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PubMed1982

Cholinergic receptor blockade impairs spatial localization by use of distal cues in the rat.

Spatial localization was studied in the Morris water maze. The task required rats to escape from cool water (made opaque by milk) by finding a submerged, invisible platform located at a fixed place within the room. The start point was varied randomly, and there was no local cues to indicate the position of the platform. After training, the platform was moved. Rats subjected to central cholinergic receptor blockade with atropine sulfate were compared with normal rats and rats receiving peripheral cholinergic blockade with atropine methylnitrate. The controls for the use of search strategies, as compared with spatial mapping, were a group of blind rats and a group of rats for which the platform was moved from trial to trial. Measures of escape latency, swim distance, initial heading error, posttrial rearing on the platform, and search strategy after platform displacement revealed that the control rats and the atropine methylnitrate rats used a spatial mapping strategy to locate the platform. The atropine sulfate treated rats adopted a search strategy like that of the blind rats and the rats for which the platform was randomly moved: Their escape latency and swimming distance decreased across trials, including reversal trials, but their initial heading errors remained unchanged. The results support the idea that central cholinergic systems are important for spatial mapping, which demands the use of distal visual cues, but not for spatial localization, which requires other search strategies and possibly the use of proximal tactile, kinesthetic, and visual cues. Consistent with this idea, certain features of the atropine sulfate treated rats' behavior also suggested a novel explantation for some aspects of atropine stereotypies.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Directional control of rapid arm movements: the role of the kinetic visual feedback system.

Vision has long been considered as a single feedback system providing information about the static and the dynamic features of motor behaviors and of the environment where they take place. However, recent models for oculo-manual movements have included multi-channeling of visual cues (Goodale & Milner, 1992; Jeannerod, 1981; 1984; Paillard, 1980, 1982). According to Paillard's model, a kinetic system, mostly sensitive to dynamic cues, provides directional information of the movement in the rapid distance-covering phase, and a static system, highly sensitive to position cues, provides positional signal errors. The present experiment gives kinematic evidence for the significant contribution of vision during the initial phase of rapid pointing movements when this phase is under the control of the kinetic channel. Movements having directional requirements were more accurate (directional precision) when vision of the initial portion of the trajectory was available. Times-to-peak acceleration and velocity were all shorter and their respective amplitudes were generally higher when vision was available for the first third of the trajectory than when it was not. Further, vision of the entire trajectory did not yield better precision then when vision was available for the initial phase of the movements only. Overall, the data support the existence of two corrective visual feedback systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Stoned assents.

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Cannabis↗