SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
In a study of 134 college teachers, teachers' self-reported stress scores were significantly and positively related with their perceptions of students' use of reluctant compliance and deception tactics in resistance to on-task learning.
In this study the detection of feigned memory impairments was investigated using a forced-choice task with Chinese words as stimuli. Task difficulty on accuracy and response time and the faking strategies employed were examined for 85 participants, 42 men and 43 women, who were administered the experimental task. Following a simulation design, all participants performed under control and faking conditions. Their accuracy of performance and response times were measured. Analysis indicated significant differences on both outcome measures for the two conditions. Further, a significant difference in accuracy, but not in response time, among levels of task difficulty was observed. For classification accuracy, using the cut-off score criterion seemed more effective than using the below-chance criterion or response time. Implications for relying on chance criterion to identify deception are discussed.
In the present study, the authors examined the effects of outside issues on the validity of the Comparison Question Test in a laboratory mock-crime paradigm. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, 192 participants either did or did not commit (a) a mock theft of a dollar (about which they were tested), or (b) a mock theft of dollars 20 (the outside issue); and they either were or were not asked questions about an outside issue. The presence of the outside issue had a strong differential impact on the participants who were innocent of the tested issue, and it dramatically moved their scores toward deception. The impact of an outside issue on the guilty was minimal. Test questions about possible outside issues were ineffective in detecting the presence of the outside issue, but they did function as comparison questions. The results have implications for understanding the high rate of false positive outcomes in some studies.
The authors assessed factors that motivate individuals to report negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test results, although they had never been tested. In particular, they investigated sexual intimacy motives associated with the needs for affiliation, sex, and dominance as contributing factors for faulty disclosures. Participants were 246 sexually active heterosexual students. Overall, 21% of the sample had been tested for HIV, and most individuals disclosed their results to intimate partners. Of the entire sample, 5% had previously told an intimate sexual partner they were HIV-negative, although they had not been tested. HIV testing and perceptions of partner deceptions with reference to primary prevention efforts and applications are explored.
The present experiment examined participants' insight into their own behaviour and speech content while lying. It was hypothesized that participants would believe that while lying they show more behaviour stereotypical of lying than they in fact do (Hypothesis 1), whereas they would believe that their own speech content while lying contains fewer stereotypical features than in fact is true (Hypothesis 2). A stereotypical response was defined as a response people generally believe liars usually show. A total of 86 nursing students were interviewed twice about a film they had just seen. During one interview they were asked to tell the truth whereas they had to lie in the other interview. All interviews were videotaped, transcribed and then scored by independent coders. The coders' analyses reveal participants' actual behaviour and speech content. Participants themselves were asked to indicate in a questionnaire how they believed they behaved and what they believed they said in both interviews. To test the hypotheses, comparisons were made between participants' actual responses and their beliefs about their own responses. The results support both hypotheses and implications of these outcomes for the detection of deception are discussed.
The Federal Trade Commission plays a unique role in enforcing well-established standards ensuring that consumers can make informed purchase and use decisions about health-related products and services based on truthful, non-misleading advertising claims while encouraging competition. Deceptive and unfair practices are defined. The importance of the "net impression" that ads convey to consumers and the need for substantiation of objective, factual claims is explained. The FTC uses its enforcement powers and consumer and industry outreach to create a climate for preventing misleading advertising.
Smoking deception is often ignored, but is important in health care. In this trial it was assessed at both study entry and outcome. At study entry, 1,044 males at a primary care clinic were asked smoking status and tested for breath carbon monoxide (CO). Of self-reported non-smokers, 57/402 (14%) were actually smokers, as were 59/251 (24%) of self-reported ex-smokers. The self-reported smokers (n=387) entered a randomized, controlled trial where the intervention comprised four questions on knowledge and beliefs about smoking, standardized verbal advice against smoking, and a leaflet. At follow-up, subjects were also questioned about beliefs. Follow-up was difficult, but 191/387 (49%) attended at three or six months. Of 27 who claimed to have quit, 6 (22%) were deceivers and 21 were confirmed quitters. Cessation did not differ between intervention and control groups. Overall confirmed cessation at six months was 16/387 (4.1 %). Confirmed quitters were significantly lighter smokers than deceivers and still smokers. There were non-significant trends between the outcome groups whereby deceivers had least knowledge and most lay beliefs, and quitters had most knowledge and fewest lay beliefs. The lay beliefs may prevent some smokers from quitting.
Since it was first identified in 1977, Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy has uniquely affected the way in which the medical and legal communities deal with the issue of child abuse. Inherent in the medical response to the disease are issues of suspicion, investigation, identification, confrontation, and, of course, the health of an innocent child. Given the deceptive dynamics of this disease, however, denial and disbelief naturally overshadow every action taken by medical professionals in pursuing these issues. Fortunately, as medical knowledge about the dynamics of the disease continues to develop, medical professionals become more willing and better able to identify the disease and focus their response on the safety of the child. The greatest problem in prosecuting Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is that judges and juries remain unwilling to accept the reality of the disease. Consequently, in an effort to confirm medical suspicions and quell legal doubts, the medical community has resorted to covert video surveillance of the abuse while it is being perpetrated in the hospital. In this Article, Flannery argues that this response is an unnecessary and unethical, means of preventing Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy and protecting the child. Flannery supports the approach taken by the Family Court of New York in addressing Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy cases. The Family Court of New York recognizes the unique dynamics of this bizarre disorder, and, therefore, considers all cumulative circumstantial evidence in a Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy case, comparing the facts of the subject case to the commonly accepted features of confirmed cases. Part of the circumstantial evidence that should be considered, Flannery argues, is the dissipation of the child's condition upon temporary separation from the alleged perpetrating parent. As is done by the Flannery Court of New York, a res ipsa loquitur standard should then be applied, and an appropriate disposition for the child should be determined. By employing this standard, the court may confirm suspicions of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy while avoiding the unnecessary harm to the child inherent in the covert video surveillance of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy.
When conducting research with participants who are deaf there is a range of potential issues to be considered: issues relating to language and communication, participants' past experience and culture, and the potential power imbalance between researcher and participant. From an ethical perspective these may compromise informed consent and confidentiality, may inadvertently result in deception and may interfere with the validity of the data. The consequences may be negative for both the deaf population and the research community. This paper highlights the issues that arose in four studies with participants who were deaf and discusses the extent to which the measures taken were effective.
A lot is said about present days sense of disarray in teachers. How real is the fact? How come the debate on education is so passionate? Why such shortsightedness in society's vision of its educational system? There truly is happiness in teaching, and this happiness can evolve out of the worst hardships. Nevertheless that happiness is fragile. It is threatened by situational factors and some may be tempted to adopt identity assertive behaviors. Moreover, achieving that happiness might be costly to the individual: situations area often hard on the narcissism, and frequently provoke deceptions proportionate to the moments of complicity shared with the children and adolescents, who reflect passing illusions of what teachers themselves were.
OBJECTIVE: To study complex visual hallucinations in visually impaired individuals. METHODS: A prospective comparative study involving structured history taking and cognitive assessment in 48 consecutive visually impaired individuals with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse and an age-matched cohort of 48 consecutive patients with visual acuity of 20/40 or better in at least 1 eye. RESULTS: Thirty visually impaired subjects (63%) experienced hallucinations, unrelated to specific ocular pathology. None volunteered the symptom; 2 admitted hallucinations on nonleading questioning and 28 on direct questioning. All displayed insight into the unreality of their hallucinations, although 18 (60%) achieved this after initial deception. Seventeen (57%) expressed concern; 7 (23%) experienced disturbing images. Nineteen (63%) feared being labeled as insane were they to admit to hallucinations, while 10 (33%) were fearful of impending insanity. Sixteen (94%) of 17 concerned patients derived comfort from sympathetic reassurance that their hallucinations did not represent sinister pathology. In contrast, none of the individuals with normal vision experienced any hallucinations (P<.001). Cognition was intact in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Complex visual hallucinations with insight commonly occur in visually impaired, cognitively intact individuals due to acquired visual impairment and are unrelated to chronological age. Hallucinatory experiences are almost invariably admitted to only on direct questioning, due to fears of being considered insane. Although generally pleasant, hallucinations may cause distress, because of content or implications of the hallucinatory activity. Sympathetic explanation affords significant emotional relief.
The diagnosis and management of acute poisoning episodes in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa are complicated by their underlying psychopathologic conditions. We investigated 23 consecutive cases of poisoning in 21 patients with anorexia nervosa reported to the Massachusetts Poison Center, Boston, during a 13-month period. All were intentional self-poisonings. Agents involved most often were psychotherapeutic drugs, cathartics, and/or analgesics. Potentially life-threatening drugs were often implicated in the poisoning. Diagnosis was complicated by purposefully deceptive information from patients and the presence of unsuspected toxins. Treatment was complicated by long delays to presentation for medical care and by underlying metabolic abnormalities. Decontamination efforts were complicated by the patients' prior use of emetics and cathartics. Seventeen patients required hospitalization; 4 patients suffered a complicated hospital course and a fifth patient died.
A retrospective review of 88 male patients older than 60 years of age with billiary tract disease showed a mortality of 6.8%. More than 40% of the patients (39 of 88) had acute cholecystitis. Medical therapy failed for almost all of the patients (38 of 39) with acute inflammatory disease and they then required an operation during their initial hospitalization. In this acute disease group, 21% had empyema of the gallbladder, 18% had gangrenous cholecystitis or free perforation of the gallbladder, and 15% had subphrenic or liver abscesses. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were obtained from 78% of the bile cultures, and obligate anaerobes were present in 25% of them. A delay in diagnosis and operation occurred in 33% of the patients with acute disease. Factors responsible for this delay included a deceptively benign clinical presentation and the requirement for prolonged resuscitation. Since response to conservative measures is unlikely in the elderly patient with acute cholecystitis, optimal management consists of resuscitation and prompt operation for control of infection.
The effect of the surgeon's advice to give up smoking was studied in a group of 43 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), using blood carboxyhemoglobin levels to detect deception. Only seven of 40 patients (17.5%) actually stopped smoking, but the remainder appeared fairly honest in reporting their continued habits. Few patients were aware of the possible harmful effect of smoking on the peripheral arteries. The 43 patients with PVD who smoked had significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin levels than a group of 25 smokers without PVD although their cigarette consumption was the same. This suggests that carboxyhemoglobin levels may provide a better indication of the risk of smoking than overall cigarette consumption alone in the development of PVD.
The clinical histories, operative reports, and pathologic slides of 20 patients seen between 1907 and 1984 with diagnoses of angiosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and hemangioendothelioma were reviewed. The mean age of the 19 female patients and one male patient was 40.05 years (range, 16 to 67 years). Ten patients had the right breast involved, and five patients had contralateral breast involvement. Presenting symptoms included a mass in 20 patients, pain in ten patients, and breast discoloration in six patients. Before referral, ten patients had the misdiagnosis of a benign breast lesion. Because of the deceptively benign appearance of many angiosarcomas, these lethal tumors are often misdiagnosed as benign hemangiomas. Simple mastectomy is the treatment of choice, while adjuvant therapy remains to be evaluated.
Directiveness and nondirectiveness are considered here as psychological phenomena and separated from the issue of giving or withholding advice. The former is a form of persuasive communication involving various combinations of deception, coercion, and threat, whereas the latter describes procedures that promote and enhance the autonomy and self-directedness of clients. Examples are given showing that professionals have considerable difficulty dealing with relatively simple, common issues arising in genetic counseling. It is suggested that many, if not most, problems involving the issue of nondirectiveness arise because of inadequacies in applying basic counseling skills. Several examples are given of nondirective counseling in situations involving direct questions and the proffering of "advice." The need to raise standards in counseling training is underscored if the field of genetic counseling is to remain nondirective.
Prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's Disease (HD) is controversial. Selective abortion is considered unacceptable by some, since, being a late-onset disorder, any child born carrying the HD mutation might still expect many years of disease-free life. The test result itself has implications for the parents and other members of the family who may have decided not to be tested but who know that they may be at risk because a family member is affected. For this reason some potential carriers do not want to know their carrier status and may prefer prenatal exclusion testing. However, since half the fetuses carrying the affected grandparental allele may be normal, aborting these fetuses is also controversial. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been suggested as an alternative by which asymptomatic individuals who are at high risk of carrying HD can avail themselves of antenatal genetic testing without incurring the emotional, social and financial burdens that might result from the presymptomatic disclosure of their own carrier status. However, non-disclosure testing of embryos in vitro presents specific practical difficulties. Assurance of absolute secrecy is difficult in the large team required for in vitro fertilization biopsy and diagnosis, and changes in practice which may be required to maintain the deception may be unethical.
Fine-needle aspirates from a sclerosing mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma with eosinophilia showed peculiar but nonspecific features. The overall picture seems more important than individual elements in recognizing this rare entity cytologically, since the predominant type of malignant cells has a deceptively bland appearance. The differential diagnoses include other primary thyroid malignancies, as well as metastatic growth and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.