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PubMed2005

West Nile virus infection in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida.

In September and October 2002, an epizootic of neurologic disease occurred at an alligator farm in Florida (USA). Three affected American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were euthanatized and necropsied, and results confirmed infection with West Nile virus (WNV). The most significant microscopic lesions were a moderate heterophilic to lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalomyelitis, necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, pancreatic necrosis, myocardial degeneration with necrosis, mild interstitial pneumonia, heterophilic necrotizing stomatitis, and glossitis. Immunohistochemistry identified WNV antigen, with the most intense staining in liver, pancreas, spleen, and brain. Virus isolation and RNA detection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed WNV infection in plasma and tissue samples. Of the tissues, liver had the highest viral loads (maximum 10(8.9) plaque-forming units [PFU]/0.5 cm3), whereas brain and spinal cord had the lowest viral loads (maximum 10(6.6) PFU/0.5 cm3 each). Virus titers in plasma ranged from 10(3.6) to 10(6.5) PFU/ml, exceeding the threshold needed to infect Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (10(5) PFU/ml). Thus, alligators may serve as a vertebrate amplifying host for WNV.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed2006

Necropsy findings in American alligator late-stage embryos and hatchlings from northcentral Florida lakes contaminated with organochlorine pesticides.

Increased American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) embryo and neonatal mortality has been reported from several northcentral Florida lakes contaminated with old-use organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). However, a clear relationship among these contaminants and egg viability has not been established, suggesting the involvement of additional factors in these mortalities. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the ultimate cause of mortality of American alligator late-stage embryos and hatchlings through the conduction of detailed pathological examinations, and to evaluate better the role of OCPs in these mortalities. Between 2000 and 2001, 236 dead alligators were necropsied at or near hatching (after approximately 65 days of artificial incubation and up to 1 mo of age posthatch). Dead animals were collected from 18 clutches ranging in viability from 0% to 95%. Total OCP concentrations in yolk ranged from approximately 100 to 52,000 microg/kg, wet weight. The most common gross findings were generalized edema (34%) and organ hyperemia (29%), followed by severe emaciation (14%) and gross deformities (3%). Histopathologic examination revealed lesions in 35% of the animals, with over half of the cases being pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis. Within and across clutches, dead embryos and hatchlings compared with their live cohorts were significantly smaller and lighter. Although alterations in growth and development were not related to yolk OCPs, there was an increase in prevalence of histologic lesions in clutches with high OCPs. Overall, these results indicate that general growth retardation and respiratory abnormalities were a major contributing factor in observed mortalities and that contaminants may increase the susceptibility of animals to developing certain pathologic conditions.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed2006

Hematologic, biochemical, and cytologic findings from apparently healthy atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA.

The objective of this study was to establish reference baseline data for hematologic, biochemical, and cytologic findings in apparently healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Sixty-two dolphins were captured, examined, and released during June 2003 and June 2004. Mean, standard deviation, and range were calculated for each parameter, and values for which published data were available, were close to or within the ranges previously reported for free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. No pathologic abnormalities were found in fecal and blowhole cytologic specimens. However, 24% (7/29) of the dolphins examined in 2003 had evidence of gastritis, which was graded as severe in 14% (4/29) of the cases. In 2004, only 4% (1/24) of dolphins sampled had evidence of mild or moderate gastritis; no severe inflammation was present. Dolphins with evidence of gastritis were 8 yr of age or older and predominantly male. Several statistically significant differences were found between males and females, between pregnant and nonpregnant animals, and between juveniles (<6 yr) and adults (> or =6 yr). However, the values remained within the established ranges for this species, and the differences were not likely to be of clinical significance.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Outdoor survival and development of immature cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in Florida.

In north-central Florida, cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché, larvae survived outdoors year round. Their survival was greatest (up to 84.6%) outdoors in the fall, from September to November, when both temperatures and relative humidities were moderate. Female cat fleas developed faster than males. Development times for flea larvae were shortest (20-24 d) in June and July. From January to March, flea larval mortality was highest (91.7-100%) and development times the longest (36-50 d) outdoors. This was the result of low temperatures and low relative humidities associated with the passage of cold fronts during this time of year. Flea larvae survived light frosts in protected microhabitats such as inside a doghouse and under a mobile home.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

CAC-Ramsay finds formula for growth, profit in South Florida.

CAC-Ramsay, a unit of Coral Gables, Fla.-based Ramsay-HMO, seems to have found a formula for growth and profit, specializing in serving the Hispanic populations of southern Florida. Thanks to above-average federal reimbursement rates, the HMO can offer Medicare enrollees a multitude of free perks and healthcare services through its clinic-based network. The company also is pursuing opportunities through commercial contracts and Medicaid plans.

Cuba↗
PubMed1991

IRS cites private inurement in sale of Florida hospital.

The Internal Revenue Service has ruled that the sale of a Florida not-for-profit hospital to a for-profit corporation formed by the facility's board of directors violated federal law concerning "private inurement," thus the not-for-profit corporation's tax exemption should be revoked. The ruling would make the not-for-profit organization liable for taxes dating back to 1983.

Florida↗
PubMed1995

Florida's Medicaid AIDS waiver: an assessment of dimensions of quality.

Some State Medicaid agencies have implemented home and community-based waiver programs targeting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Under these initiatives, State Medicaid agencies can provide home and community-base services to persons with AIDS (PWA) as an alternative to more costly Medicaid-covered institutional care. This article evaluates quality of care under the Florida Medicaid waiver for PWA along two dimensions: program effectiveness and client satisfaction. Clients are generally satisfied with their case managers and the range and availability of services. Case managers appear to be well trained. Moreover, the probability of turnover is quite low, despite heavy caseloads and high mortality. The major difficulty faced by clients adn case managers relates to the process of becoming Medicaid eligible.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Case study. Columbia/HCA in Florida: a national strategy played out in a $47 billion market.

The world's largest health management company controls a fourth of Florida's hospital beds and is assembling a full-fledged integrated system, including physician investors. HSL looks at Columbia's key strategies, from geographic encirclement to overwhelming purchasing power. And we listen to critics who warn that Columbia "skims the cream" and abandons communities to maximize profits.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1995

Response to a telemedicine inquiry from the Florida House of Representatives and text of model act to regulate the practice of telemedicine.

This past summer, the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) drafted model legislation on the practice of medicine across state lines and sent it to each state medical board for consideration. The Florida House of Representatives Committee on Business and Professional Regulation posed a series of questions about telemedicine covering issues of licensure, malpractice, insurance reimbursement, technology, physician interest and acceptance, quality of care, and cost benefit. The author's responses having been modified for this article, are presented, as is the model legislation. Appendix I is the Executive Summary of the FSMB. Appendix II is the model legislation.

Florida↗
PubMed1997

AIDS services in Florida: who's doing what, and who's paying for it?

The rapid growth of AIDS in the 1980s was paralleled by a rapid growth in AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) throughout the United States. This article examines one state, Florida, and the 52 ASOs to determine each ASOs organizational affiliation, major types of service offered, sources of funding, and geographic dispersion in the state. Based on the results of this examination, several research and policy implications are discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1977

Growth response of the marine blue-green alga, Gomphosphaeria aponina, to inorganic nutrients and significance to management of Florida red tide.

A bioactive isolate from the blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina is cytolytic towards the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, Florida's red tide organism. Batch and continuous cultures of G. aponina were used to determine nutrient limitation and to optimize mass-culture conditions. Iron and inorganic carbon were growth limiting; first-order saturation kinetics were observed for both substrates. For Fe3+, kinetic parameters were: Ks = 62 +/- 9 microgram 1(-1), and Ke max = 2.14 days-1. Maximum growth was observed at 150 micrograms Fe3+1(-1), with minimal growth below 10 microgram 1(-1). Cells colonized with increasing Fe3+ supplements, and time to reach maximum culture populations was inversely related to the concentration. For HCO3-,Ks = 62 +/- 4 mg1(-1) and Ke max = 1.3 day-1. Additions of NH4+ up to 200 micrograms 1(-1) were not stimulatory, whereas at 1.0 mg 1(-1) levels, Ke was 50% greater than for NO3- enriched medium. Concentrations greater than 25 micrograms PO4(3-) 1(-1) were stimulatory. However, at 1 mg1(-1), growth was less than in controls. Comparison of similar data available for G. breve would suggest that the inorganic nutrient requirements of G. aponina were minimal. Potential for natural control of G. breve by G. aponina is perhaps related to the efficiency of contact of the two organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Florida Community Health Purchasing Alliances.

Until recently, many small businesses in Florida were unable to provide any type of health coverage to their employees because of high insurance rates. With the development of the Community Health Purchasing Alliance, the rates have decreased, enabling employers to offer health insurance to their workers. Often, employees can choose from a variety of health plans in terms of coverage and price.

Florida↗
PubMed1980

Attitudes of pharmacists and physicians toward Florida's drug product selection law.

Pharmacist and physician attitudes were surveyed approximately 1 year after the implementation of Florida's drug product selection legislation. It was not possible to identify a consistent relationship between the attitudes of prescribers and pharmacists and subsequent drug product selection behavior, even though pharmacists were generally in favor of the law and physicians opposed it. However, neither saw the law as weakening their professional relationships. Both groups seemed to overestimate the degree of drug product selection activity actually occurring. From a methodological perspective, this suggests that a survey questionnaire approach to estimating these rates may not be valid.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Potential and actual drug product selection rates in Florida.

A systematic review of new prescriptions conducted 1 year after the enactment of Florida's drug product selection law showed that 36.3% were potentially subject to product interchange. Product interchange actually occurred in only 6.2% of these potentially eligible prescriptions. Positive formularies established by the pharmacies reduced the eligible population to 8.1% of all new prescriptions and the product selection rate relative to these formularies was 14.7%. Twenty drugs accounted for nearly three-fourths of all drug product selection activity.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1986

Activities of the states regarding graduates of foreign medical schools. IV. Florida Board of Medical Examiners Foreign Medical Graduate Committee.

This is the fourth of several presentations that were made at a conference on federal, state and private activities regarding graduates of foreign medical schools. Presentations on behalf of the states were made by representatives from the medical licensing boards of Florida. Illinois, New Jersey and New York, as well as the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States. Articles adapted from these presentations were printed in the October and December 1985 and the January 1986 numbers of the BULLETIN. This article by Dorothy Faircloth concludes the series on activities of the states in this contest.

Education, Medical↗