SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gravidity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

The developmental toxicity of bisphenol A in rats and mice.

Bisphenol A (BPA) was evaluated for developmental toxicity in CD rats (0, 160, 320, or 640 mg/kg/day) and CD-1 mice (0, 500, 750, 1000, or 1250 mg/kg/day) dosed daily by gastric intubation on Gestational Days 6 through 15. Timed-pregnant dams were sacrificed 1 day prior to parturition, the uterine contents were examined, and all fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. In rats, maternal weight gain during gestation, weight gain corrected for gravid uterine weight, and weight gain during treatment were significantly reduced at all BPA doses. Gravid uterine weight and average fetal body weight per litter were not affected by BPA. No increase in percentage resorptions per litter or percentage fetuses malformed per litter was detected. In mice, maternal mortality occurred at all BPA doses, reaching 18% at the high dose, which also produced a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain during gestation and treatment. Weight gain corrected for gravid uterine weight was not affected by BPA. Reductions in gravid uterine weight and average fetal body weight were observed with the 1250 mg/kg dose of BPA. Relative maternal liver weight was increased at all doses of BPA. There was a significant increase in the percentage of resorptions per litter with 1250 mg BPA/kg/day. Malformation incidence was not altered by BPA. Thus, BPA treatment at maternally toxic dose levels during organogenesis produced fetal toxicity in mice but not in rats and did not alter fetal morphologic development in either species.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Plasma corticosterone response to an acute stressor varies according to reproductive condition in female tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus).

The magnitude of the glucocorticoid response to a stressor can depend on both environmental and physiological context. One factor that has not been examined is whether females of different reproductive states have different responses to a stressor. We examined whether corticosterone (CORT) increased after a 10 min handling stress in oviparous female tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) that were vitellogenic (yolking follicles) or gravid (post-ovulatory). We found that stressed vitellogenic females had a large increase in plasma CORT whereas gravid females did not. Baseline levels of CORT in gravid females were relatively high and similar to those in stressed vitellogenic females. The lack of a stress response in gravid females may be due to an inability to secrete higher levels of CORT or a suppression of the stress response. In addition, within vitellogenic females, CORT was positively correlated with ovarian weight, suggesting that CORT may function in some aspect of ovarian development during vitellogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Reference values and predictors of white blood cell subset counts: a cross-sectional study among HIV seronegative pregnant women in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors and develop reference values of white blood cell subset counts for pregnant black women in Zimbabwe. STUDY DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was employed to assess the relationship of WBC subset counts with age, gestational age, gravidity, season, serum retinol, beta-carotene, ferritin, folate and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin among 998 women 22-35 weeks pregnant attending antenatal care (ANC) in Harare, Zimbabwe. RESULTS: Mean age was 24.0 (95% CI; 23.6-24.4), range 14-45 years. The mean gestational age was 29.2 (95% CI; 29.0-29.4), range 22-35 weeks. Median gravidity was 2, range 1-9. Predictors of neutrophil counts were gestational age, season and serum ferritin, the latter in interaction with gravidity (interaction, p = 0.016). Mean lymphocyte count was 0.13 x 10(9)cells/l higher in gravida >4 than gravida 1-3, and 0.35 x 10(9)cells/l higher in the late rainy than other seasons. Predictors of monocyte counts were gestational age, serum folate and season, while eosinophil counts declined with advancing gestation. Reference values adjusted or unadjusted for identified predictors were different from those of pregnant and non-pregnant white women reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Gravidity, season and micronutrient status influence WBC counts during pregnancy and therefore are of physiological and clinical importance. WBC reference values in the literature were not applicable obviating the need for local reference values.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The expression of EP3-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA are correlated in pregnant and misoprostol-treated but not in nongravid or menopausal myometrium.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in nongravid and gravid human myometrium and assess its relation to the expression of EP3 prostaglandin receptor isoforms. STUDY DESIGN: Myometrial tissue from a cohort of gravid, nongravid, and menopausal subjects and from nongravid subjects exposed to misoprostol was obtained and analyzed for iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and compared with previously determined mRNA levels for the EP3-6 prostaglandin receptor from the same samples by means of semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of iNOS mRNA expression were found in the gravid compared with premenopausal nongravid (P <.02) and menopausal (P <.05,) samples. Linear regression analysis of iNOS versus EP3-6 expression showed a positive correlation between all studied samples (n = 47, P <.0001, r = 0.815). Among individual groups, a significant linear correlation was found only in pregnant (n = 10, P <.0001, r = 0.785) and misoprostol-exposed (n = 7, P =.0256, r = 0.815) subjects. No correlation between iNOS and EP3-6 mRNA levels was noted in the nongravid premenopausal groups (n = 10, P =.205, r = 0.350), although a nonsignificant trend was found for the menopausal group (n = 10, P =.0535, r = 0.624). When the data from pregnant patients were stratified, both laboring and nonlaboring women displayed the observed correlation (n = 6, P <.0001, r = 0.993; and n = 13, P =.008, r = 0.697, respectively). CONCLUSION: iNOS and EP3-6 expression are strongly correlated in gravid and misoprostol-treated, nongravid myometrium.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

[Pregnancy anabolism of the trace elements copper, zinc, nickel and manganese in sows].

In an experiment with 16 sows of the German Landrace the influence of gravidity and a varying dietary trace element supply on the total balance of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese was tested from the 21st day of gravidity until farrowing. The trial was of a factorial design (2X2X3). The balances were measured with 8 nongravid and 8 gravid sows at two levels of trace element supply (basic and supplemented groups) in three collecting periods. Additionally concentration of copper, zinc, and nickel and manganese was analyzed in the gestational products, namely in piglets, amniotic fluid and placenta. These balance trials were conducted to investigate whether there also is a pregnancy anabolism of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese in sows. Besides, the requirements of these trace elements of nongravid and gravid sows should be worked out. Trace element excretion in the gestational products amounted in comparison to the total fecal and urinary excretion to 2.3, 2.5, 0.4 and 0.2 per cent for Cu, Zn, Ni and Mn, respectively. The balances of zinc, nickel and also manganese were controlled homeo-statically in the nongravid sows with a higher intake of these elements. From the experimental data a daily requirement of 12 mg Cu, 50 mg Zn, 1.4 mg Ni and 50 mg Mn is established, i.e. 6 mg Cu, 25 mg Zn, 0.7 mg Ni and 25 mg Mn per kg of feed. At increased dietary supply of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese pregnancy anabolism of these elements took effect in sows. Dependent on the level of dietary supply in this experiment of zinc, nickel and manganese 33, 12, 19 and 12 per cent the dietary copper, were accreted anabolically in the maternal body itself.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Energy requirements of young female cattle. 6. Energy requirements].

Results taken from 6 experiments with young female cattle comprising 477 metabolism periods served the derivation of the animals energy requirement in the development range greater than 125 kg live weight according to the factorial method. The energy requirement per kg LW0.75 and day, calculated from metabolism data, was independent of the stage of development and the intensity of feeding. It averaged 455 +/- 66 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0.75.d and 250 +/- 37 kJ NEFcattle/kg LW0.75.d respectively. The partial energy requirement for live weight gain, expressed in net energy fat, was equivalent to the energy content of the live weight gain. Energy retention and thus energy requirement per kg live weight gain increased with the live weight and reached a maximum of 26 MJ. Energy retention per kg live weight gain largely depended on the intensity of feeding and the stage of gravidity. Restrictive energy supply and progressing gravidity decreased energy content in the weight gain. The influences mentioned were taken into consideration on the derivation of the partial requirement for live weight gain. Equations were developed for the estimation of the energy requirement of young female cattle, which can be applied to both gravid and non-gravid cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Donor age is paramount to success in oocyte donation.

Several reports suggest increasing age in oocyte donors decreases the chances of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) success, while others describe no effect. The published data concerning gravidity and parity are similarly conflicting. To further address these questions, we retrospectively studied 445 consecutive donor IVF cycles at two large university-based IVF practices. Donor cycles were analysed for the number of oocytes retrieved, gravidity, parity, and age of the donor, and pregnancy outcome in recipients. The previous gravidity and parity of the donor were not associated with successful pregnancy in recipients. The number of oocytes retrieved was positively correlated with pregnancy. However, after adjusting for donor age, neither prior fertility nor the number of oocytes retrieved were significant predictors. In contrast, the donor's age was highly associated with recipient success. We conclude that the age of the oocyte donor is a significant predictor of pregnancy success and should be a major factor in selecting prospective candidates. The gravidity and parity of the donor are insignificant predictors, as are the total number of oocytes retrieved at the time of oocyte harvest.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Toxicity of several insecticide formulations against adult German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Toxicity of bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, hydramethylnon, malathion, propetamphos, propoxur, and pyrethrins against the adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), was investigated. At LD50, cyfluthrin was the most toxic insecticide to adult males (0.53 microgram/g), adult females (1.2 micrograms/g), and gravid females (0.85 microgram/g). Malathion was the least toxic insecticide to adult males (464.83 micrograms/g), adult females (335.83 micrograms/g), and gravid females (275.90 micrograms/g). Males and gravid females were generally more sensitive than nongravid females to the insecticides that we tested. In tests with malathion, however, males were more tolerant. The order of toxicity of the insecticide classes varied among the stages of adult German cockroaches. The order of toxicity for males and nongravid females was pyrethroids greater than pyrethrins = organophosphates (except malathion) greater than carbamates = amidinohydrazone. The order of toxicity for gravid females was pyrethroids greater than pyrethrins = organophosphates (except malathion) greater than carbamates greater than amidinohydrazone. These differences in toxicity suggest that sex differences should be considered when determining insecticide toxicity for German cockroaches.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Hydroprene effects on the dynamics of laboratory populations of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The influence of sterilization by hydroprene on population dynamics in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was studied in the laboratory where more detailed and accurate assessments could be achieved than would be possible under typical field situations. The gradual accumulation of sterile adultoids (i.e., adults with twisted wings, indicating exposure to hydroprene) during treatment, or their decreasing abundance after treatment, produced distinctive patterns in the dynamics of treated populations. The percentage of gravid females (a reproductive index) was first to respond to treatments, because increases (or decreases) in the percentage of gravid females preceded reductions (or recoveries) in sample density and nymph-to-adult ratios by 4-6 wk. Trends in the percentage of adultoids were negatively correlated with the percentage of gravid females and indirectly measure the activity of hydroprene. Initial reductions in the percentage of gravid females, sample density, and nymph-to-adult ratios began at or about the time when approximately 80% of adults had twisted wings (i.e., were adultoids). As the percentage of adultoids attained (or declined below) the 80% level, we can accurately predict the subsequent decline (or recovery) in nymph-to-adult ratios and, thus, sample density. These data support a proposal to adopt the 80% level of adultoids as an action threshold for regulating juvenoid treatments to maximize population suppression. The role of this action threshold in the long-term management of chronic B. germanica infestations or insecticide resistant populations is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Rainfall-directed oviposition behavior of Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its influence on St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission in Indian River County, Florida.

Resting Culex nigripalpus Theobald were collected with a ground aspirator three times a week in Indian River County, Fla., from January 1985 through December 1987. The number of green (newly emerged), empty, blood-fed, and gravid females in each collection was counted; up to 100 empty females were dissected to estimate the abundance of empty, parous females in the population. In general, this species was uncommon during the dry season from January through June but increased during the wet season in July and remained abundant through early winter. During the wet season, green, parous, and gravid females were periodically abundant. Time series analysis demonstrated that green and parous mosquitoes were positively associated through time and that gravid females were associated negatively with daily rainfall. The strongest correlations were recorded in 1985, a year during which St. Louis encephalitis virus was detected with increased frequency in Indian River County. Laboratory experiments in a large outdoor wind tunnel confirmed that high relative humidity was important for the initiation and successful completion of oviposition by gravid, field-collected Cx. nigripalpus mosquitoes. Thus, intermittent rainfall during autumn may serve to delay oviposition, increase longevity, synchronize blood feeding, and enhance transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by infected mosquitoes in the field.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Larval rearing water and preexisting eggs influence oviposition by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Two-choice laboratory bioassays were used to evaluate oviposition responses of gravid Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) to larval rearing water and eggs from prior egg deposition. Oviposition responses by female Ae. aegypti were similar between larval water from Ae. aegypti and water controls but significantly greater to larval water from Ae. albopictus (12.2%) compared with water controls. Oviposition by Ae. albopictus females increased significantly in response to larval water from either species compared with water controls with increases of 15.1% to Ae. aegypti larval water and 17.6% to Ae. albopictus larval water. Oviposition responses of gravid Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were evaluated in the presence of preexisting conspecific and heterospecific eggs on strips of oviposition paper. Significantly more eggs were laid by gravid Ae. aegypti females on oviposition paper containing either Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus eggs than on oviposition paper without eggs. In contrast, oviposition responses of gravid Ae. albopictus females were unaffected by the presence of eggs of either species.

Aedes↗

PubMed1999

Production of prostaglandin f2alpha and its metabolite by endometrium and yolk sac placenta in late gestation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus Eugenii.

In this study, we investigated production of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha and its metabolite, PGFM, by uterine tissues from tammar wallabies in late pregnancy. Endometrial explants were prepared from gravid and nongravid uteri of tammars between Day 18 of gestation (primitive streak) and Day 26.5 (term) and were incubated in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with glutamine and antibiotics for 20 h. PGF2alpha and PGFM in the medium were assayed by specific, validated RIAs. Control tissues (leg muscle) did not produce detectable amounts of either PG. Both gravid and nongravid endometria secreted PGF2alpha, and production increased significantly in both gravid and nongravid uteri towards term. PGFM was produced in small amounts by both gravid and nongravid uteri, and the rate of production did not increase. Neither oxytocin nor dexamethasone stimulated PG production in vitro in any tissue at any stage. Thus, the surge in peripheral plasma PGFM levels seen at parturition may arise from increased uterine PG production, but further study is needed to define what triggers this release.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Lidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide, and isolated human uterine muscle.

The effects of lidocaine and its primary metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) on isolated human muscle strips from non-gravid and gravid uteri were evaluated. No differences between the effects of lidocaine and those of MEGX on gravid and non-gravid muscle strips were observed. Lidocaine produced significant (P less than 0.01) dose-related depression of uterine contractility, although significant pharamacologic depression occurred only at lidocaine concentrations in excess of 25 microgram/ml. MEGX produced no consistent changes in any of the responses measured.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Isolation of oviposition pheromone from the eggs of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis.

Semiochemical components of eggs of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC fractions were examined quantitatively and qualitatively by gas chromatography (GC). A bioassay was used to determine the oviposition attraction of gravid L. longipalpis to each of the fractions separately and a peak responsible for the semiochemical activity was identified. Gravid flies were placed in individual oviposition tubes to determine if the peak of interest was an oviposition stimulant. The active semiochemical fraction attracted gravid flies for oviposition. Furthermore, egg laying was enhanced: gravid flies exposed to the pheromone oviposited earlier and laid more eggs than control flies. GC analysis indicated that 1200 eggs (2 days old) gave a yield of 12.75 micrograms of active pheromone. This fraction had similar HPLC and GC retention times to caryophyllene oxide, suggesting comparable polarity and molecular weight.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

The utilization of lactic acid by sheep in late pregnancy.

The irreversible loss of lactate and the respiratory exchange in four conscious ewes that were about 138 days pregnant were measured at least seven days after surgery. In addition, the uptake and net output of lactate and the net uptake of glucose and alanine by the gravid uterus and an upper hind limb (primarily skeletal muscle) were measured. Calculated heat production of the ewes was 496 kJ/d.kg 3/4; irreversible loss of lactate was 9.5 mumol/min.kg of which 73% was oxidized to CO2, contributing 9% to the ewes' CO2 production. About 2% of the glucose and 65% of the alanine was derived from lactate. Lactate was taken up by both the gravid uterus and the upper hind limb; output of lactate could have accounted for from 8-12% of glucose uptake by the gravid uterus but from 35-50% of that by the upper hind limb. The carbohydrate/O2 quotient was 1.07 for the gravid uterus and 0.35 for the upper hind limb.

Alanine↗

PubMed1995

Contraction and endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric microvessels from pregnant rats.

We assessed KCl- and phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstriction as well as acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in small, isometrically mounted mesenteric arteries from virgin and gravid rats, studied in the absence and presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). Neither maximal vasoconstriction nor PE potency differed significantly between vessels from virgin and pregnant rats, either in the absence or presence of L-NNA. L-NNA resulted in similar twofold leftward shifts in the PE dose-response curves for both groups. ACh-induced relaxation was potentiated in vessels from gravid rats (half-maximum effective concentration = 0.25 vs. 0.04 microM, virgin and gravid rats, respectively). After L-NNA, maximal relaxation was inhibited significantly more in vessels from gravid rats (62 vs. 31%). Likewise, maximal slope of ACh dose-response curves and ACh potency were decreased in this group so that values no longer differed from those in virgins. We conclude that pregnancy does not alter basal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in these isolated microvessels, but it does enhance ACh-induced NO release, while apparently inhibiting the action of a NO-independent, endothelium-derived vasodilator.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1986

Effect of atrial natriuretic factor in rat pregnancy.

Protocols were designed to 1) identify atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) bioactivity in pregnant rats, 2) compare ANF activity in atria from gravid and virgin Sprague-Dawley animals, and 3) assess renal and vascular responsiveness to ANF during gestation. Similar quantities of ANF were extracted from atria of term gravid and age-matched controls (assayed as the natriuretic response in awake virgins). We then purified by high-performance liquid chromatography a peptide identical to the synthetic 23 amino acid atriopeptin II (AP II). With equimolar injections of ANF, gravid rats had a blunted natriuretic response (P less than 0.05). However, when dose was based on estimated extracellular volume, awake virgin and pregnant animals displayed similar highly significant dose-response curves to infused AP II (R's 0.8). When hydropenic rats were assayed, both gravid and virgins required 10 times more ANF to initiate a diuresis; dose-response curves again being similar and highly significant. Decrements in blood pressure were also similar in pregnant and nongravid animals. Thus, despite an increased intravascular volume of 70% during gestation, cardiac content of ANF and the renal and vascular responsiveness to this peptide are similar to those in virgin rats, suggesting resetting of ANF-volume relationships during pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Acute blockade of nitric oxide synthase inhibits renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy in chronically instrumented conscious rats.

Because the kidneys are vasodilated and the endogenous production of nitric oxide is increased in gravid rats, we tested whether nitric oxide mediates the renal vasodilatory response to pregnancy. Chronically instrumented, conscious rats of gestational days 12-14 were studied concurrently with age-matched virgin control animals. GFR and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were determined by the renal clearances of inulin and para-aminohippurate before and during acute infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME; 2, 20, and 50 micrograms/min) or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (100 micrograms/min). Baseline GFR and ERPF were significantly increased, and effective renal vascular resistance was decreased by 30-40% in gravid rats compared with virgin controls. During infusion of all three dosages of NAME and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, effective renal vascular resistance, GFR, and ERPF were equalized in the pregnant and virgin rats (the only exception being GFR during the 20 micrograms/min NAME infusion). When compared with virgin rats, the gravid animals were more responsive to nitric oxide synthase inhibition, showing a significantly greater decline in GFR and ERPF and rise in effective renal vascular resistance at each timepoint during the infusion of inhibitor. To exclude the possibility that nonspecific renal vasoconstriction per se led to equalization of renal function in the two groups of rats, we investigated angiotensin II. In contrast to the results observed with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, pregnant rats were less responsive to the renal vasoconstrictory effects of angiotensin II, such that the baseline differences in renal parameters measured before infusion of the hormone were increased during the infusion. To determine whether nitric oxide synthase was inhibited to a similar extent in gravid and virgin rats, aortic and renal cortical cGMP content was assayed ex vivo at the end of inhibitor infusion. The lower 2-micrograms/min dose of NAME consistently reduced cGMP content of these tissues to comparable levels in the two groups of rats. In conclusion, we suggest that nitric oxide mediates reduced renal vascular resistance and hyperfiltration during pregnancy in conscious rats.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗