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PubMed2006

Acute myeloid leukemia with pseudo-Chèdiak-Higashi anomaly exhibits a specific immunophenotype with CD2 expression.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with pseudo-Chèdiak-Higashi (PCH) anomaly is a rare morphologic entity. We characterized 5 cases by multiparameter flow cytometry and found that in all cases, the blasts aberrantly expressed CD2, a pan-T cell-associated marker, in addition to their myeloid-associated markers. In contrast, CD2 was expressed in only 25 (17.9%) of 140 cases of newly diagnosed AML without PCH anomaly. CD2 expression correlated strongly with AML with PCH anomaly (P < .01), suggesting a link between a specific immunophenotypic marker, CD2, and AML with PCH anomaly.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

The immunophenotype of 325 adult acute leukemias: relationship to morphologic and molecular classification and proposal for a minimal screening program highly predictive for lineage discrimination.

Bone marrow cells of 325 adults with acute leukemia were immunophenotyped using a panel of monoclonal antibodies proposed by the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). Of these, 97.2% could be assigned clearly to myeloid or lymphoid lineage (254 acute myeloid leukemias [AMLs], 48 B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias [ALLs], 14 T-cell lineage ALLs), 1.8% as biphenotypic, and less than 1% as undifferentiated. Immunologic subtyping of ALLs revealed an association between early precursor phenotypes and coexpression of myeloid antigens, particularly CD15/CD65s coexpression and pre-pre-B cell-specific phenotypes and genotypes. The common ALL phenotype was associated with BCR-ABL translocation. Among AMLs, CD2 coexpression was almost exclusively restricted to French-American-British subtypes M3 variant and M4Eo and related molecular aberrations. The most valuable markers to differentiate between myeloperoxidase-negative AML subtypes M0 and ALLs were CD13, CD33, and CD117, typical of M0, and intracytoplasmic CD79a, intracytoplasmic CD3, CD10, and CD2, typical of B cell- or T cell-lineage ALL. Our results confirm excellent practicability of the EGIL proposalfor immunologic classification of acute leukemias. For myeloperoxidase-negative AMLs, we suggest a scoring system based on markers most valuable to distinguish between AML-M0 and ALLs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Benign myoepithelial tumors of the breast have immunophenotypic characteristics similar to metaplastic matrix-producing and spindle cell carcinomas.

We immunohistochemically compared benign myoepithelial tumors (adenomyoepitheliomas [AMEs]) and metaplastic matrix-producing (MMP-CA) and spindle cell (MSC-CA) carcinomas of the breast to identify helpful diagnostic markers. Normal myoepithelial cells (MECs) consistently expressed cytokeratin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), myosin, S-100, CD10, and maspin. They were variably positive for vimentin and negative for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), steroid receptors, p53, and HER-2/neu. MECs in AMEs less frequently expressed CD10 (4/8 [50%]) and myosin (6/8 [75%]) but frequently acquired characteristics of luminal cells, such as expression of EMA (5/8 [63%]) and steroid receptors (5/8 [63%]). No abnormal p53 or HER-2/neu expression was seen in AMEs. MMP-CA and MSC-CA were similar to AMEs in cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100, maspin, and HER-2/neu expression. MMP-CAs expressed less alpha-SMA (2/8 [25%]) and myosin (2/7 [29%]) and lacked estrogen receptor (0/9 [0%]). MSC-CAs were consistently CD10+ (4/4 [100%]) yet failed to express myosin (0/3 [0%]). p53 overexpression was seen frequently in MMP-CAs (4/8 [50%]) and MSC-CAs (1/3 [33%]). Benign myoepithelial mammary tumors differ immunophenotypically from normal MECs; a panel of immunohistochemical markers may be required to establish their myoepithelial origin. A similarly altered myoepithelial phenotype also is characteristic of metaplastic mammary carcinomas. The abnormal expression of oncogenes or antioncogenes, such as p53, may be more useful for distinguishing between those entities than the expression of the classic myoepithelial markers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Immunophenotypic analysis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma by flow cytometry.

We studied the antigen expression profiles of 19 anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cases by multiparameter flow cytometry. The neoplastic cells expressed CD45, HLA-DR, and CD30 in all cases. At least 1 T cell-associated antigen was expressed in each case (CD2, 12/17 [71%]; CD4, 12/19 [63%]; CD3, 6/19 [32%]; CD7, 6/19 [32%]; CD5, 5/19 [26%]; CD8, 4/19 [21%]). CD25 was expressed in 14 (88%) of 16 cases. CD13 was expressed unexpectedly in 8 (47%) of 17 cases. One CD13+ ALCL also was positive for CD33 and 2 others for CD15, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD14, and CD36 were not expressed. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein was detected in about 33% (3/9) of ALCLs examined by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI); expression was validated by immunohistochemical analysis. Of 19 ALCL cases, 12 were diagnosed solely based on FCI findings in conjunction with morphologic evaluation of body fluid (1 case), fine-needle aspirate (3 cases), or excisional biopsy specimen (8 cases). The diagnoses of the remaining 7 cases were suggested strongly by FCI and confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. FCI is useful to aid in diagnosis of ALCL, particularly along with fine-needle aspiration evaluation. ALCL with aberrant expression of myeloid antigens should not be mistaken for extramedullary myeloid tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

We studied the flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) and genotypic data of 11 specimens from 10 transplant recipients and categorized them based on a scheme for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Specimens had been analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and/or Southern blot for T-cell and B-cell (immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain genes) gene rearrangements (BGR). The categories for PTLDs were as follows: 1, 1; 2, 6; and 3, 4. The plasmacytic and polymorphic B-cell hyperplasias (PBCHs) revealed no monoclonal/aberrant cells by FCI or genotypic studies (GS). Three of 4 polymorphic B-cell lymphomas (PBCLs) revealed monoclonal or aberrant (no surface light chain) B cells by FCI; 1 of 3 revealed a BGR. However, the 1 case with no monoclonal/aberrant B cells by FCI revealed a BGR. Both immunoblastic lymphomas revealed monoclonal or aberrant B cells by FCI; 1 revealed a BGR. Both multiple myelomas revealed monoclonal plasma cells by FCI; 1 revealed a BGR. In the 4 PTLDs with monoclonal/aberrant B cells by FCI and no clonality detected by GS, the GS were performed on fresh and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. FCI of the plasmacytic and PBCHs supported no clonal process by GS. FCI defined a clonal process in 2 PBCLs, I immunoblastic lymphoma, and 1 multiple myeloma that were negative by GS. However, 1 PBCL that was polyclonal by FCI was monoclonal by GS. Thus, FCI is useful for identifying a clonal process in PTLDs with negative results by GS; FCI and GS should be performed routinely in PTLDs to detect a clonal process.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Detection of malignant epithelial cells in effusions using flow cytometric immunophenotyping: an analysis of 92 cases.

We compared the efficiency of immunophenotyping using flow cytometry (FCM) and a combination of morphologic and immunocytochemical studies for detecting malignant cells in 92 effusions. Cytologic results were as follows: carcinoma cells, 43 specimens; benign, 42 specimens; suggestive of nonepithelial malignancy, 7 specimens. After immunocytochemical analysis, 5 benign specimens were reclassified as malignant and 4 malignant epithelial specimens as benign. With FCM, cells positive for Ber-EP4, B 72.3, AH6, and HB-TN were detected in 28 to 36 (64%-82%) of 44 carcinomas but only 2 to 12 (5%-29%) of 41 benign specimens. Significant association was seen for coexpression. Ber-EP4 and AH6 were the most sensitive; Ber-EP4 was the most specific. The presence of cells positive for 3 of 4 markers strongly suggested malignancy (34/44 carcinoma specimens [77%]; 3/41 reactive specimens [7%]). The presence of cells positive for all 4 markers was diagnostic of malignancy (17/44 malignant specimens [39%]; 0/41 reactive effusions [0%]). FCM and immunocytochemical resultsfor Ber-EP4 expression showed excellent association. FCM is a powerful tool for diagnosing difficult effusions and can quantify coexpression of various markers in fresh specimens. By using established cellular markers coupled with biological markers, FCM also has great promise for experimental purposes.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with extensive dendritic cell network mimicking follicular dendritic cell tumor: a case report with pathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with a nodular pattern of growth is uncommon and may be misdiagnosed initially as a B-cell lymphoma or reactive process. We report a case of a rapidly growing PTCL with a distinctly nodular pattern in an axillary lymph node from an 89-year-old man. Immunohistochemical stains for CD21, CD23, and CD35 highlighted an extensive dendritic cell network that imparted the nodular appearance and, in addition, was associated intimately with the neoplastic cells. The neoplastic cells otherwise had an immunophenotype similar to previously reported cases of PTCL with a nodular pattern and germinal center origin (CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, bcl-6+, CD31+, subset CD10+, subset CXCL13+, and subset CD79a+). Molecular studies confirm a clonal T-cell receptor g gene rearrangement. This case emphasizes unusual morphologic features in a PTCL that may be mistaken for follicular lymphoma or a tumor of follicular dendritic cell origin.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2004

An immunophenotypic comparison of metanephric metaplasia of Bowman capsular epithelium with metanephric adenoma, Wilms tumor, and renal development: a case report and review of the literature.

Metanephric metaplasia of the parietal epithelium of the Bowman capsule is a rare pathologic finding of unknown pathogenesis that has occurred in patients with widespread malignant neoplasms of various types. We report this finding in a 25-year-old woman with partial expression of the Carney triad who died of a disseminated gastrointestinal stromal tumor, specifically a gastric stromal sarcoma. The metaplasia involved both kidneys diffusely. It originated in the parietal epithelium of the Bowman capsule, extended into the proximal tubules, and focally surrounded the glomeruli in a semicircular manner Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the cells of metanephric metaplasia expressed the Wilms tumor gene product, bcl-2 protein, and CD57 and cytokeratin 7 and keratin AE1/AE3 focally, but not CD56. This immunophenotype parallels that of metanephric adenoma, Wilms tumor, and nephrogenic rests and overlaps with antigen expression in certain periods of renal development.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2000

CD5+ follicle center lymphoma. Immunophenotyping detects a unique subset of "floral" follicular lymphoma.

The "floral" variant of follicle center lymphoma (FCL) may be confused with progressive transformation of germinal centers or lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry and gene rearrangement studies are usually sufficient to differentiate among these entities. We present 11 cases of floral FCL that were evaluated at our institution by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, or both and by polymerase chain reaction-based molecular analysis. In 4 cases, the neoplastic B cells coexpressed CD5 antigens; 3 of these 4 cases also were CD10+, and all demonstrated rearrangement within the bcl-2 locus. These findings demonstrate that a subset of floral FCL is CD5+. Recognition of this immunophenotype is important to avoid misdiagnosis of nodular variants of small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Studies suggest that expression of CD5 by neoplastic germinal center cells might result from alterations of the follicular microenvironment and/or inappropriate B-cell responses to cytokine networks.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

First reported cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma of the NK cell type: clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features.

Most cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma are of B-cell phenotype, with a few cases of T-cell lineage and rare cases with histiocytic features described. A definitive natural killer (NK) cell variant has not been recognized. This report is the first to describe the clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features of 2 cases of intravascular lymphoma with an NK cell phenotype (CD3epsilon+, CD2+, CD7+, CD56+, T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen-1+, perforin+, granzyme B+, CD20-, CD4-, CD5-, CD8-, T-cell receptor [TCR]betaF1-). Molecular studies for TCR gene rearrangements revealed a germline configuration. A 41-year-old man had erythematous plaque-like subcutaneous lesions of the lower extremities in which biopsy revealed Epstein-Barr virus-positive intravascular lymphoma. Following chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, he was alive with no evidence of disease at 1 year. A 47-year-old woman had myalgias, arthralgias, weakness, fever, altered mental status, and pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated intravascular lymphoma. Therapy was initiated; however, her condition deteriorated rapidly, and she died. Autopsy revealed involvement of multiple organs, including brain, kidneys, ovaries, and bone marrow. These cases represent the first documented examples of an NK cell variant of intravascular lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Altered leukocyte immunophenotypes in septic shock. Studies of HLA-DR, CD11b, CD14, and IL-2R expression.

To evaluate the role of cellular activation markers and functional surface molecules in sepsis, specific immunophenotypes on peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 40 subjects consisting of the following: (1) patients with septic shock; (2) patients with sepsis; (3) critically ill nonseptic patients; and (4) normal control subjects. These assays included phagocyte adhesion molecule CD11b expression, monocyte receptors HLA-DR and CD14, and lymphocyte activation markers IL-2R and HLA-DR. Patients with septic shock and sepsis had significantly increased neutrophil CD11b expression compared with normal subjects. Neutrophil HLA-DR expression did not significantly differ between groups. Monocytes from septic shock patients had significantly less HLA-DR expression than normal subjects and there was a trend toward a lower proportion of gated monocytes that expressed CD14 in septic shock patients. Septic shock patients had no significant increases in IL-2R or HLA-DR expression on CD3 lymphocytes compared with control subjects, but they had significantly lower numbers of total, CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes and a higher prevalence of anergy. Septic shock patients manifested an increase in neutrophil CD11b expression that may play a role in organ injury. In contrast, a more specific decrease in monocyte expression of functional antigens is also observed in patients with septic shock that may have implications for immunologic defense mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Detection of lymphomatous involvement of the lung by bronchoalveolar lavage. Application of immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.

We report three cases of pulmonary involvement of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which immunophenotypic or gene rearrangement analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells demonstrated monoclonality of T- or B-cell lineage. The first patient had T-cell lymphoma and developed pulmonary lesions. Surface marker analysis of the BAL cells revealed that CD8-positive lymphoid cells were dominant and Southern blot analysis of T-cell receptor gene detected gene rearrangement demonstrating monoclonality of T-cell lineage. The second patient presented with diffuse micronodular shadows on chest radiograph. Marked B-lymphocytosis in BAL fluid prompted us to analyze their clonality. The third was a case in which recurrence of primary pulmonary lymphoma was suspected. In the second and third case, the finding of marked increase in the number of CD 19-positive B lymphocytes with a single class of light chains proved a monoclonal population in BAL cells. With the review of other cases in our study and the relevant literature, we conclude that the clonal analysis of BAL cells is helpful in establishing the diagnosis of pulmonary involvement of T- or B-cell lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A new flow cytometric method vs standard immunoperoxidase technique.

Characterizing lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by flow cytometry (FC) proper gating of the lymphocyte subpopulation being analyzed is crucial. In order to test lymphocyte gate quality for the first time we used a DNA-dye to evaluate plasmamembrane integrity and thus to mark off fluorescent but not DNA-containing particles (eg, debris). A comparative prospective study between this newly developed FC technique and a standard peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method was performed. Samples of BALF from 50 patients with various pulmonary diseases were examined. After determination of the total cell yield, a differential cell count was performed. Subsequently, the immunophenotype of pan T lymphocyte CD3-, T-helper lymphocyte CD4-, and T-suppressor lymphocyte CD8-positive lymphocyte subsets was assessed with FC as well as with the PAP method. Both methods showed excellent correlation (CD3: r = 0.81; CD4: r = 0.97; CD8: r = 0.96; p < 0.05, respectively). Comparing the mean +/- SEM, FC tends to overestimate CD3+ cells (90.6 +/- 1.0% vs 85.8 +/- 1.3%). For CD4 (45.0 +/- 3.4% vs 44.4 +/- 3.4%) and CD8 (48.1 +/- 3.5% vs 46.7 +/- 3.5%), there was good agreement. In a clinical setting, the reliability of both methods was equivalent, and FC using a DNA-dye to test lymphocyte gate quality offered a rapid and reliable determination of lymphocyte subsets in BAL.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed2005

Demonstration of a germinal center immunophenotype in lymphomas by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry.

The germinal center plays an important role in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas, and evidence exists to suggest that most cases are germinal center or postgerminal center derived. Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are derived from the germinal center stage of differentiation. It has been shown that diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a germinal center-type pattern of RNA expression or a germinal center cell phenotype using immunocytochemistry have a more favorable outcome compared with those with a postgerminal center/activated profile. Microarray technology may not be available in many diagnostic laboratories, and antibody-based methods are much simpler and cheaper and are therefore more applicable to the routine setting. Immunocytochemistry has the advantage that the cells of interest are identified morphologically, and it is applicable retrospectively to fixed tissue. The main disadvantage is that only single-color staining is currently used in the routine setting. Flow cytometry allows one to obtain a more precise definition of individual cell types. The cells of interest are identified by a combination of physical characteristics and by the use of multiple antibodies labeled with different fluorochromes. Flow cytometry has the major advantage of being able to analyze very large numbers of cells, and results can be obtained within a few hours of the specimen being taken. The methods described allow B-cell lymphomas to be crudely divided into two groups, those with a germinal center phenotype and those that are mainly postgerminal center tumors. As knowledge of the normal biology of the germinal center develops, it will become possible to use immunophenotypic methods to more precisely classify all types of mature B-cell malignancies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2002

Freezing and thawing of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells does not alter their immunophenotype and antigen presentation characteristics.

The aim of this paper was to assess whether the BMDC after freezing and thawing are capable to retain the immunophenotype and antigen-presenting capacity. BMDC were generated from bone marrow precursor cells as described previously by culturing the cells in medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. Afterwards, the cells were harvested, counted and used for phenotyping and priming of syngeneic spleen cells. For cryopreservation, the BMDC were frozen in the presence of 10% of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 90% foetal calf serum. Forty to fifty percent of both samples, frozen/thawed as well as fresh BMDC, exhibited characteristic DC morphology, and the DC obtained from the frozen/thawed samples expressed a similar level of MHC class I-, MHC class II-, CD80-, CD86-, CD11c-, CD11b-, CD54- and CD205-molecule as fresh DC. To examine the in vitro priming effect of cryopreserved BMDC on syngeneic non-adherent murine C57BL/6 (B6) spleen cells, the BMDC were thawed, pulsed with the lysate prepared from HPV 16-associated tumour MK16 and used for 3H-thymidine assay. The findings of the experiments indicate that fresh as well as cryopreserved murine BMDC preparations pulsed with tumour lysate were efficient to prime the mitogenic activity of syngeneic non-adherent splenocytes. Taken together, the results suggest that frozen/thawed BMDC are morphologically, phenotypically and functionally comparable with fresh BMDC and can be used for construction of dendritic cell-based tumour vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

National external quality assessment scheme for lymphocyte immunophenotyping in Belgium.

In 2000, the Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health introduced a voluntary external quality assessment scheme for lymphocyte immunophenotyping. This paper provides an analysis of the first six surveys. Specimens consisted of fresh EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood and were sent by overnight mail. The 41 participants were surveyed for methodology and were asked to report white blood cell count, percentage of lymphocytes, and percentages and absolute numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells. Median intralaboratory coefficients of variation were 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, and 3.2% for CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cell percentages, respectively. Interlaboratory variability was consistently lower than 6.5% for CD3+ and CD4+CD3+ cell percentages, and lower than 9.5% for CD8+CD3+ cell percentages. Median coefficients of variation for the absolute values were higher, ranging from 10.1% for CD4+CD3+ cells to 16.5% for CD19+ cells. The percentage of CD4+CD3+ and CD8+ CD3+ cells was in several samples significantly lower than the percentage of total CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The number of laboratories measuring total CD4+ and CD8+ cells decreased by 30% during the programme. Between-laboratory variability remained stable over time. Analysis of individual laboratory performance indicated that some laboratories markedly improved their results.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2005

Immunophenotype of hematopoietic stem cells from placental/umbilical cord blood after culture.

Identification and enumeration of human hematopoietic stem cells remain problematic, since in vitro and in vivo stem cell assays have different outcomes. We determined if the altered expression of adhesion molecules during stem cell expansion could be a reason for the discrepancy. CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38+ cells from umbilical cord blood were analyzed before and after culture with thrombopoietin (TPO), FLT-3 ligand (FL) and kit ligand (KL; or stem cell factor) in different combinations: TPO + FL + KL, TPO + FL and TPO, at concentrations of 50 ng/mL each. Cells were immunophenotyped by four-color fluorescence using antibodies against CD11c, CD31, CD49e, CD61, CD62L, CD117, and HLA-DR. Low-density cord blood contained 1.4 +/- 0.9% CD34+ cells, 2.6 +/- 2.1% of which were CD38-negative. CD34+ cells were isolated using immuno-magnetic beads and cultured for up to 7 days. The TPO + FL + KL combination presented the best condition for maintenance of stem cells. The total cell number increased 4.3 +/- 1.8-fold, but the number of viable CD34+ cells decreased by 46 +/- 25%. On the other hand, the fraction of CD34+CD38- cells became 52.0 +/- 29% of all CD34+ cells. The absolute number of CD34+CD38- cells was expanded on average 15 +/- 12-fold when CD34+ cells were cultured with TPO + FL + KL for 7 days. The expression of CD62L, HLA-DR and CD117 was modulated after culture, particularly with TPO + FL + KL, explaining differences between the adhesion and engraftment of primary and cultured candidate stem cells. We conclude that culture of CD34+ cells with TPO + FL + KL results in a significant increase in the number of candidate stem cells with the CD34+CD38- phenotype.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flow cytometric and immunophenotypic evaluation of acute lymphocytic leukemia in dog bone marrow.

Monoclonal antibodies provide powerful tools for detection of lineage-specific markers on hematopoietic cells. We used the combination of cell morphology, cytochemistry, flow cytometric scatter plot analysis, and labeling of cells with 6 monoclonal antibodies to detect and subclassify lymphocytic leukemia in bone marrow from 5 dogs. Antibodies included anti-CD18 (a panleukocyte marker), anti-MHC class II (detects most B and T lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages), anti-Thy-1 (a pan-T-lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage marker), anti-CD3 (a pan-T-lymphocyte marker), anti-CD21 (a B-lymphocyte marker), and anti-CD14 (a monocyte/macrophage marker). Of the 5 dogs evaluated, 2 were categorized as acute T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 2 as acute non-T, non-B lymphoblastic leukemia, and 1 as acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of this study indicate marked variation in the morphology and immunophenotype of canine lymphocytic leukemia.

Animals↗