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PubMedDate not supplied

Herpes simplex virus transmission: condom studies.

The incidence of genital herpes simplex infections has risen at a rapid rate over the past 20 years. Sexually active young adults ask whether condoms will effectively block the transmission of herpes simplex virus from one individual to another. Using a laboratory plunger model to stimulate human coitus, the authors have shown that high concentrations of HSV-2 did not cross the latex or natural membrane condoms that were tested. We have also shown that high concentrations of HSV-2 left in contact with a condom for 8 hr does not penetrate the barrier. This study gives good indirect evidence that condoms block the transmission of herpes simplex virus.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus.

Simulated in vitro intercourse conditions demonstrated that unlubricated latex condoms provide an effective physical barrier to high concentrations of Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus. However, since condoms can be damaged after manufacturing inspection and prior to use, latex condoms alone should not be perceived as absolute protection against STDs. Nonoxynol 9 used in conjunction with condoms provided additional, yet still not foolproof, protection against the three viruses.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed2004

Risk perceptions, condom use, and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescent females according to social network position.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adolescent females are frequently treated as a homogenous group but could differ on their sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk because of individual attitudes and exposure through sexual networks. GOAL: The goal of this study was to determine if risk perceptions, condom use, and STD prevalence differs within sexual networks. STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred three adolescent females participating in a longitudinal study of adolescent STD risk perceptions and condom use were categorized as "core," "bridge," and "periphery" in a sexual network according to their and their main sex partner's risk information. Regression analysis determined differences in risk perceptions by network location. RESULTS: We demonstrated an inverse relationship between STD risk perceptions and network location. Adolescents with higher risk perceptions were more likely to use condoms, irrespective of network location. CONCLUSION: Female adolescents are a heterogeneous group exhibiting different risk perceptions. Different intervention strategies for adolescents at higher risk could be necessary. Interventions designed to raise risk perceptions could be associated with condom use, even for those adolescents at greatest risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Impact of an educational intervention to promote condom use among the male partners of HIV positive women.

RATIONALE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Promoting the secondary prevention of HIV transmission is essential. METHOD: An intervention. aimed at increasing condom use by partners. was delivered to HIV positive women attending a Brazilian clinic. It included educational advice delivered by doctors. and unlimited access to free condoms. A pre-post design was used: 170 control group women were recruited. the intervention was implemented. and 170 intervention group women were then enrolled. All were interviewed at baseline. 30 and 60 days. RESULTS: After training. doctors were more likely to provide advice on condom use. Reported use increased by 8.8% points (a 14.2% increase) in the intervention group after 30 days. and by 5.7 points (9.5%) in the control group (P = 0.52). CONCLUSION: The reasons why the intervention failed to reach a significant effect are discussed. as are the possible Public Health impact of a 14.2% increase in condom use among HIV positive women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of condom use on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I).

A prospective, controlled study of condom use in patients with histologically-proven CIN I was undertaken. Forty-six patients were studied, 22 by random allocation and 24 by nonrandom allocation to either condom use or non-condom use for 6 months. At the end of this time, patients were reassessed cytologically, colposcopically and histologically. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to outcome. Six patients' lesions (13%) progressed in this period, 5 (11%) to CIN III. Condom usage is not an effective treatment for CIN I.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Translation and validation of the condom self-efficacy scale with Thai adolescents and young adults.

PURPOSE: To translate the 14-item Condom Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) into Thai and to validate the Thai version of the Condom Self-efficacy Scale (CSES-T) among Thai adolescents and young adults. METHODS: The CSES was translated using a back-translation technique and validated with a cluster-based sample of 425 participants aged 18 to 22 years from eight randomly selected private vocational schools in Bangkok. Participants completed anonymous self-administered scales. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was conducted to identify latent factors. RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated three factors: communication, correct use, and consistent use. Items loading on the original CSES also loaded on the same factors of the CSES-T except one item. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .85 for the total scale, .70 for consistent use, .79 for correct use, and .80 for communication. CONCLUSIONS: Based on psychometric properties, the CSES-T is a valid and reliable tool. It is culturally appropriate for Thai young adults. Thai researchers and health care providers can use the CSES-T to assess adolescents' and young adults' self-efficacy to use condoms as well as to further develop and evaluate interventions to increase condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Gender and ethnic differences in adolescents' attitudes toward condom use.

This secondary analysis from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (NASHS) examined relationships between adolescents' personal and perceived peer attitudes toward condom use with gender and self-reported ethnic background. Descriptive results revealed general personal support and perceived peer support for condom use. Results from multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVAs) demonstrated significant interaction effects for the eighth grade sample [F = (4, 2383228) = 3530.01 p = .000], and the 10th grade sample [F = (4, 2636878) = 2594.41073, p = .000]. Contrasts revealed significant differences among all ethnic groups for both belief variables for the entire sample, eighth grade students, and 10th grade students. Though general support exists for condom use among U.S. eighth and 10th grade students, conviction varies among groups perhaps indicating a need for tailored messages about condom use, especially for Hispanic students. Implications for health education include the need for cultural-sensitive and gender-sensitive STD education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Parents' attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS prevention with condom availability in New York City public high schools.

In 1991, the New York City Board of Education expanded HIV/AIDS education to include condom availability in every public high school. The evaluation was designed to examine the impact of the program on students and monitor changes in parent's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Findings are reported from the first wave of data from the parent survey, 716 parents from 12 randomly chosen NYC high schools and 81 parents from 12 focus groups held at six of the schools. Sixty-nine percent of parents believed students should be able to receive condoms at school, although nearly half felt they should have the right to keep their children from doing so. Most believed making condoms available would result in safer sex practices among students who were sexually active. Data suggest parents support the school's role in reducing HIV/AIDS transmission among adolescents and believe making condoms available represents an acceptable component of an HIV/AIDS prevention program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The theory of reasoned action and cooperative behaviour: it takes two to use a condom.

The applicability of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour to the cooperative behaviour of condom use were examined. Seventy-one male and 78 female students, all sexually active unmarried heterosexuals aged 17 to 21 years, gave information about their intentions for the next sexual encounter, as well as their attitude, subjective norm, expectancy-value attitude and subjective norm (including normative beliefs for their sexual partner), and their past behaviour with respect to condom use. After their next sexual encounter, they completed a questionnaire on their actual condom use. Results indicated that when behavioural conditions including the availability of a condom and an agreement with the partner to use it were satisfied, intention interacted with past behaviour to predict actual behaviour. These results imply that intentions which are consistent with past behaviour are stable enough to be carried out in the face of the interpersonal dynamics of a sexual encounter. Further, normative belief for the sexual partner had a direct influence on attitudes, subjective norm and intention. Neither the Theory of Reasoned Action nor the Theory of Planned Behaviour can fully explain these results, which point to the need for further theoretical inquiry into the dynamics of cooperative behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual behaviour and condom use among individuals with a history of symptomatic genital herpes.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the differences in sexual behaviour in individuals with genital herpes (GH) during "symptomatic" and "asymptomatic" periods of the disease. METHODS: A cross sectional questionnaire was undertaken by 1193 individuals attending clinics between 1998 and 2001. All participants in this analysis were in heterosexual, monogamous partnerships, self identified with a history of symptomatic GH and with confirmed HSV-2 infection. RESULTS: Sexual activity reported during asymptomatic v symptomatic periods of GH was 98% v 40% (p<0.001), 76% v 29% (p<0.001), and 25% v 11% (p<0.001) for vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse, respectively, while "always" condom use during asymptomatic and symptomatic periods was 20% v 35% (p<0.001), 2% v 7% (p<0.001), and 10% v 15% (p = 0.131), respectively. The proportion of individuals who either abstained from vaginal intercourse or "always" used condoms was 21% v 74% (p<0.001), for asymptomatic v symptomatic periods. Multivariable analyses indicated that factors associated with engaging in intercourse during symptomatic periods of GH included current intrauterine device use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46 to 6.02); living in Latin America (aOR = 2.16, CI = 1.19 to 3.91) or Europe (aOR = 1.67, CI = 1.21 to 2.28), compared with North America; previous sexually transmitted disease (aOR = 1.42, CI = 1.08 to 1.89); a higher number of sexual acts per month (aOR = 1.09, CI = 1.06 to 1.11); and a higher number of GH recurrences per year (aOR = 1.08, CI = 1.03 to 1.12). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the majority of people with GH either abstained from intercourse or "always" used condoms during symptomatic periods of GH. However, condom use was relatively low during asymptomatic periods in comparison with symptomatic periods. These results highlight that further education on GH prevention is warranted, particularly for symptomatic periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Factors influencing condom use in a sample of homosexually active men.

A sample of 502 homosexually active men were recruited from genitourinary medicine clinics and non clinic sources and interviewed in relation to their sexual behaviour and factors that might influence their use of condoms. Three hundred and eighty three men (76%) reported penetrative anal sex in the previous year. Ninety four (25%) had not used condoms in penetrative sex. Failure to use condoms was associated with unfavourable attitudes to them, not knowing close friends or partners who had HIV-related health problems, having fewer sexual partners and being in a closed monogamous relationship. On the other hand levels of awareness about the risks of unprotected anal sex and involvement in gay networks and social groups were not predictors of condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Baseline STD prevalence in a community intervention trial of the female condom in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: We present baseline sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence rates from an ongoing intervention trial at Kenyan agricultural sites. METHODS: After gaining the cooperation of management, we identified six matched pairs of tea, coffee, and flower plantations and enrolled approximately 160 women at each site. Six intervention sites received an information programme and distributed female and male condoms, while six control sites received male condoms only and similar information about them. At clinic visits, we tested participants for cervical gonorrhoea (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by ligase chain reaction on urine specimens, and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) by culture. The study has 80% power to detect a 10% prevalence difference during follow up, assuming a combined STD prevalence of 20%, 25% loss to follow up and intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.03. RESULTS: Participants at intervention and control sites (total 1929) were similar at baseline. Mean age was 33 years, the majority were married, more than half currently used family planning, 78% had never used male condoms, and 9% reported more than one sexual partner in the 3 months before the study. Prevalences of GC, CT, and TV were 2.6%, 3.2%, and 20.4% respectively (23.9% overall), and were similar at intervention and control sites. The ICC for STD prevalence was 0.0011. Baseline STD was associated with unmarried status, non-use of family planning, alcohol use, and more than one recent sexual partner, but the highest odds ratio was 1.5. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline results confirm a high prevalence of trichomoniasis and bacterial STD at these Kenyan rural sites. Improved STD management is urgently needed there. Our ongoing female condom intervention trial is feasible as designed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Is AIDS education related to condom acquisition?

The acquisition and subsequent use of condoms are two important behaviors that sexually active adolescents must adopt to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aims of this study were: first, to evaluate whether combining prescriptions for free condoms with anticipatory guidance would increase the number of adolescents actually using the prescription-redemption plan; and second, to see if education about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) might make adolescents more willing to obtain an HIV blood test. Adolescents were randomly assigned to one of three groups, but only those who were sexually active were included in the data analyses. Each participant was given a prescription to be redeemed for free condoms at the hospital pharmacy, and each was privately offered a confidential, free HIV blood test. Education about AIDS did not increase the likelihood that adolescents would take the blood test, since only seven subjects did so. Our logistic regression model showed the most significant variables influencing a teenager to obtain condoms were gender, socioeconomic status, lifetime number of partners, and experimental condition. Anticipatory guidance concerning HIV promoted the use of the prescription-redemption plan especially among more sexually active males who come from middle-class families.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1999

An adolescent and young adult condom perception scale.

A methodological study was conducted to initially test the psychometric properties of an adolescent and young adult condom perception scale. A 25-item scale measured the constructs of perceived benefits and barriers to using condoms in preventing human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. The items were developed based on a review of the literature and a review by experts who work with adolescents. The scale was self-administered to 209 voluntary participants (13 to 26 years of age), with 198 completing without missing data. Item analysis (interitem correlations, item to total correlations, and contribution to alpha coefficient) was conducted, and 10 items were deleted. Principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded three factors, which accounted for 44% of the variance. The factors were relationship-oriented barriers, condom benefits, and sexual satisfaction barriers. The total scale had an alpha coefficient of .82. The scale should be beneficial to further research of condom perceptions and use.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How often do condoms break or slip off in use?

Men attending 3 sexually transmissible disease clinics and a university health service in Sydney were given a questionnaire asking how many condoms they had used in the past year and how many broke during application or use or slipped off. Respondents were 544 men aged 18 to 54 years. Of these, 402 men reported using 13,691 condoms for vaginal or anal intercourse; 7.3% reportedly broke during application or use and 4.4% slipped off. Men having sex with men reported slightly higher slippage rates than those having sex with women. Breakage and slippage were unevenly distributed among the sample: a few men experienced very high failure rates. A volunteer subsample reported 3 months later on condoms supplied to them: 36 men used 529 condoms, of which 2.8% broke during application or use and 3.4% slipped off. Many of these failures pose no risk to the user, especially those occurring during application, as long as they are noticed at the time, but failure may discourage future use. Research is needed to identify user behaviours related to breakage.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stages of change and condom use among an Internet sample of gay and bisexual men.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study using the transtheoretical model was to determine the relationship between stages of change and condom use among gay and bisexual men with primary (steady) and casual (occasional) partners. A convenience sample of 241 gay and bisexual men was recruited from the Internet. The majority of men (n = 198, 82%) never used condoms during anal, vaginal, or oral intercourse with primary partners, indicating they were in the first of five stages of change (precontemplation). Thirty percent (n = 71) of men reported using condoms every time during anal intercourse with casual partners and were in the last stage of change (maintenance). Multiple regression analysis revealed that older bisexual men who informed partners of their HIV status and who were confident and perceived more advantages in using condoms were in higher stages of change. By placing participants into various stages of change, stage specific interventions can be designed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Condom use and correlates of African American adolescent females' infrequent communication with sex partners about preventing sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.

This study of 522 African American female adolescents, ages 14 to 18, investigated associations between condom use and infrequently communicating with sex partners about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pregnancy prevention. Correlates of infrequent communication were identified. Sexually active adolescents were recruited from schools and adolescent medicine clinics in low-income neighborhoods of Birmingham, Alabama. Adolescents completed a self-administered survey and face-to-face interview. Communication frequency was assessed using a five-item scale. Infrequent communication was significantly associated with lower odds of condom use. Multivariate correlates of infrequent communication were less frequent communication with parents about STD/pregnancy prevention, recent sex with a nonsteady partner, low perceived ability to negotiate condom use and fear of this negotiation, and low motivation to use condoms. Given the importance of partner communication in promoting safer sex behaviors, STD and pregnancy prevention programs may benefit adolescents by addressing the identified psychosocial correlates of infrequent communication with their partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Pros and cons of condom use among gay and bisexual men as explored via the Internet.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey utilizing Internet technology related to gay and bisexual men's condom use behavior as an expression of safer sexual practices. A total of 241 self-identified gay and bisexual men responded to the questionnaire in a 3-month period of time. Confidentiality was assured by utilizing an electronic system whereby the respondents e-mail address was eliminated. The study was conceptually guided by the use of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TMC) and the pros and cons of condom of use were explored. Fifty-six percent of the participants reported that one advantage (pro) of using condoms with casual partners was that it would make them safer from disease. About half of the respondents (n = 119, 49%) reported a history of one or more sexually transmitted diseases. There were 14 variables found to be significantly associated with using a condom with primary and casual partners among gay and bisexual men. Essentially, findings from this study corresponded to results obtained by more traditional data collection methods. Therefore, the authors conclude that electronic data collection may well be an alternative means for collecting sensitive data such as those collected in this study.

Adolescent↗