary functions were assessed, and arterial blood gases were analyzed during surgery. Urinary cortisol, vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrines, and nitrogen loss; serum complement 3, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6; postoperative pain; and the presence of nausea and vomiting were assessed for 48 hours after surgery. Postoperative time to recovery of flatus, tolerance of a full oral diet, and full activity were also determined. RESULTS: Only three significant differences were found. First, intraoperative ventilatory function deteriorated significantly less in the AWL group. Second, arterial blood gas determinations and capnography showed a greater decrease in intraoperative arterial pH and compliance with CO2 retention and an increase in peak airway pressure in the CO2 group (P < 0.05), reflecting poorer ventilatory performance. Third, preparation time and total operating time were significantly greater with the AWL method (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although AWL required a longer operation time, our results suggest that the technique may still have value in high-risk patients with cardiorespiratory diseases.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

Electron holographic mapping of two-dimensional doping areas in cross-sectional device specimens prepared by the lift-out technique based on a focused ion beam.

Recently, electron holography has been successfully applied to analyze two-dimensional (2D) dopant distribution in semiconductor devices with high resolution and high sensitivity. The preparation of proper specimens is a fundamental step for the practical application of electron holography in the semiconductor industry. Therefore, it is important to explore a reliable and quick specimen preparation method. In our current work, we have tried to use the lift-out technique based on a focused ion beam, to fabricate cross-sectional CMOS device specimens for electron holographic observation. Using the lift-out technique, specimens with a large area and uniform thickness can be prepared directly from integrated circuit wafers in a very short time. Specimens with a complex and unknown dopant distribution were examined using off-axis electron holography. In the reconstructed phase images, the different 2D doping areas in a CMOS device, such as source, drain, well and substrate, were revealed successfully. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of methods of teaching children proper lifting techniques.

This study was designed to determine the effects of two teaching methods on children's ability to demonstrate and recall their mastery of proper lifting techniques. Seventy-six third and fifth grade public school children were divided by grade into three groups. Two of the groups (experimental) were taught the correct method for lifting a heavy object, either by lecture demonstration or guided discovery teaching format; one group (control) was not taught. The students' knowledge was measured pretest, one-week posttest, and eight-week posttest with a written and practical test. The students in the experimental groups in both grades significantly (p less than or equal to .001) increased their scores on the written portion of the test over those of the control groups on the one-week posttest. No group, however, showed significant gains on the practical portion. No differences were found between teaching methods. Results of this study stress the importance of evaluating verbally learned motor skills in a practical application format in school settings and in clinical patient education.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining water use by trees and forests from isotopic, energy balance and transpiration analyses: the roles of tree size and hydraulic lift.

Use of soil water and groundwater by open-grown Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) tree canopies and forests was estimated by measuring transpiration (E) rates using porometry, sap flow methods, and the Bowen ratio method. The Bowen ratio and sap flow methods showed the best agreement; porometer measurements scaled to whole canopies always underestimated E by 15-50%. Trees of different sizes showed very different rates of E. I hypothesized that these differences were due to the differential access of large and small trees to groundwater and soil water, respectively. Transpirational flux was partitioned between soil water and groundwater by tracing the water sources based on their hydrogen stable isotopic composition (deltaD). Soil water deltaD varied between -41 and -16 per thousand seasonally (May to September), whereas groundwater deltaD was -79 +/- 5 per thousand during the entire growing season. Daily transpiration rates of large (9-14 m tall) trees were significantly higher than those of small (3-5 m tall) trees (2.46-6.99 +/- 1.02-2.50 versus 0.69-1.80 +/- 0.39-0.67 mm day(-1)). Small trees also showed greater variation in E during the growing season than large trees. In addition, compared to the large trees, small trees demonstrated greater sensitivity to environmental factors that influence E, such as soil water deficits and increased evaporative demand. Over the entire growing season, large trees and forest stands composed of trees > 10 m tall transpired only groundwater. The high rates of water loss from large trees and older forests were likely a result of the influence of an enhanced "pool" of transpirational water in the upper soil layers caused by hydraulic lift (see Dawson 1993b). The hydraulically lifted water reservoir enabled large trees to use more potential transpirational water during daylight hours than small trees, leading to a greater total water flux. In contrast, small trees and forest stands composed of younger trees almost exclusively used soil water, except during two dry periods when their transpirational water was composed of between 7 and 17% groundwater. Thus groundwater discharge from sugar maple trees and forest stands of different sizes (ages) differs significantly, and large trees and older forest stands have a greater impact on the hydrologic balance of groundwater than small trees and younger forest stands. However, mixed stands (small and large trees) may have a greater overall impact on the regional hydrologic balance than old stands, because trees in mixed stands draw on both soil water and groundwater reservoirs and thus can substantially increase total water discharge on scales from tens to hundreds of hectares.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Respiratory mechanics during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the effects of the abdominal wall lift.

UNLABELLED: The abdominal wall lift (AWL) has been proposed for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to reduce hemodynamic effects caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) and high intraabdominal pressures (IAP). Data concerning effects of AWL on respiratory mechanics are scant. We therefore used a noninvasive method to evaluate whether the AWL could offset these effects. The PETCO2, airflow, and airway pressure were continuously measured in nine patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using an AWL with minimal CO2 insufflation. We used a least-squares method to calculate maximal airway pressure (Pmax), elastance (Ers), and resistances (Rrs) of the respiratory system. After CO2 insufflation, the initiation of AWL resulted in a significantly decreased IAP (from 13 to 6 mm Hg; P < 0.001) and Rrs (from 20.6 to 17.8 cm H2O.L(-1).s(-1); P = 0.029), whereas Ers was partly modified (34.0 to 33.3 cm H2O/L; not significantly different). With AWL, we hypothesized that the diaphragm remained flat and stiff, outweighing the beneficial effect of the decrease of IAP on Ers. PETCO2 significantly increased after AWL and at the end of the procedure. We conclude that AWL partly reverses the impairment of the respiratory mechanics induced by CO2 insufflation during laparoscopic surgery. IMPLICATIONS: The abdominal wall lift (AWL), acting on the abdominal chest wall, had some benefits during laparoscopic surgery by limiting CO2 peritoneal insufflation and several side effects, such as hemodynamics. We examined the consequences of this technique on respiratory mechanics in nine patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Our findings suggest that the AWL decreases intraabdominal pressure and respiratory resistances without a significant effect on respiratory elastance.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1981

The extended face-lift with ancillary procedures.

Our present face-lift technique is a double-layered operation, consisting of standard skin flap dissection in the cheeks and undermining in the neck, often across the midline. The underlying foundation for the lift is created by superficial musculoaponeurotic system advancement in the cheeks, partial medial and lateral transection of the platysma muscle in the neck, and suturing together of the medial borders of the platysma in the submental region. We do not divide the platysma completely. When ancillary procedures are indicated, the operations are done in two stages because of the increased operating time required. We believe the improvement in quality and duration of results makes the increased time, effort, and expense worthwhile, though scientific proof of our impression is not yet available. A method for objective evaluation of results is suggested.

Eyelids↗
PubMed1982

The forehead-brow lift.

The forehead-brow lift, though generally thought to achieve very little and for only a brief time, corrects ptosis of the eyebrows, redundancy of the upper eyelids, and skin wrinkles on the forehead, nasoglabellar, and lateral canthal regions. Other aesthetic improvements include restoration of the contour of the root of the nose and elevation of the nasal tip. However, careful attention to complete release of the frontalis-galea unit from the underlying orbital rims and zygomatic arches is essential for long-term success. A forehead-brow lift technique is described and the results and complications in 34 patients reviewed.

Face↗
PubMed1985

The nasolabial fold lift.

A modification of the standard superficial musculoaponeurotic system incision is described which results in a more direct lifting and flattening of the nasolabial fold during a face and neck lift. The technique has been applied in 43 patients without complications and with satisfactory results.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1987

Recent advances in neck lift.

In reconstruction of the redundant neck, combining skin lift, muscle lift, and suction lipectomy gives superior results more often than use of only one of these. The history of the development of the operation is reviewed. Points in preoperative planning, stressing the extent of the platysma muscle and volume of submandibular fat in obtaining good results, are emphasized. Pertinent anatomy of the subcutaneous musculoaponeurotic platysma system is reviewed. Specific points of operative technique are reviewed, such as my preference to elevate the skin in the neck prior to suction lipectomy. Variances in technique related to thin, "normal," and obese patients are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

New eyebrow lift technique using a semiautomatic suturing device (maniceps) for patients with facial paralysis.

Direct browlift and the traditional fascial suspension technique sometimes leave a prominent scar above the eyebrow. Coronal browlift, mid-forehead browlift, and endoscopic browlift leave no prominent scar, but they are sometimes not suitable for patients with facial paralysis because they have been developed for rejuvenative surgery. The authors present a new browlift fascial suspension technique for patients with facial paralysis. This method uses a semiautomatic suturing device (Maniceps), which they have used to graft three fascial strips to the forehead from the fascia lata, and to suspend and lift the eyebrow with only two small incisions posterior to the hairline. The authors treated 13 facial paralysis patients, with follow-up periods of more than 6 months. The lifted eyebrows adapted to stabilized positions within 3 months. The results in all 13 patients were satisfactory, with no severe complications. This new technique is very useful because it has wide applicability, including facial paralysis patients who experience severe ptosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Innervation of the lower eyelid in relation to blepharoplasty and midface lift: clinical observation and cadaveric study.

Ectropion or scleral show resulting from weakness of the lower eyelids is not uncommon after lower blepharoplasty or midface lift via blepharoplasty incision. Denervation of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) attributes to such complications. The authors analyzed 102 patients who underwent midface lift via lower blepharoplasty incision for the past 3 years and investigated the motor nerve innervation of the lower OOM in 20 cadavers. They encountered two cases of ectropion attributed to the denervation of the pretarsal OOM: one with dry-eye syndrome and scleral show, and the other with a "polar bear-like appearance" (i.e., outer eversion of the lower eyelid). All pretarsal and preseptal OOMs were innervated by five to seven terminal twigs of the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve that approached the muscle at a right angle. The medial portion of the lower OOM was innervated by one to two terminal twigs of the buccal branch, and the middle portion was innervated with two to three twigs of the zygomatic branch. The lateral portion was supplied by the uppermost zygomatic branch, which split into two to four twigs. The mean horizontal distance between the lateral canthus and the zygomatic branch was 2.31 +/- 0.29 cm (range, 1.7-2.7 cm) and the vertical distance was 1.20 +/- 0.20 cm (range, 0.8-1.5 cm). The critical zone was a circle with 0.5-cm radius, and its center was located 2.5 cm inferolaterally (30 deg) from the lateral canthus. It is very important to understand the motor nerve innervation of the lower eyelid and the "critical zone" to avoid postoperative ectropion or weakness of the lower eyelid resulting from paralysis of the pretarsal or preseptal OOM.

Blepharoplasty↗
PubMed2002

Intraoperative lymphatic mapping to treat groin lymphorrhea complicating an elective medial thigh lift.

Groin lymphoceles and lymphorrhea are a rare complication of medial thigh lift procedures. The author describes a case in which a very thin patient developed groin lymphorrhea after an uncomplicated medial thigh lift procedure. Initial treatment interventions, including edema control and the placement of a drain with surgical exploration, failed to control the lymphatic leak. Additionally, the onset of an infection and abscess formation complicated the treatment efforts. Using techniques well established in treating cutaneous malignancies, the lymphocele was treated successfully by identifying three separately damaged lymphatic channels with the use of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye. No drains were needed and the immediate cessation of lymph flow was noted. Using this novel adaptation of a well-known technique, the groin lymphocele was able to be repaired quickly and effectively with minimal morbidity and no evidence of recurrence to date.

Female↗
PubMed1998

The endoscopic forehead lift.

Endoscopic techniques are being successfully applied to address eyebrow and forehead ptosis. The methods rely on extensive subperiosteal and subgaleal release of the forehead and scalp flap, allowing the elevation of soft tissues. Ablation of the depressor supercilli and procerus can be performed to address skin folding in the glabellar region. The mobilized frontotemporal flap is then elevated to the desired level and fixated with microscrews to the outer table of the skull. Laterally, the flap is fixed to the deep temporalis fascia. The technique relies upon a solid knowledge of the regional anatomy and the use of specialized instruments now available for dissecting under the flap. The endoscopic forehead lift can achieve results comparable to those obtained by the open coronal forehead lift while minimizing the incidence and extent of postoperative cutaneous anesthesia and telogenic hair loss, which frequently follows open coronal forehead surgery. In addition, the endoscopic technique is able to address eyebrow ptosis in the balding male without causing disfiguring scarring.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Time scale for periosteal readhesion after brow lift.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine the time interval after brow lift required to achieve periosteal readhesion to the skull with preoperative strength [corrected]. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized prospective analysis of variance with repeated measures. METHODS: Twenty-one New Zealand white rabbits, each serving as its own control, underwent subperiosteal elevation on one side of the skull. The elevated periosteum was lifted and fixed to a resorbable screw, and the contralateral periosteum was left untouched. Adhesion characteristics were subsequently examined at postoperative days 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 17. Seven subjects were assessed histologically to determine attachment of periosteum to underlying bone. Fourteen subjects underwent biomechanical analysis of the bone-periosteum interface using the following three measures of periosteal readhesion strength: ultimate shear strength, shear stiffness, and shear energy [corrected]. RESULTS: Blinded histological analysis showed a qualitative increase in the number of markers of periosteal healing on days 8 to 12 for the operated sides. Analysis of ultimate shear strength and shear stiffness demonstrated a significant relationship to postoperative day (P <.001). The ultimate shear strength and shear stiffness of the operated side approached that of the nonoperated side by postoperative days 12 and 8, respectively. Shear energy was significantly lower for all time points on the operated side as compared with the control (P <.02). CONCLUSION: Periosteal readhesion after surgical elevation approaches preoperative strength by the twelfth postoperative day.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1978

Face-lift complications: a study of 922 cases performed in a 6-year period.

A positive correlation between nausea and vomiting and the occurrence of postoperative hematoma was demonstrated in a series of 922 consecutive face lifts during the past 6 years. Intraoperative or postoperative hypertension did not play a statistically significant role in hematoma formation. Establishment of good patient rapport, conservative management of complications, and judicious revision of disfiguring scars are most important in dealing with the inevitable problems which arise following face lift operations.

Adult↗