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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Expression of mRNA encoding IGF-I, IGF-II and type 1 IGF receptor in bovine ovarian follicles.

IGFs regulate gonadotrophin-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of granulosa and theca cells in vitro. However, the detailed pattern of mRNA expression of IGFs in bovine follicles remains controversial. The objectives of this study were therefore to describe the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of mRNA encoding IGF-I, IGF-II and the type 1 IGF receptor in bovine follicles in vivo. The expression of mRNA encoding IGF-II was detected in theca tissue from around the time of antrum formation up to and during the development of dominance. No IGF-II mRNA expression was detected in granulosa cells. In the majority of follicles we were unable to detect mRNA encoding IGF-I in either granulosa or theca tissue from follicles at any stage of development. Occasionally low amounts of mRNA encoding IGF-I were detected in the theca externa and connective tissue surrounding some follicles. Type 1 IGF receptor mRNA was detected in both granulosa and theca cells of preantral and antral follicles. Expression was greater in granulosa tissue compared with theca tissue. We also measured IGF-I and -II mRNA in total RNA isolated from cultured granulosa and theca cells using reverse transcriptase PCR. In contrast to the in vivo results, IGF-II mRNA was detected in both granulosa and theca tissue. IGF-I mRNA was detected in theca tissue and in very low amounts in granulosa cells. Using a specific IGF-I RIA we were unable to detect IGF-I immunoreactivity in granulosa conditioned cell culture media. Using immunohistochemistry we detected IGF-I immunoreactivity in some blood vessels within the ovarian stroma. We conclude from these results that IGF-II is the principal intrafollicular IGF ligand regulating the growth of bovine antral follicles. In preantral follicles the expression of mRNA encoding type 1 IGF receptor but absence of endogenous IGF-I or -II mRNA expression, highlights a probable endocrine mechanism for the IGF regulation of preantral follicle growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Advances in encoding of colloids for combinatorial libraries: applications in genomics, proteomics and drug discovery.

The creation of enormous libraries of chemicals and their subsequent screening for bioactivity has been accelerated through recent developments in encoding solid supports. The ability to accurately identify the structure of a biomolecule that has exhibited activity is invaluable and is closer to realisation in the advent of smart nanoscience. In this review the evolution of encoding solid supports as platforms for combinatorial synthesis is traced. Current approaches to encoding solid supports are reviewed and their potential for use as supports for the high-throughput screening of split and mix libraries explored. Finally, a brief consideration of the status of the application of encoded libraries is provided including creative chemical and colloidal encoding.

Biopolymers↗
PubMed1993

Aortic valve pressure gradients in patients with aortic valve stenosis: quantification with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Pressure gradients across the aortic valve due to stenosis of the valve must be measured accurately to evaluate the functional severity of the stenosis. Velocity-encoded cine MR has been used to quantify blood flow and flow direction and, more recently, the regurgitant fraction in aortic regurgitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of velocity-encoded cine MR for estimating pressure gradients across the aortic valve in patients with aortic stenosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used velocity-encoded cine MR to measure flow velocity and determine pressure gradients across the aortic valve in 19 subjects. The pressure gradient (delta P) was estimated from the simplified Bernoulli equation by using the maximum instantaneous aortic jet velocity (Vmax): delta P (mm Hg) = 4V2max (m/sec). RESULTS: Maximum and mean systolic pressure gradients determined by using velocity-encoded cine MR were 3-148 mm Hg and 2-87 mm Hg, respectively, for all subjects. The pressure gradients correlated closely with gradients determined by using established methods: Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Correlation coefficients (r) were .96 (y = 0.94x - 1.9) and .97 (y = 0.97x + 0.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that velocity-encoded cine MR imaging provides a noninvasive and accurate means for quantifying the severity of valvular aortic stenosis. MR is a feasible method for determining pressure gradients across the aortic valve.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Similarities and differences in encoding processes in chronic schizophrenics and normals.

The encoding of visual stimuli was compared for 9 female chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 9 normals using the Sternberg paradigm. This paradigm allows an examination of several hypothetical stages in information processing using a reaction time measurement. Degradation level (degraded vs nondegraded), type faces of letter stimuli (varied versus constant type face), and order of degradation levels (mixed or constant level across a block of trials) were manipulated in order to examine differences in encoding process between the two groups. Results suggest two subprocesses in encoding, only one of which is defient in schizophrenics. Additional processing of encoded information at a memory stage may be comparable in normal schiziphrenics. Chronic schizophrenics are also more easily disrupted by the context of varying stimulus conditions such as mixing degradation levels and type faces. This finding suggests schizophrenic perseveration in encoding processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Role of selected encoding strategies on short-term retention of kinesthetic information.

30 volunteer subjects were required to use either a counting encoding strategy or an imagery encoding strategy to facilitate recall of information from short-term storage. Subjects were also required to use two reproducation cues in combination with two encoding strategies. Analysis indicated no differences between the accuracy at recall of subjects using imagery or counting strategies of encoding, nor was the predicted interaction between encoding strategies and reproduction cue supported.

Cues↗
PubMed1989

Lateral differences in schematic face encoding during dual-task performance with increasing levels of difficulty.

20 normal, right-handed, familial dextral men performed (a) unimanual finger tapping, (b) encoding of schematic faces at three levels of difficulty (3, 5, and 7 faces), (c) verbal production, (d) concurrent tapping and verbal production, and (e) concurrent tapping and face encoding. Subsequent recognition of faces was disrupted more by concurrent left-hand tapping than by concurrent right-hand tapping, supporting both the hypothesis that the right hemisphere mediates face encoding in adults and Kinsbourne and Hicks' (1978) "functional cerebral distance principle." Left- and right-hand tapping rate and variability were not asymmetrically affected by either verbal production or face encoding. While there was an increase in generalized interference effects on face encoding, the degree of asymmetry of the interference remained constant. In addition, as the difficulty of the memory task increased, variability of tapping rate decreased. This was discussed in terms of attention and automatic motor programming.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Children's face recognition in different contexts: the role of encoding strategies.

In this study, the relationship between face recognition and different facial encoding strategies was investigated. Children (6-8 years, N= 134) participated in both a face recognition task and an encoding task. During the recognition task, they saw 7 target faces in an eyewitness context (video) or in a neutral context (static black and white slides) which they later had to recognize from a set of 21 faces. On the encoding task, the same children had to categorize new faces (schematic and photorealistic) into two categories. The construction of the categories allowed participants to encode the faces either analytically (by focusing on a single attribute) or holistically (in terms of overall similarity). The results showed that face recognition was better in the social than in the neutral context. In the neutral context, only holistic encoding was connected to better face recognition. In the social context, children seemed to use not only information about the faces but also information about the persons.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

Bacterial plasmids: replication of extrachromosomal genetic elements encoding resistance to antimicrobial compounds.

Plasmids are self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as in some yeast and other fungi. Although most of them are covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA molecules, recently linear plasmids have been isolated from different bacteria. In general, plasmids are not essential for the survival of bacteria, but they may nevertheless encode a wide variety of genetic determinants, which permit their bacterial hosts to survive better in an adverse environment or to compete better with other microorganisms occupying the same ecological niche. The medical importance of plasmids that encode for antibiotic resistance, as well as specific virulence traits has been well documented and demonstrated the important role these bacterial genetic elements play in nature. Although they encode specific molecules required for initiation of their replication, plasmids rely on host-encoded factors for their replication. Plasmid replication initiates in a predetermined cis-site called ori and can proceed either by a rolling circle or a theta replication mechanism. Some of the plasmid-encoded elements required for their replication, such antisense RNA molecules and DNA repeated sequences located close to ori, determine plasmid attributes like copy number and incompatibility.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Toward a model of false recall: experimental manipulation of encoding context and the collection of verbal reports.

The likelihood of false recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was shown to depend on encoding context in two experiments. When fillers had been preselected to decrease the likelihood of encoding the critical lure's semantic features, false recall was virtually eliminated. However, when the same words were presented rearranged in different presentation orders, levels of false recall that were found in earlier DRM studies (Robinson & Roediger, 1997) were replicated. The role of encoding processes in the DRM paradigm was further explored with additional participants completing the experiment while thinking aloud. During encoding of word lists, participants verbalized semantic elaboration of the critical lure while studying the word lists. A path analysis demonstrated that participants' verbalization of critical lures during encoding reliably predicted their level of false recall.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The role of attention in automatization: does attention operate at encoding, or retrieval, or both?

In this research, we investigated whether attention operates in the encoding of automatized information, the retrieval of automatized information, or in both cases. Subjects searched two-word displays for members of a target category in focused-attention or divided-attention conditions that were crossed with block (training vs. transfer). To see whether subjects encoded all available items or only attended items, we compared performance for subjects in different training conditions but in the same transfer condition. Subjects encoded attended items. To see whether subjects retrieved all the items they had in memory, or only items associated with that to which they were attending at retrieval, we compared performance for subjects in the same training conditions but in different transfer conditions. Subjects retrieved attended items. Attention was found to operate at both encoding and retrieval. These findings support the instance theory of automaticity, which predicts the role of attention at encoding and retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Asymmetry between encoding and retrieval processes: evidence from divided attention and a calibration analysis.

Two experiments provide further information on the effects of divided attention (DA) on encoding and retrieval processes. The first experiment examined the effects of decision and motor difficulty of a concurrent reaction time task. A calibration analysis was used in the second experiment to test the hypothesis that shifting attentional emphasis away from encoding to the secondary task reduces the level of processing the to-be-remembered items receive. Overall, the results confirm and extend the conclusions of Craik, Govoni, Naveh-Benjamin, and Anderson (1996) and Naveh-Benjamin, Craik, Guez, and Dori (1998), by pointing to clear differences between encoding and retrieval processes: Encoding is affected by simultaneous task demands, especially those associated with "central" resources involved in conscious decision making, whereas retrieval is obligatory in that it is largely immune to the effects of simultaneous demands. The results of the calibration analysis suggest that one reason for the poorer memory performance as a result of DA at encoding is a qualitative shift to less deep, elaborative strategies.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

Plasmid DNAs encoding insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 have distinct effects on the progression of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice.

We previously demonstrated that administration of plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) encoding IL-4 and a fragment of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) fused to IgGFc induces GAD65-specific Th2 cells and prevents insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. To assess the general applicability of pDNA vaccination to mediate Ag-specific immune deviation, we examined the immunotherapeutic efficacy of recombinants encoding murine insulin A and B chains fused to IgGFc. Insulin was chosen based on studies demonstrating that administration of insulin or insulin B chain by a variety of strategies prevents IDDM in NOD mice. Surprisingly, young NOD mice receiving i.m. injections of pDNA encoding insulin B chain-IgGFc with or without IL-4 exhibited an accelerated progression of insulitis and developed early diabetes. Exacerbation of IDDM correlated with an increased frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in response to insulin B chain-specific peptides compared with untreated mice. In contrast, treatment with pDNAs encoding insulin A chain-IgGFc and IL-4 elicited a low frequency of IL-4-secreting Th cells and had no effect on the progression of IDDM. Vaccination with pDNAs encoding GAD65-IgGFc and IL-4, however, prevented IDDM. These results demonstrate that insulin- and GAD65-specific T cell reactivity induced by pDNA vaccination has distinct effects on the progression of IDDM.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

The IgH locus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, contains multiple constant region gene sequences: different genes encode heavy chains of membrane and secreted IgD.

The delta-chain of catfish IgD was initially characterized as a unique chimeric molecule containing a rearranged VDJ spliced to C micro 1, seven C domain-encoding exons (delta1-delta7), and a transmembrane tail. The presence of cDNA forms showing splicing of delta7 to an exon encoding a secretory tail was interpreted to indicate that membrane (deltam) and secreted (deltas) forms were likely expressed from a single gene by alternative RNA processing. Subsequent cloning and sequence analyses have unexpectedly revealed the presence of three delta C region genes, each linked to a micro gene or pseudogene. The first (IGHD1) is located 1.6 kb 3' of the functional C micro (IGHM1). The second (IGHD3) is positioned immediately downstream of a pseudo C micro (IGHM3P), approximately 725 kb 5' of IGHM1. These two delta genes are highly similar in sequence and each contains a tandem duplication of delta2-delta3-delta4. However, IGHD1 has a terminal exon encoding the transmembrane region, whereas IGHD3 has a single terminal exon encoding a secreted tail. The occurrence of IGHD3 immediately downstream of a micro pseudogene indicates that the putative deltas product may not be expressed as a chimeric micro delta molecule. Western blots and protein sequencing data indicate that an IGHD3-encoded protein is expressed in catfish serum. Thus, catfish deltam transcripts appear to originate from IGHD1, whereas deltas transcripts originate from IGHD3 rather than, as previously inferred, from a single expressed delta gene. The third delta (IGHD2) is associated with a pseudo C micro (IGHM2P); its presence is inferred by Southern blot analyses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

[Internal symmetry in nucleotide sequences of genes encoding the dolichol cycle enzymes].

In genes alg5, alg8 and swp1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gpt of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and human gene alg6, encoding the dolichol cycle enzymes, a mirror type internal symmetry was found. The symmetry was detected in both complete nucleotide sequences and sequences of the first, second and third nucleotide bases of codons. In the encoding gene regions the density of single- and double-point centres of the internal symmetry for sequences of the second bases was higher in comparison with the sequences of the first and third bases of codons, whereas in the noncoding regions degrees of symmetry of the first, second and third bases sequences did not differ significantly. A clear positive correlation was revealed in the internal symmetry distribution in the second base sequences of codons in genes, on the one hand, and in the gene encoded amino acid sequences, on the other hand. The maximum internal symmetry of gene segments encoding the functionally important regions of proteins was found at the level of the second base sequences. The obtained results corroborate a hypothesis about the determining role of the second bases of codons in encoding amino acid residues. The investigation of internal symmetry in nucleotide sequences has first shown the existence of internal symmetry at the level of gene primary structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Left prefrontal cortex activation during semantic encoding accessed with functional near infrared imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the left prefrontal lobe activation during semantic and non-semantic encoding tasks with functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRI) technique. METHOD: 22 healthy subjects were assigned semantic encoding and non-semantic encoding tasks. During semantic encoding tasks, subjects were asked to make a meaningful sentence including two unrelated Chinese word pairs, while during non-semantic encoding task they were asked to judge whether the two Chinese word pairs had the same morphological structure or not. Light intensity of two wavelengths (760 nm and 850 nm) diffused through skull and left prefrontal lobe were real-time recorded and used to reconstruct the brain activation image during the experiment. RESULT: With the fNIRI, significant activations were observed in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann' areas 45 and 47) during the two tasks, but the evoked activations were more significant for semantic than non-semantic task. These observations were consistent with the results reported by others with functional megnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron-emission tomography PET. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fNIRI provides an important, non-invasive way to map the prefrontal activation during cognitive tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels modulate synaptic plasticity and memory encoding.

Activity-dependent changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic strength are thought to underlie memory encoding. In hippocampal CA1 neurons, small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels contribute to the afterhyperpolarization, affecting neuronal excitability. In the present study, we examined the effect of apamin-sensitive SK channels on the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in response to a range of stimulation frequencies. In addition, the role of apamin-sensitive SK channels on hippocampal-dependent memory encoding and retention was also tested. The results show that blocking SK channels with apamin increased the excitability of hippocampal neurons and facilitated the induction of synaptic plasticity by shifting the modification threshold to lower frequencies. This facilitation was NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dependent and appeared to be postsynaptic. Mice treated with apamin demonstrated accelerated hippocampal-dependent spatial and nonspatial memory encoding. They required fewer trials to learn the location of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze and less time to encode object memory in an object-recognition task compared with saline-treated mice. Apamin did not influence long-term retention of spatial or nonspatial memory. These data support a role for SK channels in the modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory encoding.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Epigenetic inactivation of laminin-5-encoding genes in lung cancers.

PURPOSE: We investigated the loss of expression of three laminin-5 (LN5)-encoding genes in lung cancer cell lines and elucidated the mechanism of inactivation of the genes in lung cancer cell lines and tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the expression of LN5-encoding genes by reverse transcription-PCR in 49 lung cancer cell lines. To elucidate the mechanism of gene silencing, we treated expression-negative cell lines (two for each gene) with a demethylating agent and examined the restoration of expression by reverse transcription-PCR. We dissected out the methylation patterns of CpG sites unique to the promoter regions of LN5-encoding genes by bisulfite genomic sequencing of expression-negative cell lines. We designed methylation-specific primers and validated the methylation status of the promoter regions in lung cancer cell lines using methylation-specific PCR. We further studied the methylation patterns of primary non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC (n = 36)], small cell lung cancer [SCLC (n = 26)], and carcinoids (n = 24) tumors. RESULTS: We observed frequent losses of expression in NSCLC (20-60%) and SCLC (65-86%) cell lines. Expression of one or more genes was lost in 90% of SCLC cell lines and 65% of NSCLC cell lines. Treatment of expression-negative cell lines with demethylating agent restored expression in all of the cases. Methylation of LN5-encoding genes was present more frequently in SCLC cell lines (60-80%) than in NSCLC cell lines (15-60%), and at least one gene was methylated in 95% of SCLC and 60% of NSCLC cell lines. The concordances between loss of expression and methylation in 40 lung cancer cell lines for the three genes (90-95%) were statistically significant. Methylation was more frequent in SCLC tumors (58-77%) than in NSCLC tumors (22-42%) and carcinoids (13-33%), and at least one gene was methylated in 92% of SCLC tumors, 47% of NSCLC tumors, and 33% of carcinoids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate frequent epigenetic inactivation of LN5-encoding genes in lung cancers, and these findings are of biological interest and are potentially of clinical importance.

Azacitidine↗
PubMed1992

A novel complex locus UGT1 encodes human bilirubin, phenol, and other UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes with identical carboxyl termini.

Two human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (transferase) cDNAs, HUG-Br1 and HUG-Br2, were previously isolated (Ritter, J. K., Crawford, J. M., and Owens, I. S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 1043-1047), and each was shown to encode a bilirubin transferase isozyme which catalyzes the formation of all physiological conjugates of bilirubin IX alpha following expression in COS-1 cells. Sequence data showed that the cDNAs contained identical 3' ends (1469 base pairs in length) to each other and to that of the human phenol transferase cDNA, HLUG P1 (Harding, D., Fournel-Gigleux, S., Jackson, M. R., and Burchell, B. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8381-8385). Here we report that the two corresponding bilirubin transferases and the phenol transferase are encoded by a novel locus, UGT1, which is also predicted to encode three other bilirubin transferase-like isozymes all having identical carboxyl termini. The transcriptional arrangement utilizes six nested promoter elements, each of which is positioned upstream of a unique exon 1. Each exon 1 encodes the NH2-terminal domain (286 amino acids) and confers the substrate specificity of the isoform. The 3' end of the locus contains 4 common exons which encode the identical carboxyl termini (246 amino acids). It is predicted that six nested primary transcripts are synthesized and that each exon 1 is differentially spliced to the 4 common exons to produce six unique, mature mRNAs. Although the gene organization is present as a single copy, it provides the flexibility of independent regulation of each isoform which is known to occur in the case of bilirubin and phenol transferase activities. With an understanding of the gene structure, lethal, as well as the nonlethal defects, associated with bilirubin transferase activity can now be determined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗