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PubMed1986

[Concomitant therapy with cefmenoxime and cefsulodin for refractory complicated urinary tract infection (especially caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)].

Cefmenoxime (2 g) and cefsulodin (1 g) were given twice daily for 5 days by concomitant intravenous drip infusion (mixed infusion) to 135 patients with complicated urinary tract infection (c-UTI) probably caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the criteria proposed by the UTI committee in Japan. Ninety one subjects met the criteria for c-UTI and were evaluable for drug efficacy. P. aeruginosa was detected in 44 cases (including mixed infection with other organisms). The overall efficacy rate was 73% of the 91 cases; 75% of the 44 cases with P. aeruginosa and 70% in the 47 cases without P. aeruginosa infection. As to bacteriological response, the eradication rate was 91% (105/116) for all cases. By organism, the eradication rate for P. aeruginosa, Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. were 82 (36/44), 100 (12/12) and 100% (10/10), respectively. The eradication rate for gram-negative rods was 93% (99/107). Twenty-three strains appeared after treatment, and the majority of them (13) were yeast-like organisms. There was only one strain of P. aeruginosa. As for side effects, eruption was found in 2 cases. Cefmenoxime and cefsulodin were administered concomitantly to patients with c-UTI which was suspected to be caused by P. aeruginosa. The high overall efficacy rate of about 70% on the average was obtained regardless of the causative organism and disease state. The eradication rate of as high as about 90% was obtained excluding Enterococcus faecalis. Neither severe side effects nor abnormal laboratory values were found. It appeared, therefore, that this dosage regimen was useful for the treatment of refractory complicated urinary tract infection.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗
PubMed1996

[Clinically isolated bacterii seen in complicated infections].

The spectrum of causative bacterial agents responsible for post-operative infections in the surgical field have dramatically changed with time. This could be due to recent technical progress in bacterial extraction or the result of more effective antibiotics used post-operatively. Nevertheless nosocomial infections including those caused by MRSA still demand our close attention. Commonly extracted bacterii include Staphylococcus spp., E. faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., E. cloacae, P. aeruginosa and Bacteroides spp., but with regards to pathogenicity, extraction frequency and drug resistance, agents requiring the highest note of caution may be MRSA, P. aeruginosa and Bacteroides spp. MRSA is still the bacterium which makes the most frequent appearance in the clinical field, and the only effective antibiotic to MRSA is vancomycin. In addition, P. aeruginosa is the most common bacterial agent seen in post-operative infections and also the agent to which many of the cephem drugs do not express a high degree of antibacterial effect. Furthermore, about half of the Bacteroides spp. are beta-lactamase-producing strains which deactive the effect of penicillin and cephem drugs within the infection site. A drug which proves effective against E. coli may nevertheless become somewhat ineffective against this agent when found in a mixed infection and if the drug lacks stability against beta-lactamase. Clinically, mixed infections including some or even all the above agents are known to occur, continuously drawing our close attention.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria as free living and plankton associated in a marine coastal zone.

AIMS: To determine the abundance of faecal and nonfaecal bacteria related to human and animal health, as free living or associated with small (>64 microm) and large (>200 microm) plankton, samples were collected monthly from the coastal zone at Messina (Italy). METHODS AND RESULTS: Different enrichment and selective cultural methods were used to determine the abundance of bacteria in sea water and plankton. The bacteria were more frequently isolated from water and large plankton than from small plankton. Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. showed different distribution patterns in water and plankton. Faecal indicators were always present in water and the large size class plankton samples. Enterococci associated with large plankton were more abundant than E. coli in the winter. Vibrio species distributions were different in water and plankton samples. Among arcobacters only A. butzleri was isolated from water and plankton samples. Campylobacter spp. was always absent in small plankton and more frequent in large plankton than in water. CONCLUSIONS: The colonization of zooplankton by potentially pathogenic bacteria is a widespread phenomenon. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in sea water and associated with plankton can have ecological and epidemiological implications.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1999

Mobile elements carrying ermF and tetQ genes in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Bacteroides spp. conjugative transposon Tn5030 is 150 kb which includes a 43 kb characterized region containing a number of defined genes and an open reading frame (ORF). The 43 kb region is organized with the ORF1 immediately upstream from the ermF gene, coding for an rRNA methylase, then an unknown 20 kb region downstream followed by the tetQ gene (coding for a ribosomal protection protein) then the rteA and rteB genes. The role of ORF1 is unclear; rteA is a putative sensor and rteB a regulator. Thirty-seven (62%) of 60 isolates, representing one gram-positive anaerobic and 13 gram-negative anaerobic species, co-transferred the ermFand tetQ genes to an unrelated Enterococcus faecalis recipient. We used the polymerase chain reaction to show the linkage between ORF1, ermF, tetQ, rteA and rteB. Our data suggest that the ORF1 gene product may participate in the transfer of the ermF gene with or without the ORF1-rteB region and has homology to bacterial transposases. Isolates that co-transferred the ermF and tetQ genes carried and transferred the rteB gene, suggesting that the rteB gene product may be important in transfer of the 43 kb ORF1-rteB region to E. faecalis. The rteB gene product is not required when ermF is transferred independently of tetQ.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1986

Effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers.

The effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the intestinal flora was investigated in six male volunteers aged between 21 and 54 years. Faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after a five day course of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin resulted in a significant reduction in aerobic flora in all volunteers and colonisation with resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacteria in two volunteers. The total anaerobic flora counts were significantly reduced in only one volunteer. Neither Clostridium difficile nor its toxin was detected and there was no significant colonisation with Pseudomonas spp. or yeasts; no ciprofloxacin-resistant gram-negative bacilli were detected. Peak serum levels on days 1 and 5 of 1.6-4.3 mg/l (mean 2.7) were achieved after 30-90 min and urine recovery over the five days was 27.1-44.6%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Microbial spoilage of pre-cooked potato-topped pies.

The ecological succession of bacteria which developed in pre-cooked potato-topped pies stored at two different temperatures was examined. Bacillus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus-Micrococcus spp. were the predominant organisms isolated from freshly prepared pies and those stored at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. None of these groups of bacteria caused significant biodeterioration of pies held at 4 degrees C, but all groups grew well in pies stored at 37 degrees C and achieved counts of ca 10(8)/g of sample. Bacillus spp. were the first group to grow, followed by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus-Micrococcus spp. Growth which occurred at 37 degrees C did so at the expense of glucose, lactate accumulated and the pH of pie components decreased. Amylase activity detected in all pie components during storage was associated with the growth of Bacillus spp. and probably supplemented glucose already present in pies, by hydrolytic cleavage of potato, flour or binder starches. Spoilage caused by growth and activity of the bacteria isolated was not associated with visual signs of biodeterioration, nor production of 'off' odour usually associated with spoilage of meats. These results suggest that pre-cooked potato-topped pies held at inappropriate temperatures represent a potential public health risk.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2005

Correlation between the genetic diversity of nosocomial pathogens and their survival time in intensive care units.

Bacteria differ in their ability to survive in the hospital environment outside the human host. Species remaining viable and infectious have a higher chance of being transmitted, giving them a fitness advantage in hospitals. This differential fitness could be expected to alter the genetic population structure of bacterial populations in hospitals, and should be reflected by the relative abundance of several successful clones. The objective of this study was to test for a potential correlation between tenacity, i.e. environmental survival, and clonal abundance determined by the genetic diversity in different bacterial species from prospectively collected isolates of intensive care patients. A literature review was performed to identify mean environmental survival times for the most important pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs): Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Acetinobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. To determine the genetic diversity of the natural population of these species in ICUs, a prospective 18-month study was conducted in five units with median nosocomial infection rates. All clinical isolates were collected, and highly discriminatory DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to identify specific clones. A diversity index for each species was calculated as the number of distinguishable genotypes in the population divided by size. The correlation between survival times and the diversity indices for the individual pathogens was investigated using non-parametric methods. Although 21 studies were identified in the literature, only two were relevant. They showed median survival times between 1.5 days (P. aeruginosa) and 60.0 days (Enterococcus faecium). During the prospective ICU study, 1264 pathogens were investigated and simple diversity indices between 49.1 (Enterococcus faecalis) and 89.8 (E. coli) were found. A correlation between survival times and the diversity indices for the individual pathogens was found (correlation coefficient 0.821, P=0.024). Environmental survival may be an important factor contributing to the ecological fitness of some nosocomial pathogens in ICUs. Infection control measures should consider this finding.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1992

A collaborative study of the in-vitro sensitivity to RP 59500 of bacteria isolated in seven hospitals in France.

The in-vitro activity of RP 59500 was determined against 1051 recent clinical bacterial isolates. The susceptibility to RP 59500 was determined with an agar dilution technique for all the isolates, while MICs and MBCs were determined for 82 selected strains in broth. Isolates of both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci appeared to be potentially susceptible to RP 59500, independent of susceptibility to methicillin or MLS resistance. (S. aureus: methicillin-sensitive, MIC90, 1.0 mg/L; methicillin-resistant, MIC90 1.0 mg/L; coagulase-negative staphylococci: methicillin-sensitive, MIC90 0.5 mg/L). Lancefield group A, B, C and G streptococci (MIC50 0.5 and MIC90 1.0 mg/L) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC50 0.5 and MIC90 1.0 mg/L) appeared to be susceptible to RP 59500. Some Streptococcus spp. and enterococci as well as Listeria monocytogenes were inhibited by a higher concentration of RP 59500 (enterococci: MIC90 4 mg/L, range 0.125-16 mg/L). Comparatively low MICs were seen when Legionella spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Gardnerella vaginalis were tested. Broth dilution MIC/MBC determinations showed no evidence of tolerance, as MIC values were within two dilutions of MBC values. RP 59500 might be a useful compound in the treatment of infections caused by a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including those resistant to methicillin and/or macrolides.

Coagulase↗
PubMed2002

The antibacterial activity of topical retinoids: the case of retinaldehyde.

BACKGROUND: Retinoids such as retinoic acid (RA), retinol (ROL) and retinaldehyde (RAL) are currently used in many formulations and indications ranging form acne to skin aging. Most if not all their pharmacological activities occur through binding to nuclear receptors with subsequent modulation of the activities of several genes. Little attention has been given to the many other potential actions on the surface of the skin. AIM: To analyse the potential anti-infective activities of topical ROL, RAL and RA. METHODS: Microbial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ROL, RAL and RA were determined by a microdilution method on reference strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus flavus, Propionibacterium acnes, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus hominis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and 133 clinical strains including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus group B, Enterococcus faecalis, vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and Pseudomonas/Klebsiella. In two clinical trials in healthy human volunteers, skin bacterial densities were evaluated in samples obtained with the cylinder scrub method: (1). 2 and 5 h after a single application of 0.05% RAL or vehicle on the forearm and (2). in a single-blind randomized study where 0.05% RAL or vehicle were applied daily for 2 weeks on the forehead of 22 volunteers. Paired results from treated (or vehicle) and untreated areas were analysed. RESULTS: Of the three retinoids tested, only RAL showed a significant in vitro antibacterial activity; this activity was found against reference strains of gram-positive bacteria like S. aeureus, Micrococcus spp. or P. acnes. No activity was found against gram-negative bacteria. These results on reference strains were confirmed on 133 clinical isolates. MIC(50) and MIC(90) values for RAL were 8 and 16 mg/l, respectively, for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and 4 and 8 mg/l for methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The two in vivo studies showed that areas treated with RAL had a significant decrease in the bacterial counts. In the forehead study, the median decrease was 10(2) log/cm(2) for P. acnes and 10(1.8) log/cm(2) for staphylococci. No resistant bacteria were found after 2 weeks of topical use. Preliminary results suggest that the antibacterial effect of RAL is due, in part, to the aldehyde group in the lateral chain, since non-retinoid pseudo-analogues of the chain, like citral and hexenal, showed a similar antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: We have shown that RAL differs from parent natural retinoids such as ROL and RA in demonstrating significant antibacterial activities upon topical use. This activity is likely due to the aldehyde group in the isoprenoic lateral chain, which illustrates the potential bifunctional properties of some retinoids.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

[In vitro antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against uropathogenic organisms].

Ciprofloxacin (Bay 09867) is a new quinoline derivative. Its activity against 537 urinary bacterial isolates was compared with those of ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, nalidixic and oxolinic acids, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and other antimicrobial agents, when appropriate. It inhibited 90% Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., E, coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., and Serratia spp. at less than or equal to 0.78 microgram/ml. The majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including gentamicin-resistant strains, was inhibited by less than or equal to 3.12 micrograms/ml. MICs of Bay 09867 for 90% of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and Streptococcus faecalis were 0.78 micrograms/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml respectively. Bay 09867 inhibited organisms resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic and oxolinic acids and trimethoprim.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗
PubMed1995

[Etiologic structure of infectious complications in the urogenital tract of oncologic patients].

The investigation of the microflora of infectious complications in the urogenital tract of oncological patients showed that in spite of the similarity of the microbiotypes, the microflora of the infectious complications in the patients had marked differences. The causative agents in urological patients were mainly monocultures (69.9 per cent), whereas in gynecological patients they were mainly associations (67.2 per cent), more frequently of 2 and sometimes of 3 and even 4 or 5 taxa. The taxonomic spectra of such pathogens were also different. In the urological patients a much broader spectrum of the bacterial species with the predominance of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria was detected. In the gynecological patients the predominating taxa were Candida spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and S. faecalis. The other bacteria in total amounted to 13.9 per cent. In the urological patients the predominating taxa were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Candida spp. and S. faecalis. The frequency of Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. was twice as low as that in the gynecological patients. Therefore, the comparative investigation of the causative agents in the urinary tract and female genitalia of the oncological patients revealed significant differences which cast doubt on the validity of empirical antibacterial therapy according to the principle of "above and below the waist" practiced by many physicians in the treatment of infectious complications in somatic hospitals.

Candida↗
PubMed2002

Sensitivity and rapidity of blood culture bottles in the detection of cornea organ culture media contamination by bacteria and fungi.

AIMS: To test the bactericidal activity of standard organ culture medium, and to compare the sensitivity and rapidity of blood culture bottles with conventional microbiological methods for detection of bacteria and fungi inoculated in a standard cornea organ culture medium. METHODS: The bactericidal activity of contaminated standard organ culture medium containing 100 IU/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 micro g/ml amphotericin B was evaluated after 48 hours of incubation at 31 degrees C with five inocula of 14 bacteria. Two yeasts (Candida spp) and one Aspergillus were also tested. Contaminated media were then inoculated in three blood bottles (aerobic, anaerobic, fungal) placed in a Bactec 9240 automat; three conventional microbiological broths were the control. Changes in colour of organ culture medium and growth on conventional broth were screened daily by visual inspection. The sensitivity and rapidity of detection of contamination were compared between the three methods: blood bottle, conventional, and visual. RESULTS: Organ culture medium eradicated five bacteria irrespective of the starting inoculums: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, and Haemophilus influenzae. For micro-organisms where the medium was ineffective or bactericidal only (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Candida kruzei, Aspergillus fumigatus), the blood bottle, conventional, and visual methods detected microbial growth in 100%, 76.5%, and 70% of cases respectively. Mean detection time using blood bottles was 15.1 hours (SD 13.8, range 2-52). In cases of detection by the blood bottle method and the conventional method, the former was always faster: 95.5% against 65.2% detection within 24 hours (p=0.022) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Blood bottles detect more efficiently and more rapidly a wider range of bacteria and fungi than the conventional microbiological method and the visual inspection of organ culture media.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

Effects of norfloxacin on the faecal flora in patients with complicated urinary tract infections.

The effects on the long-term use of norfloxacin, a fluorinated 4-quinolone, on the intestinal flora (both aerobic and anaerobic), were evaluated in patients suffering from recurrent complicated urinary tract infections. Eight patients received norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. for three months, and 11 patients received 400 mg b.i.d. for one month, and then 400 mg as an evening dose for two months. The concentration of Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, Streptococcus faecalis, and yeasts in stool specimens, together with the norfloxacin concentration were measured every month. The beta-aspartyl-glycine test was carried out at the same time. No urinary tract infections, either of exogenous (Pseudomonas spp.) or endogenous origin could be diagnosed during norfloxacin therapy. At both dosages of norfloxacin the faecal samples were free of Enterobacteriaceae due to low minimal bactericidal concentrations and high faecal drug concentrations. The suppressive effect was selective in that the anaerobic flora was left intact. A suppression of the aerobic intestinal flora could lead to an important reduction of recurrent infections of the urinary tract in these patients.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2001

Identification of thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria and fungi in Esfahan (Iran) municipal solid waste compost.

The thermophilic and mesophilic microbiota in compost produced from Esfahan municipal solid waste were examined at different stages of composting process from day zero to 28 days and was conducted in four different seasons. Some of the mesophilic bacteria observed in initial stages of composting process were gram negative Escherichia, Klebsiella, Aeromonas and Alcaligenes, and gram positive Enterococcus and Bacillus species. After 20 days of the composting process lower species diversity of mesophiles (only Bacillus species) were isolated, which was most likely due to the high temperature (60-68 degrees C) condition. Some of the observed thermophilic bacteria at later stages of the process are: Bacillus subtilis, B. polymyxa, B. pumilus, B. sphaericus, and B. licheniformis from thermotolerants, and B. stearothermophilus, B. acidocaldarius, and B. schleglii from thermophiles. Among the mesophilic fungi, at the initial stages of composting process some types of yeasts and molds were isolated, but after day 20 due to high temperature condition (60-68 degrees C), no mesophilic fungi were obtained. On the 15th day of composting the highest diversity of thermotolerant fungi such as Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidiae spp. were observed. The results indicated that, in order to obtain a sanitary product in cold seasons, the composting process needs a longer duration and fewer turnings.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1995

Betalactam therapy and intestinal flora.

Betalactams, mainly when orally administered, may lead to intestinal flora modifications related to their spectrum of activity, rate of absorption and degradation. therefore it is important to investigate the possible influence of recently developed oral cephem derivatives on normal human microflora. We have investigated the impact on normal human intestinal flora in a 10-day course with cefetamet-pivoxil (CET, 500 mg BID) in comparison to cefixime (CFX, 400 mg qD) or cefuroxime axetil (CA, 250 mg BID) in 24 patients suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Stool specimens were taken before (day 0), at the end (day 10) and 14 days after treatment (day 24) and quali-quantitative microflora composition was determined with a detection limit of 10 CFU/g dry weight. Treatment with CET caused slight and non-significant modifications of normal intestinal flora. On the contrary CFX and CA significantly affect Enterobacteriaceae and clostridia with a concomitant increase in enterococci for CFX. With both CFX and CA there was a new appearance of Salmonella spp. as well as Clostridium difficile in 4 and 2 cases, respectively. Therefore CET seems to affect normal bowel flora minimally in comparison to other oral cephalosporins. This aspect might contribute to the low incidence of GI related side effects in patients treated with CEt for longer than 1 week.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Lack of activity of transferrins towards Streptococcus spp.

Clinically relevant Streptococcus spp. were tested for their susceptibility towards human serum transferrin (TR) and lactoferrin (LF). Neither clinical isolates or type strains were inhibited by transferrins (5 mg/ml). All species tested were shown to be able to grow under iron-limiting conditions (< 0.1 microM) and this might account for the lack of TR or LF activity towards streptococci. Even if not sensitive to LF and TR, some species were shown to bind LF in the apo-form.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1983

Norfloxacin (MK-0366, AM-715): in vitro activity and cross-resistance with other organic acids including quality control limits for disk diffusion testing.

Norfloxacin is a new organic acid antimicrobic with an expanded spectrum that includes Staphylococcus spp, most Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ssp anitratus, some streptococci, as well as nearly all enteric bacilli. The drug appears to be bactericidal. Its expanded spectrum suggests that it should be tested separately by disk diffusion or other susceptibility testing methods. Tentative norfloxacin disk test quality control limits were derived from the results of a multi-laboratory study: Escherichia coli, 28-36 mm; S. aureus, 17-28 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 22-29 mm.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1985

The in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone in comparison with nine other antibiotics.

The results of a large three centre co-ordinated study into the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial clinical pathogens showed no significant evidence of regional variation within the U.K. towards the 10 antibiotics examined. The newer cephalosporins were highly potent and superior to other antibiotics against the Enterobacteriaceae, with ceftriaxone and cefotaxime the most potent. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gentamicin was the most active, followed by ceftazidime, piperacillin and ceftriaxone; cefotetan was the least active. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus were most susceptible to cefuroxime and gentamicin, though most were also susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cefoxitin. Streptococcus (Groups A and B), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria spp. were susceptible to most agents other than gentamicin, but ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were overall the most potent. Ceftriaxone was the most active agent against Haemophilus influenzae. The newer agents were variable and relatively poor against anaerobes and only amoxycillin and piperacillin were significantly active against Streptococcus faecalis. The overall resistance level to the third generation cephalosporins was low.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗