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PubMed1999

Neospora caninum infections in bovine foetuses and dairy cows with abortions in Argentina.

Antibodies to Neospora caninum were measured in bovine foetuses, dairy cows and beef cows in Argentina using the IFAT, the N. caninum agglutination test, and the recombinant NCDG1 and NCDG2 ELISA. Serum antibodies (IFAT titre 1:80) were found in 20 of 82 (24.4%) dairy cow foetuses and one of 22 (4.5%) beef cow foetuses. Microscopic lesions suggestive of neosporosis were seen in brains of seven of eight foetuses with IFAT titres of 1:80. Antibodies (IFAT) were found in 122 of 189 (64.5%) dairy cows that aborted. Serum antibody titres (IFAT) of 189 dairy cows that aborted were: < 1:25 (67 cows), 1:25 (four cows), 1:50 (16 cows), 1:200 (seven cows), 1:> or = 800 (95 cows). Of the 87 sera with IFAT titres of < or = 1:50, 57 had no antibodies in 1:40 dilution and 30 had titres of 1:40 in the N. caninum agglutination test. Thus, sera from at least 56 dairy cows which had aborted were seronegative both in the N. caninum agglutination test and the IFAT. The distribution of positive and negative sera was similar when measured by ELISA, except that, depending on cut-off titre, the ELISA indicated a greater number of seropositive cows that were negative by the IFAT and N. caninum agglutination test. These results suggest that transplacental transmission of N. caninum in dairy cows in Argentina is frequent.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

Bluetongue virus.

Bluetongue (BLU) is a noncontagious viral disease. The virus is a member of the Orbivirus genus and serves as the prototype virus of the genus. BLU is primarily a disease of domestic ruminants, some wild ruminants, and, recently, domestic dogs. The disease is caused by 1 of 24 different serotypes of virus that are distributed worldwide. This article reviews the viruses, their distribution, clinical signs, pathogenesis, and the roles they play in reproductive failure.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

Safe abortion for HIV-positive women with unwanted pregnancy: a reproductive right.

About 2.5 million women who become pregnant each year worldwide are HIV-positive. UNAIDS recommends that HIV-positive women should be able to control their fertility and to prevent HIV transmission perinatally if they decide to have children. Yet a literature review on these matters found that termination of pregnancy for HIV-positive women receives very little attention. This paper describes the difficulties faced by HIV-positive women in obtaining safe, legal, affordable abortion services. It shows that voluntary HIV counselling and testing for women seeking induced abortions and post-abortion care may not be provided. HIV-positive women want to avoid pregnancy for the same reasons as other women, but they also do not want to infect their partners through unprotected sex, worry about effects of pregnancy and childbirth on their own health, or about infecting a child and the child's future care. Little research has been done on whether HIV-positive women have a greater risk of morbidity following unsafe abortions than HIV-negative women, but evidence suggests they might. Studies in Zimbabwe and Thailand show that when information and access to legal pregnancy termination are lacking, HIV-positive women may be prevented from terminating a pregnancy. The paper concludes that it is essential for women living with HIV/AIDS to be able to exercise their right to decide whether and when to have children.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2003

Cytokine gene expression in dams and foetuses after experimental Neospora caninum infection of heifers at 110 days of gestation.

Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle. An essential role for Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and IL-12 in protective immunity against N. caninum in murine models has been indicated. However, little is known about immunity to Neospora in pregnant cattle where a considerable level of immunomodulation may exist. In this study, the immune response of heifers infected early in the second trimester of pregnancy by intravenous inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites was compared with immune responses in uninfected pregnant heifers. Animals were killed 3 weeks after infection. No abortion was observed in any infected dam, however, transplacental infection was shown to have already taken place. Infection with N. caninum during pregnancy induced significant immune responses in both dams and their foetuses. Infected dams showed significant changes in lymphocyte subpopulations compared with uninfected pregnant animals and these changes were compartmentalized. Increased levels of T lymphocytes were observed in the infected foetuses. Cytokine gene expression analysed by real time RT-PCR showed increased expression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in N. caninum infected animals. This cytokine expression could have a role in the transplacental transmission of the parasite and/or mediate tissue damage.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2001

An experimental infection with classical swine fever virus in pregnant sows: transmission of the virus, course of the disease, antibody response and effect on gestation.

An experimental infection with classical swine fever (CSF) virus in 12 conventional gilts, housed in a sow-box housing system, was conducted in order to evaluate horizontal transmission, clinical, virological and serological response, and the effect on gestation. Two of the 12 gilts, of which 10 were pregnant, were experimentally inoculated. They became viraemic for the first time 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). The contact gilts became viraemic between 18 and 21 days post inoculation. On the basis of virological findings and the martingale estimate of R0 (13.0) it was concluded that the two experimentally inoculated gilts infected all contact gilts, although random contacts between gilts were not possible. The prescence of CSF infection could be diagnosed earlier and during a longer period when the leucocyte count or polymerase chain reaction were used in comparison with virus isolation in whole blood (P < 0.05). The observed clinical symptoms were atypical and highly variable between the gilts, which hampered clinical diagnosis. The pregnant gilts became infected between day 43 and 67 of gestation. In all cases vertical virus transmission occurred and this resulted partially in abortion and/or mummification.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1975

Bleeding in pregnancy due to retroplacental situtation of guinea worms.

Two cases of retroplacental guinea worms causing bleeding in the early and late months of pregnancy are reported. In one case, habitual abortions may have been due to the presence of a guinea worm. These situations and manifestations have not been previously reported. It is suggested that larval worms can invade the vagina, that the acid vaginal exudate destroys the Cyclops and releases the larvae which then penetrate the tissues and migrate to the retroplacental region corresponding to the migration from the stomach. This probably explains the higher incidence among females compared with males and of the pelvis over other regions.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Cytomegalovirus excretion in pregnant women in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.

AIM: The study was carried out to determine the viral excretion rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnant women in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, and to observe how it compared with that in western countries. METHOD: Cervical excretion of cytomegalovirus by pregnant women was studied employing a highly sensitive CMV detection assay supported with fluorescent labeled monoclonal antibody directed against an immediate early antigen, known as DEAFF (detection of early antigen by fluorescent foci assay) test. RESULTS: CMV excretion rates during the third trimester of pregnancy were similar to the detection rates reported from most developed countries. Our results also showed that the rate of cervical CMV excretion was higher among pregnant women who had a history of more than one spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

Fetal pathology in human parvovirus B19 infection.

In a current Netherlands study on the effects on mother and child of infection with the human parvovirus B19 during pregnancy, 10 pregnancies have been reported. Three of them ended before term: two in fetal death and one by elective abortion. In two of these fetuses B19 infection in cells other than those of the erythroid series was demonstrated, and in the one terminated, ocular malformation and extensive inflammatory reactions in all fetal and placental tissues were found. The presence of B19 DNA was demonstrated by dot hybridization in placental and fetal tissues. In the third no gross fetal abnormalities were found, although B19 DNA was detected in several fetal tissues by in-situ hybridization. Of the remaining seven pregnancies, six ended at term in the birth of apparently healthy babies. The other child was born near term with a low birthweight and multiple congenital malformations, but with no proof of intrauterine B19 infection. It is concluded that B19 infection in pregnancy can interfere with organ development and may lead to intrauterine fetal death.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

Pathology in the ovine foetus caused by an ovine pestivirus.

Homogenised tissues or tissue culture supernatant fluid containing a noncytopathic pestivirus obtained from a lamb with a neurologic form of border disease, were inoculated into ewes at different stages of pregnancy. Foetal death occurred in 9 ewes of those inoculated between 19 and 47 days of pregnancy while 3 ewes did not lamb. Eight of the foetuses were aborted between 77 and 132 days of pregnancy; of these 6 were autolysed or mummified and one had arthrogryposis. The one full-term dead lamb had a hairy birth coat and lissencephalic micrencephaly. Foetal death occurred in only 7 of 14 ewes inoculated between 57 and 72 days of pregnancy. Four of these ewes aborted between 77 and 108 days of pregnancy and 3 gave birth to full-term, dead, hairy lambs. The remaining 7 ewes gave birth to live hairy lambs with severe inco-ordination. All lambs carried to term and aborted foetuses or lambs that could be examined had a range of intracranial malformations including focal leucomalacia, micrencephaly, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. Some lambs also had skeletal abnormalities including arthrogryposis, scoliosis and brachygnathia inferior. The pestivirus isolate used in these trials produced more severe effects on the ovine foetus than previously observed in similar inoculation trials using pestivirus isolates from border disease lambs without nervous signs.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1986

Serology of experimental toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes and their foetuses.

Ewes were inoculated orally with 1500 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 6 to 14 weeks of pregnancy. Abortions occurred at 26 to 55 days after inoculation, and maternal serum T. gondii antibody titres did not peak/plateau until 20 to 103 days after inoculation, usually after abortion occurred. Serums or body fluids from unautolysed foetuses aborted at 35 days or more after maternal inoculation, contained significant levels of Toxoplasma antibodies as determined by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. It was considered that foetal serology was a quick and efficient method of diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep on a flock basis.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1966

Replication of mumps virus in human leukocyte cultures.

Duc-Nguyen, Huu (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Werner Henle. Replication of mumps virus in human leukocyte cultures. J. Bacteriol. 92:258-265. 1966.-Human peripheral leukocyte cultures maintained in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were found to support to some extent the replication of mumps virus. When such cultures were exposed, within 24 hr after their initiation, to a high input multiplicity of virus, successful infection, as determined by immunofluorescence and plaque assays, did not become evident before the 3rd or 4th day. On exposure of cultures 4 to 5 days old, viral replication was detectable within 2 days. In both instances, peak immunofluorescence and virus titers were reached when the cultures were 7 to 9 days old and composed mainly of blast forms. With decreasing input multiplicities of infection, cells containing viral antigen and production of infectious viral progeny became detectable with increasing delay. No significant viral replication was noted in surviving cells maintained in the absence of PHA. These results indicate that mainly, if not solely, the PHA-stimulated cells of the lymphocytic series support viral multiplication. The extent of the infectious process was limited, however, because the life span of the cultures was not significantly shortened, the yields of infectious virus per immunofluorescent cell were at all times low, and most infected cells contained only a few well-delineated small masses of antigen, suggestive of an abortive infection. Only fresh cultures were capable of synthesizing interferon on stimulation by mumps, Newcastle disease, or Sendai viruses. When the cultures were set up in the presence of PHA, this capacity was lost within 24 hr. PHA per sefailed to induce detectable production of an interferon under the conditions used. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Antigens↗
PubMed1968

Herpes simplex virus products in productive and abortive infection. II. Electron microscopic and immunological evidence for failure of virus envelopment as a cause of abortive infection.

Herpes simplex virus strain MPdk(-) multiplies in HEp-2 cells, but not in dog kidney (DK) cells. Strain MPdk(+)sp, a multistep mutant of MPdk(-), multiplies in both HEp-2 and DK cells. Stabilized lysates of productively infected cells yield three macromolecular aggregates of viral deoxyribonucleic acid and protein banding in CsCl gradients at densities of 1.285 g/cm(3) (alpha), 1.325 g/cm(3) (beta), and 1.37 to 1.45 g/cm(3) (gamma). Similar lysates from abortively infected cells yield only the beta and gamma bands. Electron microscopic examination revealed that (i) the alpha band contained enveloped nucleocapsids, whereas the beta band contained naked nucleocapsids and particles tentatively identified as internal components of the nucleocapsids, and that (ii) the enveloped virions and reduplication of cellular membranes observed in thin sections of productively infected cells were absent from abortively infected cells. Studies of the surface antigens of infected cells in a cytolytic system described previously revealed that abortively infected cells contained approximately 10-fold less virus-induced surface antigen than did productively infected cells. From these and other data published previously, we concluded that infectious MPdk(-) virions are not made in DK cells because (i) functional viral products necessary for the envelopment of the nucleocapsid are not made, and (ii) capsid proteins and some nonstructural products specified by the virus malfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether women with bacterial vaginosis detected early in pregnancy are at increased risk of preterm delivery. DESIGN: Prospective description cohort study. SETTING: Antenatal clinic in a district general hospital. SUBJECTS: 783 women examined during their first antenatal clinic visit and screened for recognised risk factors for preterm delivery and the presence of bacterial vaginosis or intermediate abnormal flora detected by examination of a vaginal smear stained by Gram's method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gestational age at delivery classified as late miscarriage (16-24 weeks' gestation), preterm delivery (24-37 weeks' gestation), term delivery (> or = 37 weeks' gestation). RESULTS: Multiple logistic analysis showed that there was an increased incidence of preterm delivery in women with a previous preterm delivery (9/24; odds ratio 25; 95% confidence interval 9 to 70; P < 0.001) and bacterial vaginosis (9/115; 2.8; 1.1 to 7.4; P = 0.04). A further logistic analysis of data from women recruited before 16 weeks' gestation showed that preterm deliveries or late miscarriages occurred more often in women with bacterial vaginosis (12/77; 5.5; 2.3 to 13.3; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Late miscarriage and preterm delivery are associated with the presence of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. This is independent of recognised risk factors such as previous preterm delivery.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗