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PubMed2006

Application of 16S rRNA gene-targetted fluorescence in situ hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism to study porcine microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract in response to different sources of dietary fibre.

A total of 32 pigs of 15+/-0.38 kg body weight were fed for 6 weeks one of four diets differing in their source of dietary fibre. FISH was used to quantify the main bacterial groups in the pig gut using the following probes: Eub338, Bac303, Rfla729, Rbro730, Erec482, Fprau645, Prop853, Str493 and Lab158. FISH counts revealed important differences at four sites along the pig gastrointestinal tract, but we were unable to show differences related to diets. Stomach and jejunal samples gave total bacterial counts of 0.1-5.3 x 10(8) g(-1) of contents. In the stomach, streptococci and lactobacilli were predominant, and the clostridial cluster IX group was abundant (14-41% of total bacterial count). Clostridial cluster IX bacteria were present elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract at 1-8%. The other groups were generally more abundant in the proximal colon and rectum: Bacteroides/Prevotella (5-10%), clostridial cluster XIVa (10-19%), and cluster IV relatives of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (1-4%) and ruminococcus (4-10%). Restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles showed changes related to diet, with pigs fed wheat bran having the lowest richness of all diets (P=0.008).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Indications and efficacy of botulinum toxin in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

In recent years, botulinum toxin type A (BT) has been found to be effective in the treatment of various spastic disorders of smooth muscle in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. The short-term efficacy of intrasphincteric injection of BT in achalasia is now well established, however, because of the chronic nature of the disease, patients will require repeated injections at regular intervals. In contrast, after a single injection into the anal sphincter, BT has impressively high healing rate with minimal side effects. BT remains a novel therapeutic approach in a range of other gastrointestinal motility disorders including diffuse oesophageal spasm, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and anismus, and the list of its indications is increasing. BT seems to be safe but as its long-term effects remain unestablished, it should be used with caution in younger patients. In this review we discuss the mechanism of action, indications, efficacy and side-effects of BT with its use in various areas of gastrointestinal tract.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗
PubMed1985

Bleeding lipomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A diagnostic challenge.

Submucosal lipoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a rare benign tumor. However, it may present as both a diagnostic problem and as a life threatening lesion due to exsanguinating hemorrhage. The authors report four patients with significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to ulcerating lipomas. In two patients the lesions were gastric and in two patients the lesions were duodenal in origin. In no instance could the diagnosis of lipoma be accurately established short of operative intervention because of unusual morphologic features. Surgical extirpation was necessary to stop the bleeding and establish the histologic diagnosis of the tumor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of antibiotics on Oxalobacter formigenes colonization of human gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Oxalobacter formigenes is a bacterium residing in the human gastrointestinal tract that degrades oxalate and reduces its availability for absorption. This bacterium is assumed to be antibiotic sensitive, and repeated antibiotic therapies could eradicate it. The aim of the present study was to determine the differences in the colonization by O. formigenes of individuals who had been on antibiotics for at least 5 days at the time of sample collection and individuals who had not taken antibiotics for at least 3 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 80 individuals without stone disease (35 with and 45 without antibiotic consumption) and 100 patients with stone disease (20 with and 80 without antibiotic consumption). Oxalobacter formigenes was detected by a polymerase chain reaction-based method, and the presence/absence of O. formigenes was correlated with urinary oxalate concentrations. RESULTS: Lower percentages of individuals without stone disease and with stone disease who were consuming antibiotics had O. formigenes colonization than individuals without antibiotic consumption. Urinary oxalate concentrations were higher in the individuals without O. formigenes than in colonized individuals. CONCLUSION: Our observations confirm a direct association between antibiotic consumption and absence of O. formigenes. Absence of intestinal O. formigenes could represent a pathogenic factor in calcium oxalate urolithiasis when antibiotics are prescribed generously.

Absorption↗
PubMed1963

LESIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT RESEMBLING REGIONAL ENTERITIS--A GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE; A REPORT OF THREE CASES.

Although regional enteritis classically involves the terminal ileum, lesions showing similar histology may involve other segments of the gastrointestinal tract, either independently or concomitantly with terminal ileum involvement. Histologically the basic reaction is non-specific chronic inflammation with a granulomatous component and a variable degree of fibrosis. Such lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract resulted in nonspecific intestinal complaints and roentgenographically showed mucosal alterations and loss of normal motility. Those with colonic involvement were difficult to differentiate from ulcerative colitis, clinically and, in the early stages, roentgenographically. With more advanced involvement, roentgenographical diagnosis was possible.Three patients with lesions illustrating the aforementioned features were diagnosed and treated. One had lesions in the colon and terminal ileum. In the others the terminal ileum was not involved; in the second the stomach, duodenum and upper jejunum were involved, and in the third the colon was involved.

Colitis↗
PubMed1991

Does selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract prevent multiple organ failure? An experimental study.

Gut bacteria have been incriminated as causing or contributing to generalized sepsis with multiple organ failure in severely ill patients, and selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract of Enterobacteriaceae has been claimed to decrease septic complications in these patients. We studied the effects of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract on survival and organ function in an experimental model of sepsis with multiple organ failure. Wistar rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with zymosan and randomized into control or treatment groups (trimethoprim or streptomycin sulfate). Selective decontamination effectively prevented bacterial translocation of Enterobacteriaceae. However, only early mortality was decreased, and only so in the streptomycin-treated rats. Selective decontamination did not result in a significantly better condition of the surviving animals on day 12.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Utility of endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis and treatment of submucosal tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

'Submucosal tumors' represent a bulge underneath the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract whose etiology cannot be determined by gastrointestinal endoscopy or barium studies. Because many of these lesions do not arise from the submucosa, these abnormalities have been recently referred to as subepithelial lesions. The aim of this review was to assess the value of EUS for the diagnosis and management of suspected subepithelial lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is currently considered the investigative procedure of choice when a subepithelial lesion has been detected. EUS can determine the intra- or extramural location of the lesion, can differentiate vascular, cystic and solid lesions, and can characterize the layer(s) of origin or ultrasound characteristics (size, borders, homogeneity, anechoic areas or echogenic foci). EUS cannot differentiate exactly between benign and malignant tumors, but it can guide fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or histologic needle biopsies, thus providing samples for cytology or histological analysis. EUS also offers valuable information on the clinical management, and helps to decide whether a lesion should be consequently followed, removed by endoscopy or by surgery. The introduction of EUS and endoscopic submucosal resection (ESMR) clearly changed the management of small subepithelial lesions (less than 3 cm). A clinical decision algorithm was subsequently developed, taking into consideration the information offered by most of the reviews and case reports. However, further prospective studies will have to establish the value and indications of ESMR (used in association with EUS), for the treatment of subepithelial lesions, as compared to surgery and follow-up.

Digestive System↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of mRNA that codes for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 8 subtypes of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs) in the digestive tract of dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter. PROCEDURE: Concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTR subtypes (5-HTR1A. 5-HTR1B, 5-HTR1D, 5-HTR1F, 5-HTR2A, 5-HTR2B, 5-HTR2C, and 5-HTR4) in the bovine digestive tract were measured by use of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). RESULTS: Mean relative mRNA concentrations for 5-HTR were low (range, 0% to 1.32% of GAPDH), and mRNA that codes for 5-HTR1A was not detected. In the abomasum, mRNA expression was highest for 5-HTR1B and 5-HTR2B, followed by subtypes 1F 2A, 1D, and 4, whereas 5-HTR2C was not detected. In intestinal samples, concentrations of subtypes 1B, 2B, and 4 were highest, followed by 1D, 1F, 2A, and 2C. Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTR2A were significantly higher in the abomasum than the intestines, but lower for 5-HTR2B, 5-HTR2C, and 5-HTR4. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTRs differ among locations in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Understanding differences in the distribution of 5-HTRs in healthy cattle and cattle with gastrointestinal tract disease may lead to improved therapeutic approaches for abomasal and cecal motility disorders.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Radiographic contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract of eight dogs using carboxymethylcellulose mixed with a low concentration of barium sulphate.

To evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of barium and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) suspension in upper gastrointestinal contrast studies, and to determine its optimal concentration and method for use, eight healthy beagle dogs underwent conventional upper gastrointestinal contrast imaging and a modified procedure using a mixture of barium sulphate and CMC. Four different procedures were carried out on the dogs at weekly intervals. In the first, the dogs were administered 10 ml/kg of 60 per cent barium suspension for conventional study of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The second, third and fourth procedures involved modified methods in which the dogs were given 10 ml/kg of a mixture of 25 per cent barium and 0.5 per cent CMC prepared to a low, moderate or high viscosity, respectively. All four procedures were evaluated by four criteria: the quality of the images obtained, the translucency and distensibility of the bowel, and the transit time. The method of imaging which used a moderately viscious CMC formulation provided excellent image quality, high translucency, a rapid transit time and suitable bowel distension to enable more precise diagnosis of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital stenosis of the lower esophagus associated with leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract.

The purpose of this paper is to report our analysis of four generations of a family with congenital strictures of the lower esophagus associated with leiomyoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Two members of the family died of sarcomatous degeneration of the leiomyoma and one is still alive 2 years after resection of the malignancy. Three family members had surgical repair of the congenital stricture. Surgical repair was unnecessary in one, for whom repeated dilatations alleviated the symptoms. Since there were no direct female descendants in this family, it is unknown whether this hereditary disease is carried by a sex-linked dominant gene. There are no reports in the literature of a familial tendency to congenital strictures of the esophagus, nor are there any reports of strictures in association with gastrointestinal leiomyoma and the later development of sarcomatous degeneration. The literature is reviewed, syndromes of leiomyoma of the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract are detailed, the particulars of the family tree and the patients are described, and the study is summarized.

Dilatation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrointestinal tract perforation: CT diagnosis of presence, site, and cause.

Gastrointestinal tract perforation is an emergent condition that requires prompt surgery. Diagnosis largely depends on imaging examinations, and correct diagnosis of the presence, level, and cause of perforation is essential for appropriate management and surgical planning. Plain radiography remains the first imaging study and may be followed by intraluminal contrast examination; however, the high clinical efficacy of computed tomographic examination in this field has been well recognized. The advent of spiral and multidetector-row computed tomographic scanners has enabled examination of the entire abdomen in a single breath-hold by using thin-slice sections that allow precise assessment of pathology in the alimentary tract. Extraluminal air that is too small to be detected by conventional radiography can be demonstrated by computed tomography. Indirect findings of bowel perforation such as phlegmon, abscess, peritoneal fluid, or an extraluminal foreign body can also be demonstrated. Gastrointestinal mural pathology and associated adjacent inflammation are precisely assessed with thin-section images and multiplanar reformations that aid in the assessment of the site and cause of perforation.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed2005

Expression and nuclear localization of Snail, an E-cadherin repressor, in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Transcriptional E-cadherin down-regulation can be mediated by Snail, a zinc finger transcription factor. To be able to examine nuclear Snail immunoreactivity in archival human cancers, we established a monoclonal antibody against the purified human Snail protein. The specificity of the selected rat antibody Sn9H2 was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using extracts from different cell lines and by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry of primary tissues. Subsequently, a series of 340 adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including tumours from the oesophagus (n=154), cardia (n=102) and stomach (n=84), arranged in tissue microarrays, were examined for Snail expression and were correlated to E-cadherin expression and clinico-pathological parameters. Nuclear Snail immunoreactivity was seen in 27 tumours (7.9%) and tended to be more frequent in oesophageal adenocarcinomas (11.1%) than in cardiac (6.9%) or gastric (3.6%) carcinomas (p=0.0428). In 35% of the Snail-positive cases, E-cadherin immunoreactivity was lost. No correlation was found for nuclear Snail expression and tumour grade, Lauren's classification, WHO classification, tumour stage and tumour size. The pattern of Snail expression observed with our new hybridoma, Sn9H2, which is currently the only antibody that reacts with endogenous nuclear (active) Snail, suggests only a minor role of Snail in tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Adenocarcinoma↗