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PubMed2004

Will visual discomfort among visual display unit (VDU) users change in development when moving from single vision lenses to specially designed VDU progressive lenses?

PURPOSE: Three types of progressive additions lenses (PAL) specially designed for VDU-work and one single vision lens were compared in a prospective field study. The aim was to investigate if these progressive lenses created a difference in the development of visual discomfort compared to single vision lenses when working on an optimized VDU-workstation. METHODS: The study had a prospective, parallel group design, with four groups of VDU-workers. Approximately 40 subjects in each group, selected after careful task analysis with special attention towards the visual angles and distances to the work tasks. The groups were followed over one year. A questionnaire concerning visual conditions, working conditions, discomfort in different body areas, the status of the subjects' optometric corrections, psychological factors both at work and at home, amount, frequency and duration of VDU-work etc. was filled in before the intervention, after six months and after one year. No other contact was made with the subjects. The VDU-lenses included were Interview (Essilor), Gradal RD (Zeiss) and Technica (American Optical). Pain intensity and duration were assessed on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before the intervention, and six and twelve months after the intervention. All subjects were given a complete optometric examination. RESULTS: Only small changes in the development of headache and visual discomfort were registered. However, the subjective evaluation of area of clear vision and overall satisfaction was significantly improved for the Interview and Gradal RD lens (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes for Technica and single vision lenses. CONCLUSION: Lens designs that cover viewing distances from near and out to approximately 2 meters work well compared to lens designs trying to cover greater range of clear vision. When tasks analysis shows that single vision correction may be used, this is still an acceptable solution.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed2003

Classification of short human exons and introns based on statistical features.

The classification of human gene sequences into exons and introns is a difficult problem in DNA sequence analysis. In this paper, we define a set of features, called the simple Z (SZ) features, which is derived from the Z-curve features for the recognition of human exons and introns. The classification results show that SZ features, while fewer in numbers (three in total), can preserve the high recognition rate of the original nine Z-curve features. Since the size of SZ features is one-third of the Z-curve features, the dimensionality of the feature space is much smaller, and better recognition efficiency is achieved. If the stop codon feature is used together with the three SZ features, a recognition rate of up to 92% for short sequences of length <140 bp can be obtained.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Do video display units cause visual problems? - a bedside story about the processes of public health decision-making.

PURPOSE: Since the 1980s, it has been common for employers to provide eyesight testing for operators of screen-based equipment (SBE). This practice arose because many SBE operators reported symptoms of visual discomfort at work and there was apprehension that radiation emitted by SBE might be harmful to vision. Visual screening of SBE operators has been encouraged by government guidelines and in some countries, is required by legislation. This paper questions whether this practice should continue. METHOD AND RESULTS: A review of the literature shows: 1. SBE does not emit radiation in sufficient quantity to be harmful and there is no credible epidemiological evidence that work with SBE will damage the eyes; 2. SBE operators often report symptoms of visual discomfort but office workers who do not use SBE also report visual symptoms with the same or slightly lower frequency; 3. about 20 per cent of office workers have some uncorrected defect of vision that can contribute to the occurrence of visual discomfort at work and optometric intervention to correct these defects does reduce the occurrence of visual symptoms. However, defects of vision are not the only cause of visual symptoms at work. Other contributing factors are poor workplace ergonomics and psychosocial stress arising from poor work systems or poor inter-personal relationships at work. CONCLUSIONS: There is no compelling public health justification for requiring vision screening of SBE operators but it could be introduced as one element of a more comprehensive strategy to enhance visual comfort at work. If it is introduced, it should be for all employees engaged in visually demanding tasks, not just SBE users. An alternative to eyesight testing of employees is to encourage but not require employees to obtain eye care privately on their own initiative. This option has the advantage of restoring autonomy to employees to arrange their own eye care. Eyesight testing of employees in vision-critical occupations should be undertaken to ensure safety. In occupations in which there is a risk of eye injury, vision screening should be undertaken to provide a pre-injury record of vision.

Australia↗
PubMed1991

The Winchester experience with the TDS hospital information system.

The Royal Hampshire County Hospital is a pilot site for the Resource Management Initiative. It is also the pilot site within the Wessex Region for the Hospital Information System (HIS). We have pursued an ambitious, integrated information system strategy within the hospital. This has been planned and most of it implemented within a short timescale. Although some of the remaining difficulties are technical, the greatest challenges relate to people, their reactions to the introduction of new technology and the need to acquire new skills. The training and development of staff become critical. The importance of an effective management structure with major medical and nursing involvement has been, and will remain, crucial to our continued progress.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

Screenieboppers and extreme screenies: the place of screen time in the time budgets of 10-13 year-old Australian children.

OBJECTIVES: Excessive 'screen time' has been associated with a range of psychosocial disturbances and increasing pediatric obesity. This study describes the magnitude, distribution, composition and time-distribution of children's screen use; examines correlates of screen use; and characterises 'extreme' screen users (top quartile). METHODS: 1,039 South Australian children aged 10-13 years old completed a multimedia 24-hour activity recall diary on 2-4 occasions in 2002, including at least one school day and one non-school day. RESULTS: The median screen time was 229 minutes.d(-1). This was higher in boys (264 vs. 196 minutes; p<0.001) and on non-school days (260 vs. 190 minutes; p<0.001), increased with age (p=0.003), and decreased with socio-economic status (SES; p=0.003). Television consumed 73% of all screen time, video games 19%, non-game computer use 6%, and cinema 2%. The top quartile of screen users were more likely to be boys (OR=3.8), have low physical activity (OR=4.3), spend >25% of screen time playing video games (OR=1.8), sleep less, and be of lower SES. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Interventions to reduce screen time should target inactive, low-SES boys, encourage earlier bedtimes, and limit video game use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Headache related to a specific screen flickering frequency band.

The case of a 25-year-old white male, who had migrainous headaches each time he sat in front of his personal computer screen, is described. Changing the screen frequency from 60 to 75 Hz through a Windows command could abolish the headaches. In several surveys, computer screens have been reported to be a migraine trigger. We hypothesize that this environmental trigger may be related to the abnormal flicker fusion thresholds that have been described in migraineurs. It may be that modifying the frequencies of light sources, such as computer screens, could become a non-pharmacological approach to prevent migraine attacks.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

New method based on random luminance masking for measuring isochromatic zones using high resolution colour displays.

A new method of measuring normal hue discrimination ellipses and dichromatic zones using a high resolution colour monitor is described. The test involves the detection of chromatic bars on a grey background (x = 0.305, y = 0.323) having a luminance of 34 cd m-2. Elements of the background matrix of square checks are varied randomly in luminance in space and time to provide random luminance masking (RLM) which compensates for differences in the relative luminous efficiency of different observers. The measurement technique provides a rapid and comprehensive colour vision test. Typical results are presented for normal trichromats, protanopes and deuteranopes without RLM and with the RLM set of 25%. The size of the discrimination ellipse in normal observers is the same in both viewing conditions, but the use of the RLM technique reveals the extent of the isochromatic zones in colour deficient observers.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1993

Prescribing for presbyopes who use VDUs.

It has been widely assumed that VDU users position their paperwork closer than the screen to their eyes by an amount which may exceed their depth of field. The design and prescription of spectacles for the presbyopic VDU user must take these working distances into account. From theoretical considerations, the focal characteristics of occupational spectacles are matched to combinations of working distances. Measurement of these distances was carried out on a sample of 243 VDU users, 101 of whom were presbyopic and 53 nearing presbyopia. The results were analysed in terms of type of work and accommodative reserve, and compared with previous studies. Contrary to the views of several previous workers, it was found that paperwork did not tend to be positioned closer than the screen to the eyes. This finding was little affected by the type of VDU use or the accommodative reserve of the subject. Special occupational spectacle lens forms are thus not generally indicated for presbyopes at the VDU workstation.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1994

The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992.

A European Community directive issued in 1990 set down minimum requirements for health and safety of visual display equipment users. These requirements have now become a legal reality in the UK with the Parliamentary approval of the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992. While only a relatively small section of the legislation is directly relevant to optometric and dispensing practice it is important that the overall content of the legislation is known by members of these professions to assist them in their work with display screen equipment users. This brief review identifies the elements that make up the new legislation.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed2005

Photic- and pattern-induced seizures: expert consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group.

PURPOSE: In August, 2004, the Epilepsy Foundation of America convened a workshop to begin to develop an expert consensus on photosensitive seizures. METHODS: Literature and data were reviewed, and consensus was derived from discussion. RESULTS: A flash is a potential hazard if it has luminance >or=20 cd/m2, occurs at a frequency of >or=3 Hz, and occupies a solid visual angle of >or=0.006 steradians (approximately 10% of the central visual field or 25% of screen area at typical viewing distances). A transition to or from saturated red also is considered a risk. A pattern with the potential for provoking seizures contains clearly discernible stripes, numbering more than five light-dark pairs of stripes in any orientation. When the light-dark stripes of any pattern collectively subtend at the eye from the minimal-expected viewing distance a solid angle of >0.006 steradians, the luminance of the lightest stripe is >50 cd/m2, and the pattern is presented for >or=0.5 s, then the pattern should display no more than five light-dark pairs of stripes, if the stripes change direction, oscillate, flash, or reverse in contrast; if the pattern is unchanging or smoothly drifting in one direction, no more than eight stripes. These principles are easier to apply in the case of fixed media, for example, a prerecorded TV show, which can be analyzed frame-by-frame, as compared with interactive media. CONCLUSIONS: A consensus view of stimuli likely to provoke visually evoked seizures can be developed.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed2005

Photic- and pattern-induced seizures: a review for the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group.

PURPOSE: This report summarizes background material presented to a consensus conference on visually provoked seizures, convened by the Epilepsy Foundation of America. METHODS: A comprehensive review of literature was performed. RESULTS: Photosensitivity, an abnormal EEG response to light or pattern stimulation, occurs in approximately 0.3-3% of the population. The estimated prevalence of seizures from light stimuli is approximately 1 per 10,000, or 1 per 4,000 individuals age 5-24 years. People with epilepsy have a 2-14% chance of having seizures precipitated by light or pattern. In the Pokemon cartoon incident in Japan, 685 children visited a hospital in reaction to red-blue flashes on broadcast television (TV). Only 24% who had a seizure during the cartoon had previously experienced a seizure. Photic or pattern stimulation can provoke seizures in predisposed individuals, but such stimulation is not known to increase the chance of subsequent epilepsy. Intensities of 0.2-1.5 million candlepower are in the range to trigger seizures. Frequencies of 15-25 Hz are most provocative, but the range is 1-65 Hz. Light-dark borders can induce pattern-sensitive seizures, and red color also is a factor. Seizures can be provoked by certain TV shows, movie screen images, video games, natural stimuli (e.g, sun on water), public displays, and many other sources. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations on reducing risk of seizures have been developed by agencies in the United Kingdom, Japan, and the International Telecommunications Union, affiliated with the United Nations. The Epilepsy Foundation of America has developed a consensus of medical experts and scientists on this subject, reported in an accompanying work.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1996

VDU work: longitudinal survey on refractive defects.

A longitudinal survey in two different phases with an interval of 4 years (including more than 23,000 employees) has been carried out to study whether the time spent using VDU (daily hours and years of work) can change the refractive state. With reference to the whole sample including all refractions, there was no significant difference in the refractive state in employees who spent varying daily hours or years working at VDU. Furthermore, there were no significant changes in the refractive states of emmetropic, hypermetropic and myopic subjects, with regard to the time spent working at VDU. The data have shown that a high exposure to VDU work (more than 6 h per day or more than 6 years spent working at a VDU) is not responsible for inducing or worsening refractive error.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A screening of skin changes, with special emphasis on neurochemical marker antibody evaluation, in patients claiming to suffer from "screen dermatitis" as compared to normal healthy controls.

In the present study, facial skin from so-called "screen dermatitis" patients were compared with corresponding material from normal healthy volunteers. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible markers to be used for future double-blind or blind provocation investigations. Differences were found for the biological markers calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), protein S-100 (S-100), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The overall impression in the blind-coded material was such that it turned out easy to blindly separate the two groups from each other. However, no single marker was 100% able to pin-point the difference, although some were quite powerful in doing so (CGRP, SOM, S-100). However, it has to be pointed out that we cannot, based upon the present results, draw any definitive conclusions about the cause of the changes observed. Whether this is due to electric or magnetic fields, a surrounding airborne chemical, humidity, heating, stress factors, or something else, still remains an open question. Blind or double-blind provocations in a controlled environment are necessary to elucidate possible underlying causes for the changes reported in this investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Description of persons with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units--oral aspects.

A questionnaire containing 20 questions was sent to 127 members of the Association for Those Injured by Electricity and Visual Display Units in northern Sweden, of whom 103 (81%) answered. The questionnaire consisted of questions about age, sex, and place of work. Furthermore, the members were asked to state: 1) their general and oral symptoms; 2) whether they thought that dental amalgam and other types of dental filling materials had affected their symptoms; 3) whether they were replacing or had replaced their amalgam fillings and, if so, what effect it had had on their symptoms; 4) whether they had been medically examined; and 5) whether they were or had been sick-listed for their complaints. Of those who answered the questionnaire, 79% were women (mean age 45 yr) and 21% men (mean age 42 yr). Sixty percent worked in offices. In 82%, the symptoms had started at work. The mean duration of the symptoms was 5.2 yr. The symptoms were aggravated mostly in "electric environment in general" and in "office with computers". Skin complaints, fatigue, and eye symptoms were the most common general symptoms. Sixty-five percent mentioned that they had oral symptoms. Gustatory disturbances, burning mouth, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction were the most common oral symptoms. Fifty-six percent considered that dental amalgam and 24% that other dental materials affected the symptoms. Twenty-one percent were in the process of replacing the amalgam fillings; 40% had already done so. After replacement, 37% had noticed a decrease of symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗