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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Evaluation of association between body size and large intestinal transit time in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare large intestinal transit time (LITT) in dogs of various body sizes and determine whether fecal quality was correlated with LITT. ANIMALS: 6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes. PROCEDURE: LITT was calculated as the difference between total (TTT) and orocecal transit time (OCTT). Minimum and mean OCTTs were determined by use of the sulfasalazine-sulfapyridine method. Minimum TTT was estimated by use of chromium and ferric oxide as color markers, and mean TTT was calculated from the recovery from feces of ingested colored plastic beads. Fecal moisture content was determined and fecal consistency was scored during the same period. RESULTS: Large-breed dogs had higher fecal moisture content and more watery fecal consistency. No association between body size and OCTT was detected, but there was a positive correlation between body size and mean TTT. Mean LITT increased significantly with body size, from 9.1 +/- 1.1 hours in Miniature Poodles to 39.4 +/- 1.6 hours for Giant Schnauzers. Significant correlations were detected among mean LITT, mean TTT, and fecal scores, whereas no correlation was observed between fecal moisture content and TTT or LITT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LITT was correlated with fecal consistency in dogs of various body sizes. Mean LITT can be predicted from values for mean TTT in healthy dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Decrease in the "healthy migrant effect": trends in the morbidity of foreign and German participants in the 1984-1992 Socioeconomic Panel].

Comparing data from three cross-sections of the German Socio-Economic-Panel (1984, 1988, 1992), migrants who had come to Germany until 1973 showed a better state of health than the German participants. This "healthy-migrant-effect" can be demonstrated for all three morbidity indicators used in this study (restriction of daily activities due to poor health, chronic illness, disablement). After controlling for age, only the indicator "restriction of daily activities" reveals higher morbidity rates for migrants than for German participants in 1984. With increasing age morbidity also increased between 1984 and 1992, but the increase was more pronounced for migrants than for the German participants. The resulting reduction of the "healthy-migrant-effect" can be seen most clearly for the indicator "chronic illness".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The quantity/quality of children hypothesis in developing countries: testing by considering some demographic experiences in China, India and Africa.

Initially a general regression equation is estimated, making use of cross-country data, relating the level of the total fertility rate to a range of variables, including the level of per capita real income. There is a statistically significant negative relationship between the level of the total fertility rate and real income per capita. Once the theory of the quantity-cum-quality of children hypothesis is set out formally, and in a flexible form, it is clear that this statistical relationship is not inconsistent with this theory. However, this relationship is not a strong, or convincing, test of this hypothesis. To provide more satisfactory tests of this hypothesis, additional relevant information from various developing countries is used. Information on recent demographic changes in China provides a comparatively powerful, direct test of the theory. More indirect tests of the theory are provided by drawing on data for India in the 1960s, and for sub-Saharan African countries in the 1980s and early 1990s. These various tests suggest that the quantity-cum-quality hypothesis, in its flexible form, appears to explain some of the changes in fertility rates observed in various developing countries in recent decades.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The health of the aged in India.

Because of declining fertility, the proportion of the aged in the Indian population has risen. Although the rise has been modest, as shown by an increase in the population over 60 years of age from 5.5 to 7.0 per cent between 1951 and 1995, by the latter date, India's experience with 65 million people of this age is unusual. The paper employs data on persons 65+ years of age drawn from the 42nd Round of the National Sample Survey, and for the analysis subdivides them into three age groups, 60-64, 65-69 and 70+. It is shown that, among population over 60 years of age, 10 per cent suffer from impaired physical mobility and 10 per cent are hospitalized at any given time, both proportions rising with increasing age. Of the population over 70 years of age, more than 50 per cent suffer from one or more chronic conditions. The very limited support provided to the old by government is brought out by the fact that even in Karnataka, one of the states with the most generous provision, only 15 per cent of persons over 65 years of age receive any type of pension.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A subregional assessment of demographic and health trends in the Americas: 1980-1998.

Close to 14 percent of the world's population lives in the Americas and the total population of this area is expected to reach 823,225,000 by the year 2000. Periodic assessments of the health situation and trends in conditions throughout subregions of the Americas have been undertaken by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) since the mid-1950s. These assessments demonstrate and underscore some major disparities in social, health and economic conditions in the various countries within the region. Analysis of some 38 demographic, socioeconomic, vital statistics and resource availability indicators show encouraging health and social progress between 1980 and 1998. Data concerning the health situation and trends in eight subregions of the Americas show a demographic reshape and an overall improvement in a variety of health indicators over this period. Important changes occurred in the epidemiological profile of the populations, shifting from a mainly communicable disease profile to one in which chronic diseases also affect a major portion of the population. This double health burden is unique in the region of the Americas. Improvements in social as well as health indicators were evidenced throughout the various subregions but at differing levels and at varying rates. Marked changes in total fertility, infant mortality, life expectancy and morbidity rates characterized the period between 1980 and 1998. The discrepancies between countries are highlighted and areas in need of further improvement outlined.

Americas↗
PubMed1999

The global impact of HIV infection and disease.

Patterns of HIV infection and disease are changing. HIV will soon enter the top five causes of death worldwide and is now believed to cause more deaths than malaria. Commonwealth countries account for around 60% of prevalent HIV infections worldwide. Around half of all global HIV transmissions are to people under 25 years of age. HIV is lowering life expectancy and reversing gains in child survival in east and central Africa. The incidence and prevalence of HIV infection have increased enormously in southern Africa recently. A more generalised pattern of heterosexual HIV transmission is emerging in parts of South and South East Asia. Injecting drug use and related HIV transmission is increasing in resource-poor countries. Countries where HIV prevalence is low but rising and there are high levels of other STIs offer particular opportunities for early intervention, as it is easier to intervene against HIV when it is entering a country than when it has become established. In countries with weak family and social networks there is inadequate care for the increasing numbers of parentless children. HIV is prejudicing tuberculosis control programme in most African countries and will do the same in Asia. AIDS mortality has fallen in industrialised countries but the prevalence of HIV infection and treatment costs are increasing. Countries that have used multisectoral approaches at an early stage and have had political support for HIV prevention early in their epidemics have been able to limit transmission. Others, intervening later, have been able to reduce transmission. Surveillance methods need to adapt to changing patterns of infection and disease.

Global Health↗
PubMed1999

The demography of centenarians in England and Wales.

Using a new database, the article investigates the causes of the current 'explosion' in the numbers of centenarians. It then examines the latest official projections for the future and their implications for the highest ages which are likely to be attained.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Health, environment and sustainable development: identifying links and indicators to promote action.

This paper discusses the links among health, environment, and sustainable development and presents a framework that extends from the epidemiological domain to the policy domain and includes the driving forces that generate environmental pressures, creating changes in the state of the environment and eventually contributing to human exposures. Health effects are the end result of this complex net of events. Environmental health interventions should not be limited to treatment of cases and directly reducing human exposures. The paper discusses the need for integrated action at all levels and, in particular, on the need to focus on long-term action directed at reducing the driving forces that generate the environmental health threats. Only this approach can achieve sustained health benefits and environmental protection in accord with the principles of sustainable development.

Decision Support Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measles emerges.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Are recent cohorts healthier than their predecessors?

OBJECTIVES: This article examines changes in the health status of Canadian adults between 1978/79 and 1996/97. DATA SOURCES: Data are from the the Canadian Vital Statistics Data Base, the 1991 General Social Survey, the 1978/79 Canada Health Survey (CHS), and the 1996/97 National Population Health Survey (NPHS). ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Age-specific mortality rates are presented for 1978 and 1996. The cumulative incidence of heart disease is shown for 1991. Cross-sectional comparisons of prevalence rates for selected chronic conditions, activity limitation, disability days, smoking and overweight are shown for 1978/79 and 1996/97. Multiple logistic regression models were used to test differences in odds ratios for the chronic conditions and for activity limitation between the CHS and the NPHS. SUDAAN, which accounts for the complex survey design, was used to estimate standard errors of the prevalence and of the coefficients in the logistic model. MAIN RESULTS: Lower mortality rates and lower prevalence of heart disease, high blood pressure, arthritis and activity limitation suggest that recent cohorts are healthier than previous cohorts. When the age effect was controlled along with education and income, the odds of having these conditions were generally lower for each successive cohort, and lower in the mid-1990s than in the late 1970s. However, the odds of having diabetes were higher in 1996/97 than in 1978/79, and higher among more recent cohorts than among earlier cohorts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends and predictions of cancer incidence cases by site and sex for Mumbai.

In order to estimate the resources needed for the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation services needed for cancer patients, it is important to know the magnitude of common cancers at present and in future. Keeping this view in mind an attempt has been made to predict cancer incidence cases for most common cancers for Greater Bombay upto the year 2002. The trend analysis is carried out for major 30 cancer sites for both the sexes using age incidence data of Greater Bombay for the period 1968 to 1987. The age-period-cohort model which was fitted to the data for studying trends for each site and sex has also been utilized for prediction also. Prediction was based on the assumption that the characteristic features of the model estimated from the observed rates would continue to hold during the prediction periods. Present trend analysis showed that cancers of the tongue, mouth, oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach and larynx in both sexes and cervix for females have registered a decline in incidence over a period of observation. While, during the same period, cancers of the liver, pancreas, bladder, brain and thyroid in both the sexes, breast, endometrium and ovary in females, and testis in males showed increasing trends in incidence, while cancers of the hypopharynx, lung, bone, connective tissue and lymphomas in both the sexes did not show any significant change in the incidence. In males in 1968-1972 cancer of the oesophagus was the leading cancer, followed by lung, larynx, tongue and stomach, while in 1988-2002 cancer of the lung will be the most predominant cancer, followed by hypopharynx, oesophagus, prostate and tongue. It is believed that the results of the present study will provide a sound basis for planning the cancer control, prevention, diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation in Mumbai for the years to come.

Adolescent↗