Reimbursement policy of hospitals in the Federal Republic of Germany.
The factors that have contributed to an overhaul of German hospital policy in the last 12 months are both numerous and highly interrelated. Rising health expenditures and inflexible mechanisms for implementing hospital policy are major culprits, as are the considerably changed political and economic circumstances over the last 15 years. Although this overhaul does embody some changes in the direction of German health care policy, they can best be understood as a further manifestation of the continuity that has characterized policy in this area for the past 100 years; a continuity rooted in the widely shared belief that disease, whatever its nature, is beyond the control of individuals. The key to cost containment is considered to lie in the reduction of the average length of stay and in the better utilization of hospital facilities. Payment remains directly related neither to specific diagnoses of individual patients nor to occupancy rates in individual departments, which vary greatly across disciplines and specialities. In the era that is unfolding, one political phenomenon requires close watching in the future: policy coalitions at the Land-level will become even more important as prime movers than they have been in the past. Demands for Strukturreform are a regular feature of many governmental systems. Yet the capacity of political bodies--whether ministries or parliaments--is severely limited by the distribution of power and control over resources and by the political dynamics which they generate. In the FRG, major reforms will not take place until after the 1987 federal elections, and it is essential to remember that the realms of campaign rhetoric and of policy choice and implementation are governed by entirely different sets of rules and constraints.