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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis: efficacy of T2 and T3 ganglion resection.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy has been considered an effective treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. However, the extent of resection has not been determined in terms of efficacy and complications. We compared the efficacy and complications of 2-ganglion and single-ganglion resection in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis. METHODS: From 1995 to 2000, 75 patients underwent resection of thoracic ganglion T2 and T3. From 2000 to 2003, 67 patients underwent resection of only the T2 ganglion. Eighty of the 142 patients (56%) answered a detailed questionnaire, the results of which were analyzed. RESULTS: Gender, age, family history, and distribution of sweating were similar in both groups. Recurrence rates 1 and 2 years after endoscopic thoracic ganglionectomy were between 0% and 3% in T2 and T3 resection, and between 15% and 19% in T2 resection only. In the combined T2 and T3 resection group, 100% of patients noticed compensatory sweating; in T2 resection, 90% of patients noticed compensatory sweating. As for rates of satisfaction, T2 and T3 resection was superior to T2 resection. CONCLUSIONS: High recurrence rates of palmar hyperhidrosis after single-ganglion resection are reported in the present study. Two-ganglion resection is a superior surgical method to prevent recurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A gene network downstream of transcription factor Math5 regulates retinal progenitor cell competence and ganglion cell fate.

Math5, a mouse homolog of the Drosophila proneural bHLH transcription factor Atonal, is essential in the developing retina to establish retinal progenitor cell competence for a ganglion cell fate. Elucidating the mechanisms by which Math5 influences progenitor cell competence is crucial for understanding how specification of neuronal cell fate occurs in the retina and it requires knowledge of the downstream target genes that depend on Math5 for their expression. To date, only a handful of genes downstream of Math5 have been identified. To better define the gene network operating downstream of Math5, we used custom-designed microarrays to examine the changes in embryonic retinal gene expression caused by deletion of math5. We identified 270 Math5-dependent genes, including those that were expressed specifically either in progenitor cells or differentiated ganglion cells. The ganglion cell-specific genes included both Brn3b-dependent and Brn3b-independent genes, indicating that Math5 regulates distinct branches of the gene network responsible for retinal ganglion cell differentiation. In math5-null progenitor cells, there was an up-regulation of the proneural genes math3, neuroD, and ngn2, indicating that Math5 suppresses the production of other cell types in addition to promoting retinal ganglion cell formation. The promoter regions of many Math5-dependent genes contained binding sites for REST/NRSF, suggesting that release from general repression in retinal progenitor cells is required for ganglion cell-specific gene activation. The identification of multiple roles for Math5 provides new insights into the gene network that defines progenitor cell competence in the embryonic retina.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The ganglionic eminence--a putative intermediate target of amygdaloid connections.

The superior part of the ganglionic eminence has been shown to act as an intermediate target for outgrowing axons of projections between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. This study aims at investigating whether amygdaloid projections transiently contact the inferior portion of the human ganglionic eminence which directly borders upon the amygdala. Between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation a high number of small fiber bundles which were immunolabelled with anti-MAP1b and anti-SNAP-25 could be traced from the amygdala towards the mantle zone of the ganglionic eminence. These fiber bundles left a fiber system which coursed from the amygdala towards the entorhinal cortex. Within the mantle zone of the ganglionic eminence immunoreactive puncta indicative of fiber termination were observed. After 22 weeks of gestation the number of fibers entering the ganglionic eminence gradually decreased. These results provide the first evidence that the marginal zone of the inferior ganglionic eminence is likely to constitute an intermediate target for growing axons which belong the amygdaloid projection to the entorhinal cortex.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2000

Morphological distinction between vasodilator and secretomotor neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the cat.

We investigated whether vasodilator and secretomotor ganglion neurons are morphologically distinguishable from each other in the parasympathetic ganglion of the cat. When Cholera toxin B subunit, a retrograde tracer, was injected into the palatine gland, both large and small ganglion neurons were retrogradely labeled in the pterygopalatine ganglion. On the other hand, when the tracer was injected into gland-free areas (the upper gingiva or epidural space), all neurons labeled in the ganglion were small in size. Thus, it was assumed that small and large neurons labeled in the ganglion represented, respectively, vasomotor and secretomotor and neurons [corrected].

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Decreased neurocalcin immunoreactivity in sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of the major pelvic ganglion in aged rats.

In the rat the majority of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the pelvic viscera are located together in the major pelvic ganglia. We have ascertained that it is only the sympathetic population of this ganglion that exhibits age-associated attrition. Recent immunohistochemical investigations of the distribution of calcium binding proteins in this ganglion in young adult and aged rats have demonstrated that calbindin-D28k is only present in the sympathetic neurons and that the number of calbindin-immunoreactive sympathetic neurons of the aged ganglion was dramatically reduced. In the present study we have investigated the distribution of neurocalcin (NC) alpha isoform in the major pelvic ganglion. In young adults 98.7% of sympathetic neurons (identified by anti-tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining) and 98% of parasympathetic neurons (identified by anti-nitric oxide synthase immunostaining) contained NC immunoreactivity and these figures are reduced to 68 and 45.5% in the aged group. Thus, unlike calbindin-D28k, NC is not confined to the sympathetic neuron population in the major pelvic ganglion and decreases significantly in old age in both neuronal populations. The likely effects are to impair intracellular calcium-dependent signalling in neurons of the major pelvic ganglion, possibly compounding the effects of the previously reported decrease in calbindin-D28k in the sympathetic population.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Morphine treatment induced calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P increases in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons.

The mechanism of spinal tolerance to the analgesic effects of opiates is unclear at present. We have reported previously that calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was significantly increased in primary afferents of the spinal dorsal horn during the development of morphine tolerance, suggesting that changes in the level of pain-related neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglion neurons may be involved [Menard D. P. et al. (1996) J. Neurosci. 16, 2342-2351]. In this study, we investigated if in vitro treatment with morphine can mimic the in vivo findings and induce increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunostaining in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from young (three-month-old) and middle-aged (10-month-old) adult rats. Following a repetitive exposure to morphine sulfate (1, 5, 10 microM) for six days, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons in cultured dorsal root ganglia from three- and 10-month-old rats was significantly increased. A lower concentration (0.5 microM) of morphine induced these increases only in dorsal root ganglion neurons from middle-aged rats. Morphine treatment was also found to increase the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons possessing multiple, long branches (i.e. with at least one branch >0.5mm). This apparent increase in the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons observed following morphine treatment was blocked by naloxone, an opiate antagonist, indicating the involvement of genuine opioid receptors. No significant change in the number of neuropeptide Y- or galanin-immunoreactive neurons in cultured dorsal root ganglia was detected following any of these treatments. These data suggest that repeated exposure to morphine rather selectively increases calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, the sensitivity to morphine-induced changes is greater in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from 10- compared to three-month-old rats. Hence, cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons can provide a model to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in neuropeptide levels following repeated exposure to opiates and their relevance to the development of opioid tolerance.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Neurotransmitter release from growth cones of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture.

Growing neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture formed growth cones at the tips. Possible release of glutamate from these growth cones was investigated by using a whole-cell patch-clamp recording from an acutely dissociated hippocampal neuron containing glutamate receptors. The hippocampal neuron was placed in contact to various regions of the dorsal root ganglion neurons. Inward currents were recorded from the hippocampal neuron positioned on the growth cones of the dorsal root ganglion neurons (diameter, 12-16 microm) in response to the dorsal root ganglion cell body stimulation. The inward currents were associated with an increase in membrane conductance, and the reversal potential was estimated at -6.5 mV (n=8). The inward currents were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline (10 microM), but not blocked by 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (50 microM) and bicuculline (10 microM). The inward currents were abolished by tetrodotoxin (1 microM), EGTA-buffered Ca2+-free external solution or omega-agatoxin IVA (300 nM), and were inhibited by omega-conotoxin GVIA (3 microM), but were not affected by nicardipine (10 microM). Intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in growth cones of the dorsal root ganglion neurons increased in response to dorsal root ganglion cell body stimulation, whereas the elevation of [Ca2+]i was not observed either in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 microM) or in a Ca2+-free external solution. These results indicate that the inward currents were evoked by glutamate released from the growth cones via a Ca2+-dependent process, and suggest that the growth cones are already endowed with much of the machinery for neurotransmitter release, even before making a structure for synaptic transmission.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
PubMed1999

Androgen-sensitive preganglionic neurons innervate the male rat pelvic ganglion.

In adult male rats many pelvic autonomic ganglion cells change in structure and function after androgen deprivation. In this study we have investigated whether preganglionic neurons in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord that innervate these ganglion cells are also androgen-sensitive. Numerous spinal neurons retrogradely labelled from the pelvic ganglion possessed androgen receptor immunoreactivity and this was diminished by castration or enhanced by additional testosterone exposure. These comprised 27-77% of all preganglionic neurons innervating the pelvic ganglion, depending on the spinal level and whether animals were administered testosterone prior to sacrifice or not. When adult animals were castrated, no change occurred in the soma size or number of primary dendrites in these lumbar or sacral preganglionic neurons. Mean dendrite length was also determined in lumbar preganglionic neurons supplying the pelvic ganglion, but was not affected by castration. However, the total volume of lumbar preganglionic terminal varicosities supplying each noradrenergic pelvic ganglion cell decreased in parallel with the volume of the target neuron. These studies show that many preganglionic autonomic neurons involved in pelvic reflexes are androgen-sensitive, but that androgens selectively influence particular neuronal compartments. The prevalence of androgen receptors in these neurons suggests that testosterone may directly influence gene expression of preganglionic neurons. Together these studies suggest that testosterone (or a metabolite) has widespread actions on pelvic reflex circuits during adulthood and that under conditions of diminished circulating androgens a variety of reflex activities may not function optimally.

Amidines↗
PubMed2000

Muscarinic receptor activation is a prerequisite for the endogenous release of nitric oxide modulating nicotinic transmission within the coeliac ganglion in the rabbit.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the activation of muscarinic receptors is a preliminary step to the endogenous release of nitric oxide modulating nicotinic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. This work has been performed in vitro in isolated rabbit coeliac ganglion. The electrical activity of the ganglionic neurons was recorded using intracellular recording techniques. When a train of pulses of supramaximal intensity was applied to the splanchnic nerves, gradual depression of fast nicotinic transmission occurred: the pulses do not systematically elicit action potentials, but very often elicit excitatory postsynaptic potentials only. The use of pharmacological agents that interfere with the nitric oxide pathway such as L-arginine (precursor of nitric oxide) or 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (nitric oxide scavenger) demonstrated that nitric oxide modulates this depression phenomenon by facilitating or inhibiting the nicotinic transmission of the ganglionic neurons. A nitric oxide donor (diethylamine/nitric oxide complex) induced an inhibition of the nicotinic synaptic transmission. In the presence of the muscarinic receptors antagonist atropine, L-arginine and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide failed to modify the nicotinic transmission of the ganglionic neurons but diethylamine/nitric oxide complex was still able to inhibit it. These results demonstrate that in the coeliac ganglion, the activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors is a prerequisite for the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in preganglionic fibres. The nitric oxide released then exerts a facilitation or an inhibition of the nicotinic transmission of the ganglionic neurons. Atropine triggered a facilitation of the nicotinic transmission when superfused alone and an inhibition when superfused in the presence of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. These results confirm that muscarinic receptors activate the nitric oxide pathway modulating the nicotinic transmission of the prevertebral neurons. Our results also demonstrate that when the nitric oxide pathway is blocked, activation of muscarinic receptors leads to facilitation of the nicotinic transmission. Our study brings new insights concerning the modulation by nitric oxide and by muscarinic receptors of the synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of immobilization following aspiration of carpal and digital ganglions.

In a prospective study 69 carpal and digital ganglions were aspirated, multiply punctured, and digitally ruptured. Fifty percent of the wrists and digits were immobilized for 3 weeks and 50% were mobilized early. Follow-up was 1 year. Immobilization in our study did not significantly improve the results of treatment. During the course of the study, 51% of all ganglions did not recur. The outcome was successful in 52% of the wrists and digits that were immobilized and in 50% of those that were not. Forty-six percent of the dorsal carpal ganglions did not recur. Treatment was successful in 48% of dorsal carpal ganglions in which the wrists were immobilized and in 45% of those that were not. Similar percentages were found for palmar and digital ganglions. From our results, we conclude that immobilization does not significantly improve the successful treatment of ganglions over perforation and aspiration alone.

California↗
PubMed1991

Diagnosis of radial nerve palsy caused by ganglion with use of different imaging techniques.

Clinical features of six cases of radial nerve compression syndrome as a result of ganglion at the elbow are reported. The usefulness of different imaging techniques for detecting the location of ganglion is compared. The posterior interosseous nerve was involved in two patients, the radial sensory nerve in one patient, and both nerves in three patients. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the location of the ganglion in every patient. Ultrasonography was most convenient for screening examination when it was difficult to clearly define a ganglion by palpation. In all patients, a ganglion arose from the anterior capsule of the elbow joint. Dynamic factors in addition to compression of the nerve by ganglion may influence occurrence of the nerve palsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Treatment of flexor tendon sheath ganglions using ultrasound imaging.

Forty-one patients with a symptomatic digital mass or swelling of suspected ganglionic origin were examined by ultrasound. Findings were classified into 4 groups: group 1, solitary cyst appearing as a well-defined solitary oval anechoic mass (27 digits); group 2, multiple cysts having multiple oval anechoic masses (3 digits); group 3, solid tumor indicating a heterogeneous hypoechoic mass (6 digits); and group 4, tenosynovitis with no abnormal echoic mass (5 digits). Treatment was determined by lesion classification. In group 1, 26 of the 27 solitary cysts were punctured, and a jellylike material was aspirated from 24 cysts. Postaspiration ultrasound examination revealed that a cyst was still present in 2 cases, and these were excised surgically. In group 2, all the cysts were surgically removed. A ganglion with multiple cysts was confirmed on pathological examination. In group 3, the lesions were removed surgically; among the diagnoses were tendon sheath ganglion, giant-cell tumor of tendon sheath, neurilemmoma, and hemangioma. In group 4, no abnormal masses had appeared at follow-up examination. The 24 patients whose ganglions were treated by aspiration, as well as the 8 patients whose ganglions were excised, were monitored for more than 12 months. None of these 32 patients experienced residual pain or lesion recurrence. These results indicate that ultrasound is useful, in cases in which flexor tendon sheath ganglion are suspected, for assisting in diagnosis and determining whether patients should undergo aspiration or surgical excision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Expression of calbindin and calretinin in the human ganglionic eminence.

The conspicuous ganglionic eminence representing a part of the telencephalic proliferative zone contains neuroblasts of the striatum. Recently it has been found to contribute significantly to the class of interneurons in the cerebral cortex. Subpopulations of cortical interneurons contain calretinin and calbindin. The expression of calretinin and calbindin in the ganglionic eminence and adjacent areas has been investigated immunocytochemically during fetal development using the brains of 10 infants ranging in age from 16 and 26 weeks gestation. Between 16 and 20 weeks gestation, numerous calretinin-immunreactive nerve cells are found in the ganglionic eminence, particularly in the mantle and the intermediate zones. The number of calretinin-immunoreactive cells decreases gradually from 21 weeks gestation onwards. Larger calbindin-immunoreactive cells are seen in the ganglionic eminence, and their number increases from 20 weeks gestation in the mantle zone. These results may indicate that calretinin-immunoreactive precursor cells, found in the ganglionic eminence, tangentially migrate toward the cortex. Moreover, the mantle zone displaying a specific calretinin and calbindin immunolabeling may represent an intermediate target for outgrowing axons. The findings are discussed with regard to central nervous system complications in preterm infants involving the ganglionic eminence.

Calbindin 2↗
PubMed2003

Paclitaxel induces nucleolar enlargement in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo reducing oxaliplatin toxicity.

Paclitaxel and oxaliplatin are promising drugs for combination trials but both induce peripheral neurotoxicity. To investigate this toxicity, 10-week-old female Wistar rats were given single intraperitoneal doses of paclitaxel and oxaliplatin, alone or in combination. Neurotoxicity was assessed by L5 dorsal root ganglion morphometry and H-reflex-related sensory nerve conduction velocity. Platinum concentrations in dorsal root ganglia and plasma were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Dorsal root ganglion nucleolus size was significantly increased following single doses of paclitaxel of 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) at 24 h and 6 days (P<0.02). In contrast, dorsal root ganglion nucleolus size was significantly decreased following single doses of oxaliplatin ranging from 3 to 30 mg kg(-1) at time points ranging from 2 h to 14 days. Sensory nerve conduction velocity was altered after a single dose of oxaliplatin but not after paclitaxel. In combination with oxaliplatin, paclitaxel did not alter the plasma pharmacokinetics or dorsal root ganglion accumulation of oxaliplatin-derived platinum. However, prior paclitaxel inhibited oxaliplatin-induced reductions of dorsal root ganglion nucleolar diameter (P<0.02). Sensory nerve conduction velocity was reduced after oxaliplatin alone (P&<0.05) but unchanged when paclitaxel was given before oxaliplatin. In conclusion, paclitaxel induces nucleolar enlargement in dorsal root ganglion neurons after pharmacologically relevant doses in vivo and reduces oxaliplatin nucleolar damage and neurotoxicity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Localization of androgen receptor in nitric oxide synthase- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing neurons of the major pelvic ganglion innervating the rat penis.

Neurons of the rat major pelvic ganglia provide innervation to the pelvic organs and external genitalia. In these ganglia, a subpopulation of neurons containing either nitric oxide synthase or vasoactive intestinal peptide or both molecules, is involved in penile erection. The androgen dependence of penile erection is a well established fact. After castration, decreased testosterone levels have been documented to produce erectile dysfunction possibly resulting from functional alterations in major pelvic ganglion neurons. It was therefore of interest to investigate the presence of androgen receptor within these ganglionic neurons. By using immunohistochemistry and a retrograde labeling technique we have demonstrated that the androgen receptor is present in about 40% of neurons of the major pelvic ganglion innervating the corpora cavernosa of the rat penis. In the major pelvic ganglion, 87% and 81% of the neurons labeled with the fluorescent dye Fast Blue from the penis contained nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity, respectively. Androgen receptor was present in 20% of neurons containing vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity and about 40% of those containing nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that androgens, which are known to modulate penile erection, may regulate nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide within the major pelvic ganglion via a direct interaction with ganglionic neurons.

Amidines↗
PubMed1999

Comparative retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve morphology.

The optic nerve is divided in four regions: intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. The vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are classified by morphology, physiology and soma size. Species differences and similarities occur with retinal ganglion cells. Alpha retinal ganglion cells have large somata, large dendritic fields, large-diameter axons, and are most dense in the peripheral retina. Beta retinal ganglion cells have smaller diameter somata, smaller dendritic fields, small diameter axons, and predominate in the central retina. Gamma retinal ganglion cells are a heterogenous class of cells and have small diameter axons, and slow axon conduction velocities. The spatial distribution and organization of the retinal ganglion cells extends retinotopically through the nerve fiber layer, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decreases from the optic disk toward the periphery of the retina. The retrobulbar optic nerve axon counts and axon density vary by species, with larger nerves having higher axon counts. Decussation of the optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm varies with 100% decussation in most birds and fish, 65% in cats, 75% in dogs, 80-90% in large animals, and 50% in primates. Centrifugal axons also occur in the optic nerve and may represent a method by which the brain can influence retinal activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Effects of colchicine application to preganglionic axons on choline acetyltransferase activity and acetylcholine content and release in the superior cervical ganglion.

These experiments investigate the effect of block, by colchicine, of fast axonal transport in the cat's cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) on the superior cervical ganglion's choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme activity, acetylcholine (ACh) content, and ACh release. Electron microscopy on the segment of the CST exposed to colchicine 1 or 4 days earlier showed disappearance of microtubules and accumulation of vesicles and smooth membrane tubules but no disruption of the axonal cytomatrix. At 4 days following colchicine treatment, the number and size of synaptic boutons per grid square in the ganglion ipsilateral to the colchicine-treated CST were similar to those in the control ganglion. At 2 and 4 days following exposure of the CST to colchicine, ChAT activity in the ipsilateral ganglion was reduced to 78 +/- 8 and 54 +/- 8% of control values, respectively. ACh stores in the ganglia were also reduced (to 81 +/- 6% of control values at 2 days and to 51 +/- 5% of control values at 4 days). Ganglionic transmission and its sensitivity to blockade by hexamethonium during 2-Hz CST stimulation were not impaired at day 4 postcolchicine. ACh release evoked by 2-Hz stimulation of colchicine-treated axons was similar to release from untreated axons, despite the decrease in the ganglionic ACh content. In contrast, ACh release evoked by 20-Hz stimulation was depressed. The amount of ACh released during 5-Hz stimulation in the presence of vesamicol by the terminals of colchicine-treated axons was similar to that released by the terminals of untreated axons. These results suggest the following conclusions: (a) Colchicine-sensitive fast axonal transport contributes significantly to maintaining ChAT stores in preganglionic axon terminals. (b) The half-life of ChAT in sympathetic preganglionic terminals is approximately 4 days. (c) One consequence of colchicine-induced block of axonal transport is a reduced ACh content of preganglionic nerve terminals. (d) This decrease in ACh content appears to be the result of a loss in a reserve transmitter pool, whereas the size of the readily releasable compartment is maintained.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1990

[Arthrographic imaging of ganglions of the hand].

In the genesis of ganglions synovial herniation is discussed with an existence of a valve mechanism which prevents the synovial fluid from returning into the joint space. Arthrography of the wrist was performed in 34 patients with suspicion of ganglions on the dorsal and volar aspect of the wrist. By injection of contrast medium in 6 cases directly into the ganglion no connection with the carpal joint cavity was seen. On the contrary, wrist arthrography with examination of the midcarpal and radiocarpal joint showed regularly a communication by a torturous narrow duct between the midcarpal joint and the dorsal ganglion and the radiocarpal joint and the volar ganglion. Other pathologic findings were seen, like tears of the scapholunate ligament and of the triangular fibrocartilage. The consequences for surgical therapy and conclusions for the aetiology of the ganglions are shown.

Adolescent↗