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PubMed2000

Effect of low-to-moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function.

Although essential to host defense, neutrophils are also involved in numerous inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis. Dietary supplementation with relatively large amounts of fish oil [containing >2.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus 1.4 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day] can attenuate neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis and superoxide radical production. In this study, the effects of more moderate supplementation with fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function were investigated. The rationale for using lower supplementary doses of fish oil was to avoid adverse gastrointestinal problems, which have been observed at high supplementary concentrations of fish oil. Healthy male volunteers aged <40 yr were randomly assigned to consume one of six dietary supplements daily for 12 wk (n = 8 per treatment group). The dietary supplements included four different concentrations of fish oil (the most concentrated fish oil provided 0.58 g EPA plus 1.67 g DHA per day), linseed oil, and a placebo oil. The percentages of EPA and DHA increased (both P < 0.05) in neutrophil phospholipids in a dose-dependent manner after 4 wk of supplementation with the three most concentrated fish oil supplements. No further increases in EPA or DHA levels were observed after 4 wk. The percentage of arachidonic acid in neutrophil phospholipids decreased (P < 0.05) after 12 wk supplementation with the linseed oil supplement or the two most concentrated fish oil supplements. There were no significant changes in N-formyl-met-leu-phe-induced chemotaxis and superoxide radical production following the dietary supplementations. In conclusion, low-to-moderate amounts of dietary fish oil can be used to manipulate neutrophil fatty acid composition. However, this may not be accompanied by modulation of neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis and superoxide radical production.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affects cytokine production in 2 1/2-year-old children.

n-3 PUFA influence immune functioning and may affect the cytokine phenotype during development. To examine whether maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation could modify later immune responses in children, 122 lactating Danish mothers with a fish intake below the population median were randomized to groups supplemented for the first 4 mon of lactation with 4.5 g/d of fish oil (equivalent to 1.5 g/d of n-3 long-chain PUFA) or olive oil. Fifty-three mothers with a fish intake in the highest quartile of the population were also included. The FA composition of erythrocyte membranes was measured at 4 mon and at 2 1/2 yr. Plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood cultures were determined at 2 1/2 yr. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA at 4 mon were higher in infants from the fish oil group compared with the olive oil group (P < 0.001) but were no longer different at 2 1/2 yr. The median production of lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in the fish oil group was fourfold higher than that in the olive oil group (P = 0.034), whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10) production was similar. The IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio was twofold higher in the fish oil group (P = 0.019) and was positively correlated with 20:5n-3/20:4n-6 in erythrocytes at 4 mon (P = 0.050). The percentages of atopic children and plasma IgE were not different in the two groups, but the study was not designed to look at atopy. Cytokine responses and erythrocyte FA composition in children of mothers with a high fish intake were intermediate in comparison with those in the randomized groups. Fish oil supplementation during lactation resulted in increased in vitro IFN-gamma production in the children 2 yr after the supplementation was given, which may reflect a faster maturation of the immune system.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

The adaptive effects of dietary fish and safflower oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in perfused rat liver.

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the plasma triacylglycerol-lowering effects of certain fish oils, livers from male rats fed either a standard commercial diet (controls) or diets supplemented with 15% (w/w) fish or safflower oils were perfused with undiluted rat blood. Rates of hepatic lipogenesis, measured by the incorporation of 3H2O into fatty acids, followed the order: control greater than safflower oil greater than fish oil. Secretion of newly synthesized fatty acids in very-low-density lipoproteins was also inhibited by the feeding of both oil-supplemented diets with the greater suppression being seen in livers from animals fed fish oil. The hepatic release of very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerol mass was also significantly depressed in animals fed the fish oil-supplemented diet but not in those fed safflower oil. Ketogenesis did not differ between livers from rats fed the control and safflower oil diets but was significantly raised in the fish oil group. Increased ketogenesis with fish oil was paralleled by a decrease in the sensitivity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase of isolated mitochondria to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. The inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA in the safflower oil group was intermediate between that in the fish oil and control groups. Activities of glycerophosphate acyltransferase with either palmitoyl-CoA or oleyl-CoA were increased by feeding oil-supplemented diets. Activity with palmitoyl-CoA that was suppressible by N-ethylmaleimide was also considerably diminished in both groups. The results indicate that the lowering of plasma triacylglycerols by fish oil reflects: (a) diminished lipogenesis; (b) increased fatty acid oxidation possibly in peroxisomes; and (c) diminished secretion of triacylglycerols by the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether the hypocholesterolemic effect of fish oil in roosters (10% fish oil vs. 10% corn oil in the diet) is due to a decrease in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion rate. Previous studies have shown that in vivo inhibition of lipoprotein lipase with a specific antiserum quantitatively blocks VLDL catabolism. Secretion of VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol in fasting roosters was measured during a 4 h inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. Secretion rates of VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol were 39% lower (P less than 0.03) and 49% lower (P less than 0.025), respectively, with the fish oil diet. VLDL composition at the end of the inhibition was not remarkably different between treatments. Smaller portomicrons were produced by fish oil feeding (1737 +/- 120 vs. 2090 +/- 64 A, P less than 0.01), but there were no differences seen in Km or Vmax when portomicrons were incubated with purified avian lipoprotein lipase. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were not affected by the oil supplements. In a second study, the diets were supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol in addition to the oils. Fasting serum cholesterol was 52% lower (P less than 0.05) in the fish oil-fed birds, most of the difference being in the VLDL fraction (11.5 +/- 9 vs. 99.7 +/- 66 mg/dl). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was also significantly lower. VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol secretion rates were lower by 39 (P less than 0.025) and 38% (P less than 0.06), respectively, in the fish oil group. VLDL from fish oil-fed birds collected after a 4 h inhibition had a lower cholesterol content than that from the corn oil-fed birds (15.9 +/- 2.8 vs. 21.2 +/- 1.9 wt%, P less than 0.025). In the fish oil-fed animals the decrease in VLDL cholesterol secretion accounted for 61% of the observed decrease in VLDL cholesterol. The balance of the decrease in plasma VLDL cholesterol was due to a significant increase in VLDL cholesterol fractional removal rate in the fish oil-fed animals from 0.45 +/- 1.0 to 2.63 +/- 1.7 h-1 (P less than 0.01).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

beta-Naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P4501A1 activity in liver microsomes of the marine safi fish (Siganus canaliculatus).

The cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and other xenobiotics has been investigated in liver microsomes prepared from a local marine safi fish, Siganus canaliculatus. The safi fish was found to have a well-developed microsomal monooxygenase system consisting of cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The fish microsomal enzyme system was able to metabolize benzo(a)pyrene, 7-ethoxycoumarin and 7-ethoxyresorufin. Male fish were found to exhibit a higher monooxygenase activity than female fish. Treatment of fish with beta-naphthoflavone was found to induce (2- to 4-fold) the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase. HPLC analysis of the metabolites produced by incubation of benzo(a)pyrene with the liver microsomal preparation showed a predominant formation of 3-OH and 9-OH benzo(a)pyrene. There was an increased formation of benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol and benzo(a)pyrene 7,8,9,10-tetrol in liver microsomes prepared from beta-naphthoflavone-treated fish. Western immunoblot analysis of liver microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-treated fish using an antibody to rat liver cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) suggested the presence of an inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that was comparable with that of rat liver enzyme. Our results suggest that liver microsomes from the safi fish have multiple forms of cytochrome P450 with a specific beta-naphthoflavone-inducible CYP1A1 homologous protein that can metabolize a variety of substrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in bony fish that are phylogenetically ancient: reedfish (Calamoichthys calabaricus), sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), and alligator gar (Lepisosteus spatula).

Three species of fish that are phylogenetically older than other members of the bony fish lineage were selected to determine if gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is present in their brains. Brain extracts were prepared from each species and found to contain immunoreactive (ir) GnRH. To further characterize the molecular forms of GnRH in each species, the extracts were injected into a high pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The elution time of each GnRH-like form was compared to those of the synthetic forms of the five known GnRHs. Several antisera were used to detect both the synthetic and unknown GnRHs in the HPLC fractions. All three species of fish had two forms of GnRH: a dominant form that is mammalian GnRH-like (mGnRH), and a minor form of irGnRH material that is similar to chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). The other known forms of GnRH (salmon, lamprey, and chicken-I) were not detected. The appearance in these ancient bony fish of a mammalian-like form of GnRH, which has not been found in the jawless or cartilaginous fish studied to date, suggests that mGnRH arose in a common phylogenetic ancestor of the bony fish and tetrapods. This mGnRH-like molecule is known to have been conserved in the amphibian and mammalian lineage, but not in the reptilian or avian line. In addition, the presence of a cGnRH-II-like molecule in the bony fish examined here, and in the cartilaginous fish studied earlier, implies that this form of GnRH may have been present in an ancestor common to both of these classes of fish.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Ecology and diversity of digenean trematodes of reef and inshore fishes of Queensland.

coral reefs harbour an extraordinary, concentrated diversity of life. What are the implications of this for parasites? After the corals themselves, the most striking component of coral reefs is the fishes. Individual coral reefs may harbour as many as a thousand species of fishes. Like most fishes, those of coral reefs bear remarkable loads of parasites. Records of digenean trematodes from 214 species of fishes from the Great Barrier Reef and 103 species of fishes from inshore Australian waters are compared to examine the ecological expression of parasite diversity on coral reefs. Coral reef fish had an overall prevalence of infection of 70% compared with 48% for their inshore counterparts and averaged 2.61 species of digenean per host species as compared with only 1.41 for the inshore group. A total of 236 species of Digenea has been collected from reef fishes. Most of the digeneans are concentrated in just a few families. Host-specificity of digeneans of reef fishes is variable but, on average, each species infects 2.37 host species. Characteristics of the fauna studied so far are used to predict that the 1300 fishes of the Australian Great Barrier Reef are likely to harbour some 2270 species of Digenea.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration.

The high birthweights and long duration of pregnancy in the Faroe Islands led us to suggest that a high intake of marine-fat-derived n-3 fatty acids might prolong pregnancy by shifting the balance of production of prostaglandins involved in parturition. We have compared the effects on pregnancy duration, birthweight, and birth length of a fish-oil supplement, a control olive-oil supplement, and no supplementation. 533 healthy Danish women in week 30 of pregnancy were randomly assigned in a ratio of 2/1/1 to fish oil (four 1 g Pikasol capsules [containing 2.7 g n-3 fatty acids] per day), olive oil (four 1 g capsules per day), or no supplement. The three groups differed in mean length of gestation (p = 0.006), which was highest in the fish-oil group and lowest in the olive-oil group; the result was similar when the analysis was restricted to women with an estimate of gestation length based on early ultrasound findings (443 women). Pregnancies in the fish-oil group were on average 4.0 (95% confidence interval 1.5-6.4) days longer than those in the olive-oil group; the difference in birthweight was 107 (1-214) g. The effect of supplementation on length of gestation was influenced by intake of fish and of fish oil: the difference between fish-oil and other groups was increased by a low fish intake at baseline. Fish-oil supplementation in the third trimester seems to prolong pregnancy without detrimental effects on the growth of the fetus or on the course of labour.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Formation of mutagens during the frying of Hawaiian fish: correlation with creatine and creatinine content.

Compounds mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of rat-liver homogenates (S9) were formed when fish flesh was fried at 199 degrees C. Three species of Hawaiian fish commonly consumed in Hawaii (skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis; yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus macropterus; and milkfish, Chanos chanos) were cooked in an electric skillet, along with samples of sole (Microstomus pacificus). Organic extracts of the fish were tested in the Ames Salmonella mutagenic assay using tester strain TA98 and S9. Basic organic extracts of fried, but not raw, samples exhibited significant mutagenicity. The levels of mutagenicity were also higher among the red flesh Hawaiian fish ('ahi, aku and awa) than with the white flesh sole. Creatine and creatinine contents were highest in the Hawaiian fish and lower in the sole. Creatine levels in the fish were 50-100 times greater than the creatinine content and varied from a high of 645 mg/100 g wet weight of fish for yellowfin tuna to a low value of 251 mg/100 g for sole. Mutagen levels are only approximately related to creatine/creatinine levels suggesting that other components contained in these fish may be as important as the guanidines in determining the levels of mutagen in the cooked fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heart disease.

Fish consumption has been associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in some but not all studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to determine if fish consumption is associated with lower fatal and total CHD. English language articles published before May 2003 were searched. In all, 19 observational studies (14 cohort and 5 case-control) in which there was a group that consumed fish on a regular basis and a comparison group that consumed little or no fish were included. With use of a standardized protocol and data extraction form, information on study design, sample size, participant characteristics, duration of follow-up, assessment of end points, and consumption of fish was abstracted. Using a random effects model, we pooled data from each study. Fish consumption versus little to no fish consumption was associated with a relative risk of 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.90; p <0.005) for fatal CHD and a relative risk of 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.81 to 0.92; p <0.005) for total CHD. The results indicate that fish consumption is associated with a significantly lower risk of fatal and total CHD. These findings suggest that fish consumption may be an important component of lifestyle modification for the prevention of CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of mammalian and fish cell line cytotoxicity: impact of endpoint and exposure duration.

Comparisons of acute toxic concentrations of chemicals to fish in vivo and cytotoxic concentrations to fish cell lines in vitro reveal rather good correlations of the toxic potencies in vitro and in vivo, but a clearly lower sensitivity of the fish cells. To examine whether the low sensitivity is specific for fish cells, cytotoxic potencies of reference chemicals from the Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity program (MEIC) reported for the fish cell lines R1 and RTG-2 were compared with those obtained with the mouse Balb/c 3T3 cell line. Cytotoxic potencies (EC(50) values) for MEIC reference chemicals were determined with exponentially growing Balb/c 3T3 cells using three different test protocols. To assess both endpoints, cell proliferation and cell survival, EC(50) values were measured for the decrease in final cell protein after 24 and 72 h of exposure and for the reduction of cell protein increase during 24 h of exposure. EC(50) values obtained with the fish cell lines R1 and RTG-2 using cell survival as endpoint were taken from the MEIC data base. The comparison of cytotoxic potencies shows that, in general, the fish cell lines and the mammalian cell line are almost equally sensitive towards the cytotoxic action of chemicals. The mammalian cell line assay, however, becomes considerably more sensitive, by factors of 3.4-8.5, than the fish cell line assays, if cell growth instead of cell survival is used as endpoint. It is concluded, that cell proliferation might be a better endpoint than cell survival and that mammalian cell lines might be suited to assess fish acute toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Organochlorine contamination in some marketable fish in Egypt.

Ten organochlorine compounds were analyzed in four species of fish (Bouri Mugil spp., Denis Sparus auratus, Moza Boops boops and Mousa Pegusa lascaris), from four Egyptian governorates (South Sinai, Suez, Port-Said and Demietta). Although all fish studied are bottom or near-bottom feeders, remarkable variations between studied species were noticed. The grand total values recorded at the studied governorates were in descending order: Bouri>Denis>Moza>Mousa. The highest concentration of pesticides was recorded in Demietta governorate fish (20-211 ng/g of wet weight) and the p,p'-DDE dominated over the other p,p'-isomers in all studied fish, while dieldrin was the dominated in the studied cyclodiene compounds. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) occurred at all studied governorate fish except Mousa fish from South Sinai. Toxaphene was detected only in fish (Bouri, Denis, and Mousa) from Demietta governorate. Chlordane was not detected in any studied fish. The level of organochlorine pesticides contamination in fish from the studied governorates is relatively low and should not pose a health risk to consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mercury contamination in human hair and fish from Cambodia: levels, specific accumulation and risk assessment.

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in human hair and fish samples from Phnom Penh, Kien Svay, Tomnup Rolork and Batrong, Cambodia, collected in November 1999 and December 2000 were determined to understand the status of contamination, and age- and sex-dependent accumulation in humans and to assess the intake of mercury via fish consumption. Mercury concentrations in human hair ranged from 0.54 to 190mug/g dry wt. About 3% of the samples contained Hg levels exceeding the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) of WHO (50mug/g) and the levels in some hair samples of women also exceeded the NOAEL (10mug/g) associated with fetus neurotoxicity. A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between age and Hg levels in hair of residents. Mercury concentrations in muscle of marine and freshwater fish from Cambodia ranged from <0.01 to 0.96mug/g wet wt. Mercury intake rates were estimated on the basis of the Hg content in fish and daily fish consumption. Three samples of marine fish including sharp-tooth snapper and obtuse barracuda, and one sample of sharp-tooth snapper exceeded the guidelines by US EPA and by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), respectively, which indicates that some fish specimens examined (9% and 3% for US EPA and JECFA guidelines, respectively) were hazardous for consumption at the ingestion rate of Cambodian people (32.6g/day). It is suggested that fish is probably the main source of Hg for Cambodian people. However, extremely high Hg concentrations were observed in some individuals and could not be explained by Hg intake from fish consumption, indicating some other contamination sources of Hg in Cambodia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Hair mercury levels versus freshwater fish consumption in household members of Swedish angling societies.

Hair mercury levels were determined in 143 individuals from households of members in angling societies in an area of Sweden with many lakes that have freshwater fish with relatively high mercury levels. Thus, the individuals had a potentially high intake of methyl mercury. The mean mercury concentration of pike and perch was approximately 0.7 microg/g. One-third of the subjects consumed these freshwater fish at least once a week. As could be expected, there was a clear increase in hair Hg with reported freshwater fish consumption (P < 0.001). The median mercury level in hair was 0.9 microg Hg/g for the whole group, and for those who reported consumption of freshwater fish at least once a week it was 1.8 microg/g. The highest hair mercury level was 18.5 microg/g, in a man who consumed pike and perch several times per week. Men had higher hair Hg than women, also when stratified for fish consumption. This was verified in 32 couples, of which the man and woman consumed the same fish and reported the same consumption. The median hair mercury level in these 32 couples was 1.3 microg/g for men and 0.8 microg/g for women (P = 0.002). About half of the subjects had hair mercury exceeding 1 microg/g, corresponding to the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microg of mercury per kilogram body weight set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although the RfD applies to all populations, the most at-risk group at these levels is pregnant women. There were only 2 women (of 12) of fertile age with hair mercury above 1 microg/g. In Sweden pregnant women are advised not to eat perch and pike at all during pregnancy. Since fish is rich in many important nutrients, it is unsatisfactory that fish consumption must be restricted, and thus there is a need to reduce mercury levels in fish.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Presence of lactobacilli in the intestinal content of freshwater fish from a river and from a farm with a recirculation system.

Lactobacilli are Gram-positive and catalase negative rods commonly found in lactic acid fermented foods and in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. Few studies have described lactobacilli in freshwater fish. We analysed the presence of lactobacilli in the intestines of young and adult freshwater fish inhabiting a river environment and from fish reared in an aquaculture unit with a water recirculation system. Various species of lactobacilli were present in relatively high number in the intestines of edible fresh water fish from the river, especially in the warm season but in low numbers in the cold season. Lactobacilli were scarcely found in the intestines of edible farmed fish reared in a recirculation system in warm water. Lactobacilli are reported for the first time from the intestines of wild European eel, perch, rudd, ruffe, bleak, silver bream, chub, somnul and farmed African catfish. The two first fishes, and the last one are highly valuable species for fisheries and aquaculture. Additionally, improved methods for storage and bacteriological analysis of fish intestinal content are described. The natural presence of lactic acid bacteria in fish may be of great interest in producing fermented fish products worldwide.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fish consumption in pregnancy and omega-3 status after birth are not associated with postnatal depression.

BACKGROUND: Research to date suggests a relationship between fish consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and depression. However, interpretation of this research is difficult due to methodological limitations. Postpartum women provide an excellent opportunity to examine these relationships because omega-3s are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy and from mother to child after birth through breast milk. Hence new mothers are more likely to be depleted in omega-3s. Our aim was to determine whether prenatal fish consumption and omega-3 status after birth were associated with postnatal depression. METHODS: Eighty first-time mothers were recruited; 41 who scored on or over the cut-off on one of two depression-screening instruments, and 39 in the control group. Depression was diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Fish consumption was measured during pregnancy, and depression and omega-3 status were determined postnatally. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to examine relationships between fish consumption, omega-3 status, and postnatal depression, while controlling for known covariates. RESULTS: Prenatal fish consumption was not predictive of postnatal depression, and postnatal omega-3 status was not associated with postnatal depression. However, prenatal fish consumption did predict omega-3 status after birth. LIMITATIONS: Prenatal fish consumption was measured using only a food frequency questionnaire, and no participants consumed oily fish (rich in omega-3s) regularly. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between postnatal depression and either fish consumption in early pregnancy, or omega-3 status after birth. Our findings make it difficult to justify trials of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of postnatal depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the biological transfer of 32P, 137Cs and 65Zn by fish in the Yenisei River.

The biological transfer of three radionuclides ((32)P, (137)Cs, (65)Zn) by fish in the Yenisei River (Central Siberia, Russia) was evaluated using a radioecological model. The modelling is based on the general ECOMOD methodology, where radionuclide behavior in an aquatic organism is linked with the processes of growth and metabolism, also with the concentrations of stable analogous elements in the organism, its food and the environment. The model was applied to explain the peculiarities of (32)P, (137)Cs and (65)Zn accumulation in different ecological groups of fish, including non-migratory and migratory fish, non-predatory and predatory fish species. The highest activity concentrations in non-migratory fish from the Yenisei River were found for (32)P. The accumulation of (32)P by fish was shown to depend on the fish size (age, weight); however, it did not depend on the trophic status of fish. The modelling approach was developed to evaluate the biological transfer of radionuclides by the migratory fish, which spend the most part of life in the Yenisei delta, inlet or bay, and go upstream the Yenisei River for spawning. The results of the ECOMOD model calculations are in good agreement with available measurement data.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

PCB, PCDD and PCDF residues in fin and non-fin fish products from the Canadian retail market 2002.

Fish products (n=129) available on the Canadian retail market were collected and analyzed for levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs during the spring of 2002. The collection included samples from eight fish groups (Arctic char, crab, mussels, oysters, salmon, shrimp, tilapia, trout) from the wild and those raised on fish farms, as available. Sample collection included both domestic and imported fish products, however, no significant difference in residue levels was observed between these groups of fish products. Salmon samples were found to contain the highest concentration of sigmaPCBs (geometric mean 12.9 ng/g wet weight), while crab samples had greatest sigmaPCDD/F levels (geometric mean 0.002 ng/g wet weight). The geometric mean of the total toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQ) ranged from 0.06 pg WHO-TEQ/g whole weight in farmed shrimp to 1.1 pg WHO-TEQ/g whole weight in farmed salmon samples. PCB 153, 138, 118 and 101 were the dominant congeners observed in fish product samples studied, while 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzodioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran contributed the most to total PCDD and PCDF loadings. Lipid content was positively correlated to sigmaPCB levels; however, no relationship between lipid content and sigmaPCDD/F concentrations was established. SigmaPCB levels were below the Canadian guideline value for PCBs in fish and fish products (2000 ng/g). Similarly, 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in all fish products were below the Canadian guideline value (0.020 ng/g).

Animals↗