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Results for “Imitative Behavior”

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The role of modeling in prevention and extinction of phobic behaviour in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

In previous studies surrogate reared cynomolgus monkeys have been shown to become phobic of an unprepared harmless object. In the present study an attempt was made to prevent the development of phobic behaviour in young monkeys and to extinguish avoidance behaviour in phobic monkeys. In the first experiment subjects were exposed to the object in company of their (surrogate) mothers which approached the object. In the second experiment phobic subjects were exposed to the object in company of non-phobic conspecifics which approached the object. The results of the first experiment show that modeling was unsuccessful in preventing the acquisition of phobia in the surrogate-reared monkeys but seemed successful in accelerating approach in the mother-reared subjects. The results of the second experiment show that during the modeling treatment the phobic subjects followed the model and approached the object. However, in post treatment tests all subjects but one relapsed into avoidance. The effect of modeling during treatment is interpreted in terms of coactive facilitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Conditioning experiences in spider phobics.

Using the Phobic Origin Questionnaire (Ost, L. G. & Hugdahl, K. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 439-477, 1981), the present study examined the extent to which severe spider phobics (N = 42) attributed their phobia to conditioning experiences, modeling experiences and/or informational learning experiences. Modeling was most often reported (71%), followed by conditioning (57%), and informational learning experiences (45%). It was also found that patients with a conditioning background reported less extreme cognitive symptoms when confronted with the phobic stimulus than patients with an indirect mode of acquisition (modeling and/or informational learning).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fearful distortions.

Clinical observations suggesting that perceptual distortions can take place during episodes of fear are described, and two hypotheses are set out: (1) perceptual distortions occur during episodes of fear, and (2) such distortions decline after reduction of the pertinent fear. An experiment in which fearful subjects were asked to report their perceptions of a feared object during episodes of fear, and then again after fear-reduction, was carried out. Snake-phobic and spider-phobic subjects showed evidence of some distortions in the activity of the pertinent fear object, but no distortions of size. After the reduction of the relevant fear, the subjects reported significant declines in the activity of the pertinent animal. The two hypotheses received partial support.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pathways to spider phobia.

Using a revised version of the Phobic Origin Questionnaire (POQ; Ost, L. G. & Hugdahl, K. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 439-477; 1981), the present study examined whether conditioning experiences, modeling experiences, and/or informational learning experiences were more often reported by spider phobics (n = 41) than by non-fearful controls (n = 30). The two groups did not differ with regard to the overall frequency of conditioning or modeling events. Remarkably, the frequency of informational learning was higher among non-fearful Ss than among phobics. Although the limitations inherent to the retrospective nature of the present study should be borne in mind, the data suggest that, at least in spider phobics, conditioning events, modeling experiences, and/or informational learning do not necessarily give rise to phobic fears.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Origins of childhood dental fear.

This study explored Rachman's theory of fear acquisition applied to fear of the dentist in a large sample of low income American primary school children. Children and their mother/guardians were interviewed or completed questionnaires in the home about fear acquisition and related concerns. A multivariate logistic regression model was evaluated in order to explore the relationship of direct conditioning and modeling variables to fear levels. Both direct conditioning and parent modeling factors were significant independent predictors of fear level even when controlling for gender, age and other sociodemographic and attitudinal factors.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

The role of parental fearfulness and modeling in children's fear.

The present study investigated the contribution of parental modeling to the fearfulness of children. Forty children (aged 9-12) who were referred to an outpatient treatment centre filled out the trait version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the revised version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC). The parents of the children completed adult versions of the STAI-trait and the FSS. In addition, parents rated to what extent they generally expressed fears to their children. Results showed that trait anxiety in children was positively associated with trait anxiety of both the mother (r = 0.34, P < 0.05) and the father (r = 0.31, P < 0.05). Fearfulness of the children was only related to fearfulness of the mother (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Most importantly, the data showed that modeling played a role in this relationship. A linear association between FSSC scores and mothers' rating of expressing fears to their children was found. That is to say, children of mothers who never expressed their fears had the lowest FSSC scores, children of mothers who often expressed their fears had the highest FSSC scores, whereas children of mothers who sometimes expressed their fears scored in between.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Drinking and driving don't mix: inductive generalization in infancy.

The traditional view of inductive generalization in infancy is that it rests on perceptual similarity; infants are said to form perceptually based categories, such as dogs and cats, and then to associate various properties with them. Superordinate-level inductions, such as generalizations about animals as a domain, have been considered to be more abstract and assumed to be a later achievement. Three experiments were conducted to investigate these issues, using 14-month-olds as subjects. We modeled various properties or actions appropriate to animals or to vehicles and then assessed whether infants were willing to generalize their imitations of these actions to different exemplars from the same and different domains. Contrary to the traditional view, we found that infants this age have generalized the properties of drinking and sleeping throughout the animal domain, and the properties of "being keyed" and "giving a ride" throughout the vehicle domain. These generalizations are constrained solely by the boundaries of the domains themselves and are not influenced by the perceptual similarity of exemplars within the domains.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Song acquisition in photosensitive and photorefractory male European starlings.

We tested the ability of 1-year-old European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to acquire songs while in different physiological states. Photorefractory males, with low testosterone levels, learned songs as completely and as accurately as photosensitive males in full reproductive condition. This indicates that song acquisition in 1-year-old males does not depend on high levels of androgens. The ability to learn songs during the nonbreeding season may reflect the high song output of potential tutors through most of the year, including the photorefractory period, and may facilitate increases in song repertoire size in adulthood.

Animals↗