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PubMed2006

Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Accumulating epidemiologic evidence indicates that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. We quantitatively assessed the association between red meat and processed meat consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer in a meta-analysis of prospective studies published through March 2006. Random-effects models were used to pool study results and to assess dose-response relationships. We identified 15 prospective studies on red meat (involving 7,367 cases) and 14 prospective studies on processed meat consumption (7,903 cases). The summary relative risks (RRs) of colorectal cancer for the highest vs. the lowest intake categories were 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-1.42) for red meat and 1.20 (95% CI = 1.11-1.31) for processed meat. The estimated summary RRs were 1.28 (95% CI = 1.18-1.39) for an increase of 120 g/day of red meat and 1.09 (95% CI = 1.05-1.13) for an increase of 30 g/day of processed meat. Consumption of red meat and processed meat was positively associated with risk of both colon and rectal cancer, although the association with red meat appeared to be stronger for rectal cancer. In 3 studies that reported results for subsites in the colon, high consumption of processed meat was associated with an increased risk of distal colon cancer but not of proximal colon cancer. The results of this meta-analysis of prospective studies support the hypothesis that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

A prospective cohort study of red wine consumption and risk of prostate cancer.

In light of recent, strong inverse findings between lifetime red wine consumption and prostate cancer among younger men, we revisited our previous cohort analysis to more thoroughly investigate red wine consumption and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). In 1986, HPFS participants reported their average consumption of red wine, white wine, beer and liquor during the past year, and their change in alcohol consumption over the prior 10 years. Prostate cancer diagnoses were ascertained on each biennial questionnaire and confirmed by medical record review. Between 1986 and 2002, 3,348 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed among 45,433 eligible participants. Using men who did not consume red wine as the reference, no linear trend was observed between red wine consumption and prostate cancer in the full analytic cohort (p-trend = 0.57). Among men with unchanged alcohol consumption in the prior 10 years, and those additionally <65 years of age, slightly lower risks were observed for men who consumed 4 glasses/week, resulting in a lack of linear trend. These findings suggest that red wine does not contribute appreciably to the etiology of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of enterostatin on consumption of optional foods in non-food-deprived rats.

Enterostatin, the activation peptide of procolipase, has been reported to reduce high-fat food consumption in rats. This reduction has been reliably demonstrated using procedures in which the test diet was also the maintenance diet of the animals. Other reports, though, have shown that peripherally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of oil provided as an option to the diet, and that centrally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of an optional high-fat mixed food. However, the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of an optional high-fat mixed food have not been examined. This experiment, then, examined the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of optional, mixed foods (no-fat and high-fat cookies) provided in addition to a standard diet under choice and nonchoice conditions. Four experiments were conducted. In experiment I, the effect of enterostatin in a two-choice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment II, the effect of enterostatin in a nonchoice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment III, the effect of enterostatin administered at five different pretreatment times in a non-choice feeding paradigm was assessed. Enterostatin had no effect on cookie intake in any of these experiments. Finally, experiment IV was undertaken to verify the activity of the peptide. Enterostatin significantly reduced the consumption of a standard diet in overnight food-deprived rats, thus confirming the activity of the peptide used in experiments I to III. Enterostatin may not play a major role in the regulation of food intake that is stimulated by optional foods that are periodically provided in addition to a standard well-balanced diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of chronic central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on food consumption and body weight in normal and obese rats.

Glucagon-like peptide (7-36) amide (GLP-1) acutely inhibits food and water consumption in rats after intracerebroventricular (icv) administration. To assess the potential for desensitization of these effects, we investigated the effects of chronic icv administration of GLP-1 on food consumption and body weight in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. In vitro functional densensitization of the GLP-1 receptor was not observed after overnight exposure of Rin m5F insulinoma cells to GLP-1 at concentrations up to 10 nM. Administration of GLP-1 to SD rats (30 microg icv twice a day for 6 days) resulted in significant reductions in 24-hour food consumption each day (25 +/- 1%). Continuous icv infusion of GLP-1 for 7 and 14 days significantly inhibited cumulative food consumption and reduced body weight in SD rats. In the genetically obese Zucker rat, chronic dosing with GLP-1 (30 microg icv) once a day for 6 days caused significant reductions in food consumption each day and a reduction in body weight. These results indicate that the GLP-1 pathways in the central nervous system controlling food consumption do not desensitize after chronic exposure to GLP-1 and suggest that agonists of the central GLP-1 receptor may be effective agents for the treatment of obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Influences on meat consumption in Australia.

In a study of influences on meat consumption, over 700 South Australians answered questions on frequency of meat consumption, beliefs about meat and nutrition, perceived difficulties with and benefits of vegetarian diets, personal values, number of vegetarian significant others, use in and trust of health/nutrition/food information sources, and demography. Perceived difficulties with vegetarian diets, the number of vegetarian significant others and beliefs about meat were important predictors of meat consumption. There were differences between men and women and members of different age groups, which should be taken into account when attempts are made to influence meat consumption. For example, health promotion campaigns that focus on whether or not meat is necessary in the diet may influence meat consumption, but would be most successful if directed predominantly at older people and men. In contrast, the meat consumption of women and younger people was strongly associated with more specific concerns about lack of iron and protein in the vegetarian diet. Some of the difficulties people find with vegetarian diets will also apply to plant-based diets generally, and such diets are becoming more widely acknowledged as providing health benefits. Therefore, the findings have important implications for public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

"You will eat all of that!": a retrospective analysis of forced consumption episodes.

The present research was initiated to examine the prevalence of forced consumption and its role in subsequent food rejection. A forced consumption episode was defined as a situation where Person(s) A forced or demanded Person B to consume a specific substance against Person B's will. An initial survey of 407 college students revealed that over 69% of them had experienced at least one forced consumption episode. One hundred forty individuals completed a follow-up questionnaire exploring various characteristics of their most memorable forced consumption scenario. Specifically, the most common type of forced consumption (76%) involved an authority figure (e.g. parent, teacher) forcing a child to consume a novel, disliked, or aversive food. In this authority figure scenario, respondents recalled the episode as involving interpersonal conflict and negative affect, and identified the most aversive aspects of this scenario as lack of control and feelings of helplessness. Furthermore, most respondents (72%) reported that they would not willingly eat the target food today. In sum, the forced consumption episode appears to be a unique situation in which distasteful food combines with interpersonal conflict to result in long-lasting food rejection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Paternal Lake Ontario fish consumption and risk of conception delay, New York State Angler Cohort.

The aquatic ecosystems of the Great Lakes are contaminated with a variety of compounds, some of which are considered reproductive toxicants. Few studies of paternal fish consumption and reproductive endpoints have been undertaken and serve as the impetus for study. Standardized telephone interviews were conducted with 2445 female members of the New York State Angler Cohort (82% response) to update reproductive profiles and to ascertain specific information on time-to-pregnancy (TTP). The study sample includes women with a known TTP and paternal fish consumption data (n=785). Conception delay was defined as more than 12 cycles of unprotected intercourse to achieve pregnancy. Paternal fish consumption was assessed by three measures: frequency of Lake Ontario sport fish meals in 1991, numbers of years eating fish, and estimated PCB exposure from fish consumption. Adjusted ORs for number of fish meals, based on logistic regression, ranged from 0.69 to 0.80; from 0.61 to 0.82 for number of years eating fish; and from 0.44 to 1.14 for quartiles of estimated PCB exposure from fish consumption. All confidence intervals included one. These findings suggest that, based on paternal self-reports, Lake Ontario fish consumption does not increase the risk of conception delay.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Blood cholesterol and walnut consumption: a cross-sectional survey in France.

BACKGROUND: The preventive role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease has been recognized. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association between walnut consumption (oil and kernel) as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood lipid levels. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-three persons, males and females, ages 18-65 years, living in a walnut production area (Dauphiné, France) attended health screening visits organized by the Agriculture Social Security. Past diet (1-year recall, including walnut and animal fat consumption) and cardiovascular risk factors were ascertained using food frequency questionnaires. For each participant a blood sample was taken to measure HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol; apo A1; and apo B. RESULTS: A high level of HDL cholesterol and apo A1 was associated with a high amount of walnut consumption (oil and kernel) in the regular diet, with a positive trend with increasing degree of walnut consumption. This association did not appear to be confounded by dietary animal fat and alcohol as measured in this study. Other blood lipids did not show significant associations with walnut consumption. CONCLUSION: The positive effect of walnut consumption on blood HDL cholesterol and apo A1 is of special interest since these lipid parameters have been shown to be negatively correlated with cardiovascular morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of olestra and sorbitol consumption on objective measures of diarrhea: impact of stool viscosity on common gastrointestinal symptoms.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of olestra and sorbitol consumption on three accepted objective measures of diarrhea (stool output >250 g/day, liquid/watery stools, bowel movement frequency >3/day), and how stool composition influences reports of common gastrointestinal symptoms. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the effects of sorbitol (40 g/day in candy), a poorly absorbed sugar-alcohol with known osmotic effects, with those of olestra (20 or 40 g/day in potato chips), a nonabsorbed fat, on objective measures of stool composition and GI symptoms. Sixty-six subjects resided on a metabolic ward for 12 days: 2 days lead-in, 4 days baseline, 6 days treatment. Sorbitol 40 g/day resulted in loose/liquid stools within 1-3 h of consumption. In contrast, olestra resulted in a dose-responsive stool softening effect after 2-4 days of consumption. Subjects reported "diarrhea" when mean stool apparent viscosity (peak force (PF), g) decreased from a perceived "normal" (mean +/- SE, 1355 +/- 224 g PF; firm stool) to loose (260 +/- 68 g PF) stool. Mean apparent viscosity of stool during treatment: placebo, 1363 +/- 280 g (firm); olestra 20 g/day 743 +/- 65 g (soft); olestra 40 g/day, 563 +/- 105 g (soft); and sorbitol 40 g/day, 249 +/- 53 g (loose). Of the 1098 stool samples collected, 38% (419/1098) were rated by subjects as "diarrhea," yet only 2% of treatment days (all in the sorbitol treatment group) met commonly accepted criteria for a clinical diarrhea. Sorbitol, but not olestra, increased the severity of abdominal cramping, urgency and nausea compared to placebo. Olestra consumption, at levels far in excess of normal snacking conditions, resulted in a gradual stool softening effect after several days of consumption, did not meet any of the three objective measures of diarrhea, and did not increase GI symptoms. Sorbitol consumption, at only 80% of the dose requiring a "laxative effect" information label, resulted in rapid onset loose/liquid stools and a significant increase in abdominal cramping, urgency and nausea. Overall, subjects categorized stool as "diarrhea" when stool decreased from their perceived "normal," but the vast majority of these reports were not associated with clinically significant diarrhea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol under consideration of smoking history.

A large German population sample of 6820 men and 7258 women was used to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption, total serum cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Analyses were conducted on men and women separately. Differences in age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, smoking habits, alcohol, fish, milk and tea consumption, physical activity and medication use were controlled for in the analyses. Interactions between coffee consumption and smoking habits in their relationship with serum cholesterol were part of the analyses. For men, a positive relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was found among smokers and life-long abstainers but not in the group of ex-smokers. In women a relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was also present, but very weak (only statistical significant in covariance analyses). Levels of HDL cholesterol did not correlate with coffee consumption in either men and women. Hypotheses concerning the peculiarities of the group of ex-smokers are developed, and supporting empirical evidence is given. It is suggested that the group of ex-smokers should always be analysed separately.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacological investigations of the mechanisms underlying the effects of peripheral 5-HT on flavour consumption and preference.

Systemic administration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) to non-deprived rats increased saline (0.9%) consumption (5-HT hyperdipsia), without altering saline preference in two-bottle test. When sodium saccharin (0.1%) was the test solution 5-HT suppressed both consumption and preference. 5-HT saline hyperdipsia was blocked by pretreatment with an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (MK421) and mimicked by isoprenaline-induced stimulation of renin production; saccharin consumption and preference were unaffected by either drug. However, methysergide (a 5-HT antagonist) attenuated the effects of 5-HT on saccharin consumption and preference, thus confirming that these effects are mediated via peripheral 5-HT receptors. It is suggested that the effects of 5-HT on saline consumption are mediated via stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, but its effects on saccharin consumption and preference are mediated by a separate mechanism at some point subsequent to peripheral 5-HT receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in rats.

Recent human and animal studies have found that cigarette smoking or nicotine administration is accompanied by decreased consumption of sweet-tasting, high caloric foods. Cessation of smoking or nicotine is accompanied by increased consumption of these foods. Changes in consumption of these specific foods may partially account for the inverse relationship between smoking or nicotine and body weight. The present research was designed to determine whether consumption of nonsweet food is affected by nicotine and whether continuous access to only nonsweet foods attenuates the body weight changes associated with nicotine administration and cessation of nicotine administration. Alzet miniosmotic pumps were implanted SC to administer saline or three different concentrations of nicotine to male Sprague-Dawley albino rats for 2-3 weeks. Two studies on a total of 80 rats found an inverse dose-response relationship between nicotine administration and body weight without changes in bland food or water consumption. After cessation of nicotine administration, there were no differences in food consumption or body weight changes between groups. The effects of nicotine on body weight, both during and after drug administration, were attenuated in comparison to the results of studies that provided sweet-tasting foods.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The measurement of drug consumption. Drugs for diabetes in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden.

The consumption of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs was measured at the gross sales level in Sweden and Norway and at the prescription level in Northern Ireland. ""Agreed daily doses'' were used as units of comparison, which defined as follows: insulin 40 I.U., tolbutamide 1 g, acetohexamide 500 mg etc. Consumption was expressed as the number of ""agreed daily doses'' per 1,000 inhabitants per day. This provided a rough estimate of the number of subjects for whom the drug had been prescribed per 1,000 population. The data were collected during the three months April-June 1971. Marked differences in the consumption of antidiabetic drugs were found between the three countries and also between areas within each country. The consumption of insulin was similar in Norway and Northern Ireland (3.5 and 3.9 agreed daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day), but almost twice as high in Sweden. In Norway much lower use was found in certain rural areas. The variation in the consumption of oral antidiabetic drugs was even more marked. Surprisingly, consumption was considerably higher in Sweden (15.8) than in the nearby Norway (7.3), and was even lower in Northern Ireland (4.3). The major use was of sulphonylureas, especially chlorpropamide. Within the countries there was marked regional variation in the choice of individual biguanides and sulphonylureas. The data are discussed in relation to such factors as the incidence of diabetes, the sole use of dietary treatment etc. It is concluded that studies in depth, which link the actual use of drugs by patients to diagnosis, diabetic symptoms and clinical outcome of treatment are necessary in order to explore the reasons behind the marked geographical differences and to define a rational drug policy. However, the methods described in the study may be used for early detection of gross national differences in drug utilization, the further investigation of which may reveal to be of great public health interest.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1986

Effects of peripheral 5-HT on consumption of flavoured solutions.

Non-deprived rats, injected SC with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), showed flavour-dependent alterations in fluid consumption during 2-h tests. The consumption of water, quinine, citric acid or saline was increased by 5-HT, whereas the consumption of sucrose, saccharin or milk was decreased. There were dose-dependent decreases in saccharin and milk consumption with maximal suppression of intake at 2 mg/kg. Two-bottle preference tests (flavour versus water) revealed that 5-HT increased saline consumption without changing saline preference and reduced consumption of, and preference for, both saccharin and sucrose. These results are discussed in terms of the characteristics which identify substances as being "food-like" rather than "water-like", and it is suggested that peripheral 5-HT plays a role in the control of both water and food intake. This latter function may be fulfilled through an alteration in the incentive value of food-related stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The influence of alcohol consumption on the risk of vertebral deformity. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group.

The influence of alcohol consumption on the risk of osteoporosis is not well established. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between frequency of alcohol consumption and the risk of vertebral deformity across different European populations. A population survey method was used. Men and women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population-based sampling frames in 36 centres from 19 European countries. Subjects were invited to attend by letter of invitation for an interviewer-administered questionnaire and lateral spinal radiographs. Vertebral deformity was defined morphometrically using the McCloskey-Kanis method. Data from 14237 individuals were available for this analysis. Alcohol consumption was compared between the 809 men and 884 women with vertebral deformity and the 5905 men and 6639 women without vertebral deformity. The frequency of alcohol intake was greater in men than women. Overall, there was no detectable association between frequency of alcohol intake and vertebral deformity in either men or women. Stratification by age showed that women 65 years and over who took alcohol on more than 5 days per week had a reduced risk of vertebral deformity compared with those taking alcohol less than once per week. This protection was most obvious after adjusting for age, centre, body mass index, smoking, current level of physical activity and previous fractures (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.43, 0.99). There was a smaller and non-significant protective effect amongst men aged 65 years and over and this was most apparent amongst moderately frequent drinkers (1-4 days per week) (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.62, 1.08). There was no association between the occurrence of vertebral deformity and frequency of alcohol consumption in younger men and women. Overall, the effects of the frequency of alcohol consumption on vertebral deformity were modest. In older women, regular consumption on more than 5 days per week is associated with a reduced risk. Further, prospective data are required to confirm these findings. It is also necessary to investigate, in terms of amount of alcohol consumed, at what level the benefits of regular intake are obviated by the increased risks from alcohol excess.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Frequency of consumption of selected indicator foods and serum cholesterol. GISSI-EFRIM investigators. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto--Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell'Infarto Miocardico.

The relationship between frequency of consumption of eleven indicator foods (milk, meat, liver, carrots, green vegetables, fruit, eggs, ham, fish, cheese and alcohol) and serum cholesterol was investigated in the comparison group of a case-control study of acute myocardial infarction conducted in Italy. Data were collected on 792 subjects from various Italian regions, admitted to hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any known or potential risk factor for myocardial infarction or to long-term modifications in diet. No statistically or epidemiologically meaningful relationship emerged between serum cholesterol level and frequency of consumption of any of these foods. Cholesterol levels rose according to increasing consumption tertiles for most of the indicator foods considered. Higher values for the higher tertile of consumption were observed for meat, ham and eggs, but also for fruit, carrots and green vegetables. However, correlation coefficients between frequency of consumption of various food items and serum cholesterol level were uniformly low for all food items considered, ranging between -0.09 (for milk) and 0.19 (for ham). Although a more comprehensive diet history may lead to different indications, the present data are not suggestive of any major influence of long-term frequency of consumption of a few selected indicator foods on serum cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Voluntary consumption of ethanol in 15 inbred mouse strains.

To determine genetic differences in ethanol consumption, 15 commonly used inbred strains of mice were given ad libitum two-bottle choice between ethanol, 0.2% saccharin, or ethanol plus saccharin in one bottle versus tap water in the other bottle. Three different concentrations of ethanol were used: 3%, 6% and 10% (v/v). Of the 15 strains, the C57BL/6J, C57BR/cdJ and C57L/J strains showed the most consistent higher intake of ethanol either with or without 0.2% saccharin. In marked contrast, the DBA/1J and DBA/2J strains consistently showed the lowest intake. Consumption of 3% ethanol without saccharin was highly genetically correlated with saccharin consumption (r = 0.77), suggesting that low concentrations of ethanol may have a sweet taste that affects voluntary consumption. Most strains showed very different patterns of response to ethanol with or without saccharin. Three patterns of strain responses were identified. Some strains avoided higher concentrations of ethanol whether in water or saccharin; some appeared to be sensitive to the ability of saccharin to mask the odor of ethanol; and some may have reduced consumption only when ethanol concentrations were high enough to produce aversive postingestional effects. Whereas earlier studies generally attempted to explain strain differences in consumption by invoking a single mechanism, our results demonstrate that more than one mechanism is necessary to explain the preferential ethanol intake of all strains studied.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Social status and voluntary alcohol consumption in mice: interaction with stress.

Dominant rats are found to consume less alcohol than their subordinate cage-mates. It is unclear whether the difference is due to dominant, aggressive animals consuming low levels of alcohol or whether social stress increases alcohol intake in subordinate animals. The present study investigated alcohol drinking patterns in aggressive alpha mice, their fight-stressed submissive cage-mates and non-fighting control mice before and after the establishment of social hierarchies. The results revealed that both moderately and severely fight-stressed submissive mice showed increased consumption of 5% alcohol, expressed as g/kg, but only severely wounded submissive mice showed increased alcohol preference over total fluid consumption, as compared with alpha mice. The difference in alcohol consumption was not seen prior to the establishment of submissive and alpha status, indicating that the submissive mice increased their alcohol consumption only after experiencing fight-stress. The amount of alcohol consumed did not differ between alpha and non-fighting control mice. To further investigate the possible connection between alcohol intake and aggressivity, the mice were studied in the resident-intruder test before group-housing. The results failed to show a consistent pattern of correlations between the time spent in aggression in this test and subsequent alcohol intake measures. The data indicate that severe fight-stress increases alcohol consumption in mice. Alcohol intake of aggressive, dominant alpha mice is not significantly altered, as compared with non-fighting animals. Furthermore, the level of aggressiveness prior to the establishment of social status does not directly affect alcohol consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aggression↗