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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Successful intradialytic parenteral nutrition after abdominal "Catastrophes" in chronically hemodialysed patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the therapeutic contribution of intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) in four acutely ill, hypercatabolic, hemodialysed patients. All underwent major surgery, complicated by infection and malnutrition. DESIGN: A retrospective clinical study. SETTING: An in-center hemodialysis unit, at a tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS: Patient 1: a young woman, with a good renal transplant. Developed gastric lymphoma, which required gastrectomy. After cessation of immunosuppression, "lost" her kidney and returned to hemodialysis. Received IDPN for 4 months and recovered well from severe malnourishment. Patient 2: an elderly, malnourished man, on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Developed biliary peritonitis and bacteremia. In a 3-month period, the patient had four operations. Maintained on IDPN for 4 months. Patient 3: a young and obese man, who suffered from life-threatening staphylococcal aureus peritonitis, resulting in widespread bowel adhesions. Underwent repeated aspirations of purulent ascites, laparoscopy, and explorative laparotomy. IDPN was administered for 4 months and stopped on the patient's request. Patient 4: a young man, who after cadaveric renal transplantation remained hospitalized for 6 months because of acute rejection and peritoneal and retroperitoneal abscesses. Had major surgery performed seven times. Received IDPN for 6 months, and is now well. RESULTS: All four patients benefited from 4 to 6 months of IDPN, as an integral part of intensive supportive and nutritional treatment. Weight loss was halted, as patient appetite returned and oral nutrition became adequate. Estimated daily protein intake reached 1.2 g/kg, while caloric intake rose to nearly 30 kcal/kg/d (Table 3). Mean serum albumin levels increased from 25.5 g/L +/- 0.9 g/L to 38.0 g/L +/- 1.5 g/L. No adverse side effects were seen from IDPN. CONCLUSION: IDPN is a worthwhile part of treatments used in the catabolic, postoperative hemodialysed patient. It is safe and efficient when used over a 6-month period in trying to attenuate existing, or worsening malnutrition in these patients. It should be commenced at an early stage in these patients, after attempts at oral nutritional support have been deemed inadequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Chlorinated organic contaminants in breast milk of New Zealand women.

Breast milk samples from 38 women in New Zealand were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as part of a World Health Organization collaborative study of breast-milk contaminants. The women were recruited from two urban areas (Auckland and Christchurch) and two rural areas (Northland and North Canterbury) in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The best predictor of contaminant concentrations in breast milk was found to be the age of the mother. Regional differences were found for hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, and pp-DDE, reflecting historical use patterns. Urban-rural differences were found for several PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs when contaminant concentrations were calculated on a whole-milk basis. However, these differences could be attributed to variation in breast-milk fat concentrations between urban and rural mothers. Urban mothers had about 50% more breast-milk fat than rural mothers. Evidence suggests that breast-milk consumption by babies is regulated by caloric intake. Almost all of the caloric content of milk is in the fat fraction. This suggests that breast-milk contaminant levels calculated on a whole-milk basis do not necessarily reflect the relative levels of exposure of infants to these contaminants. However, the factors that influence breast-milk fat concentration deserve further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Recovery after fasting in the rat placed either on spontaneous diet choice or on imposed diet conditions].

During recovery from a five days' fasting, rats fed with separately presented glucids, proteins and lipids, show a 22 days' increase of the total caloric intake, and thus the fasting caloric lack is exactly compensated. On the contrary, rats fed with choice between proteins or glucids-lipids mixture (with various ratios) do not show such an increase, and thus do not compensate. The conclusion is, that the alimentary conditions are determinant in these kinds of experimentations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Memory inhibition and energy regulation.

At a simple behavioral level, food intake and body weight regulation depend on one's ability to balance the tendency to seek out and consume food with the ability to suppress or inhibit those responses. Accordingly, any factor that augments the tendency to engage in food seeking and eating or that interferes with the suppression of these behaviors could produce (a) caloric intake in excess of caloric need; (b) increases in body weight leading to obesity. This paper starts with the idea that excess body weight and obesity stem from a failure or degradation of mechanisms that normally function to inhibit eating behavior. Unlike previous approaches, we focus not on failures of traditional physiological (e.g., neural, hormonal) regulatory control mechanisms, but on disruptions of inhibitory learning and memory processes that may help to regulate energy intake. This view of energy dysregulation as a type of "learning disorder" leads us to the hippocampus, a brain structure that has long been regarded as an important substrate for learning and memory and which we think may be critically involved with a specific type of memory inhibition function that could contribute to the suppression of food intake. With this focus, the search for environmental origins of the current obesity epidemic in Western populations is directed toward factors that alter hippocampal functioning. We conclude by offering a preliminary account of how consumption of foods high in saturated fats might lead to impaired hippocampal function, reduced ability to inhibit caloric intake and, ultimately, to increased body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Potential responses to and impacts of epidemiological and experimental data on dietary fat and cancer. Dietary guidelines.

The majority of dietary guidelines discussed above suggest a reduction in the % of dietary calories derived from fat. Currently, approximately 40% of calories in Western countries come from fat. Some of the more recent guidelines call for a reduction in fat intake to 30% of calories. Indeed, the Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer (National Academy of Sciences 1982) and the World Health Organization Report on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (WHO 1982) suggested that the evidence warranted an even lower fat intake, but 30% of calories is a moderate and practical target. Diets containing 30% of calories as fat are undoubtedly safe for the general population. During and immediately after the Second World War in Britain, dietary fat intake was at or about this level and no deleterious effects in the population were noted. (Greaves and Hollingsworth 1966). Indeed, the overall state of health of the population seemed improved. Furthermore, most of the world population exists and has existed on a primarily plant based diet, low in fat content, with no apparent ill effects and lower rates of chronic disease. (Mintz 1985). Most dietary guidelines recommend a reduction in saturated fat intake. The more recent guidelines suggest saturated fat should be restricted to less than 10% of total calories. While some of the earlier guidelines suggested an increase in polyunsaturated fat intake, more recent guidelines stress that polyunsaturated fat intake should not exceed 10% of calories. Thus, the focus of more recent guidelines appears to be to decrease total fat intake. Essentially all guidelines stress avoidance of obesity by avoiding excess caloric intake and increasing caloric expenditure. Diets low in total fat content are beneficial in this regard, a fact acknowledged in the Food and Nutrition Board's report "Towards Healthful Diets." (Food and Nutrition Board 1980 b) Most guidelines advise a decrease in calories derived from processed sugars and a concomitant increase in complex carbohydrate intake. This is best achieved by stressing whole grain cereals, fruits and vegetables in the diet. More recent recommendations advise moderation in the use of alcohol. Moderation in salt use is also a common theme. It is our belief that guidelines should be general in nature and not identify specific nutrients, e.g. vitamin A and C in foods, or specific foods themselves, e.g. cabbage, as conferring special benefits. The available data base does not support such specific claims.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1999

Report of the IDECG Working Group on the modulating effect of stressors on the upper and lower limits of lipid and carbohydrate intake. International Dietary Energy Consultative Group.

The recommended caloric intake should be increased by 2870kJ (670Kcal)/d in the exclusively breast-feeding woman. Of this increase, 10% should be ingested as protein, up to 50% as lipid and no less than 40% as carbohydrate. If weight loss is desired lipid intake can be reduced but carbohydrate intake should be maintained. Of the total energy increment 3% should be supplied by essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) and 0.5% by n-3 fatty acids. The issue of dietary supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids remains for future research.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1997

Caloric restriction attenuates dityrosine cross-linking of cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins in aging mice.

Oxidative damage, particularly to proteins, has been widely postulated to be a major causative factor in the loss of functional capacity during senescence. The nature of the various mechanisms that may contribute to protein oxidation is only partially understood. In this study, concentrations of two markers for oxidative damage, o,o'-dityrosine and o-tyrosine, were determined using stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in four tissues of the mouse, namely heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and liver, during youth (4 months old), adulthood (14 months old), and old (30 months old) age. A comparison was made between mice that had access to unlimited calories with those that were restricted to 60% of the caloric intake of the ad libitum regimen. Caloric restriction of this magnitude extends the average and maximum life span of mice by approximately 40%. In vitro studies demonstrated that o,o'-dityrosine was generated selectively in proteins exposed to tyrosyl radical. o-Tyrosine increased in proteins oxidized with hydroxyl radical, which also resulted in a variable increase in o,o'-dityrosine. In mice fed ad libitum, levels of o,o'-dityrosine increased with age in cardiac and skeletal muscle but not in liver or brain. In contrast, o-tyrosine levels did not rise with age in any of the tissues examined. These results suggest that tyrosyl radical-induced protein oxidation increases selectively with age in skeletal muscle and heart. Caloric restriction prevented the increase in o,o'-dityrosine levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle but did not influence o-tyrosine levels in any of the four tissues. This selective increase in o,o'-dityrosine levels and its prevention by a life-prolonging caloric restriction regimen raise the possibility that oxidation of muscle proteins by tyrosyl radical contributes to the deterioration of cardiac and skeletal muscle function with advancing age.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Medical evaluation and treatment of the obese patient with cardiovascular disease.

The incidence of coronary artery disease only weakly correlates with the percent of excess body weight; however, obesity in humans is not a homogeneous condition. Classification of obesity based on anatomic distribution of body fat allows for identification of a group of patients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Abdominal (upper body) obesity, measured as the waist/hip ratio, is a strong independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease and should be used to assess a subgroup in need of medical weight loss treatment. A focus on dietary fat intake and the magnitude of overeating "caloric intake" are central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease observed in the obese person. Identification of the process of overeating (magnitude of recent weight gain, episodes of weight cycling) is important in the design of successful medical nutrition treatment programs. A nutrition/medical history that includes age of obesity onset and duration of obesity provides additional criteria for assessment of risk of disease. Childhood-onset obesity and prolonged obesity (greater than 15 years) has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, grades of obesity based on body mass index have provided a valuable marker for treatment. Each reduction in obesity grade (equal to delta 5 body mass index or delta 11.6 kg) is associated with a decrease in risk of medical illness. The new focus of obesity treatment should be to decrease body weight in 10% to 15% increments (equal to 1 grade) with emphasis on reducing the risk of medical illness and treatment intensity (e.g., number of existing medical visits, hospitalization).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Weight↗
PubMed1991

Seasonal rhythms of human nutrient intake and meal pattern.

Seasonal variations in the nutrient intakes and the meal patterns of humans were investigated by paying 315 adult humans to maintain a 7-day diary of everything they ate, when they ate it, and their subjective state of hunger. A marked seasonal rhythm of nutrient intake was observed with increased total caloric intake, especially of carbohydrate, in the fall, associated with an increase in meal size and a greater rate of eating. The subjects rated themselves hungrier at the end of the meal in the fall even though the larger meals resulted in a greater estimated amount of food in the stomach. In the winter and spring there was a strong negative relationship between the amount eaten in the meal and self-rated hunger at the end of the meal. This correlation was absent during the fall. The results suggest that even with modern heating and lighting seasonal rhythmicity of food intake persists in humans and is a major influence on eating that may act by suppressing satiety mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Increased carbohydrate consumption by rats as a function of 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration.

Dietary self-selection was examined following the administration of the glucoprivic agent, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), in adult male rats given access to separate sources of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate. All animals received injections (IP) of saline, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg 2-DG with nutrient intakes measured at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hrs following injections. Animals consumed significantly more carbohydrate at 4, 6 and 24 hrs after injections of 500 and 750 mg/kg 2-DG than after saline injections. In contrast, fat intake was significantly suppressed by all three doses of 2-DG at 2 hr, by 250 and 750 mg/kg 2-DG at 4 and 6 hrs, and by 750 mg/kg 2-DG at 24 hr after injections. Protein intake was significantly decreased by all three doses of 2-DG at 2 hr after injections. As a result of the increase in carbohydrate intake and complimentary decrease in fat intake following 2-DG injections, total caloric intake of animals given the self-selection regime was not modified as a function of drug administration. In comparison, rats given a single nutritionally complete diet (ground Purina Laboratory Chow) consumed significantly more calories following 2-DG administration than following saline injections. The ability of animals to make appropriate modifications in nutrient selection following regulatory challenges is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that successful weight management to improve overall health for adults requires a lifelong commitment to healthful lifestyle behaviors emphasizing sustainable and enjoyable eating practices and daily physical activity. Americans are increasing in body fat as they become more sedentary. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and health care costs associated with weight-related illnesses have escalated. Although our knowledge base has greatly expanded regarding the complex causation of increased body fat, little progress has been made in long-term maintenance interventions with the exception of surgery. Lifestyle modifications in food intake and exercise remain the hallmarks of effective treatment, but are difficult to initiate and sustain over the long term. The dietitian can play a pivotal role in modifying weight status by helping to formulate reasonable goals which can be met and sustained with a healthy eating approach as outlined in the Dietary Guidelines for 2000. Any changes in dietary intake and exercise patterns which decrease caloric intake below energy expenditure will result in weight loss, but it is the responsibility of the dietitian to make sure the changes recommended are directed toward improved physiological and psychological health. A thorough clinical assessment should help define possible genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contributing to weight status and is important to the formulation of an individualized intervention. The activation of treatment strategies is often limited by available resources and cost. Reimbursement by third party payers for services is limited. Health care dollars are consumed for treatment of weight-related diseases. Public policy must change if the obesity epidemic is to be stopped and appropriate weight management techniques activated.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2002

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on energy balance in rats.

It remains unclear how ethanol truly impacts body weight and energy balance. Dietary intake studies suggest that energy intake is greater in ethanol consumers; however, large population studies have shown that ethanol intake is in fact not associated with increased body weight. Energy expenditure (EE) has been shown to be either mildly increased or unchanged after acute ethanol intake, but the effects of chronic ethanol intake on energy balance have not been well studied. The following study was performed to prospectively examine the effects of chronic moderate ethanol consumption and its interactions with the macronutrient composition of the diet on energy balance. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16) were first randomized to either a low-fat diet (LF = 10% fat, 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein) or a high-fat diet (HF = 30% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 20% protein). Rats were then randomized to receive either a 5% ethanol solution (ethanol) or water (control) as their drinking supply (day 14) for a total of 4 groups (LF-ethanol, LF-control, HF-ethanol, HF-control; n = 4 per group). On days 7, 21, and 42, indirect calorimetry was performed. Body weight and energy intake were measured throughout the study period. The rate of weight gain was unaffected by ethanol but was increased on the HF diet. Ethanol intake averaged 14.56% +/- 1.16% of total caloric intake. Both ethanol groups compensated for added ethanol calories by reducing their intake of diet, so that total energy intake was similar in all groups. As expected, respiratory quotient decreased in both ethanol groups (LF: 0.92 to 0.88; HF: 0.88 to 0.86; P <.05). However, EE was not affected by ethanol intake. These findings demonstrate that male Sprague-Dawley rats fully compensate for the calories associated with moderate chronic ethanol consumption and maintain energy balance regardless of the fat content of the baseline diet. This compensation suggests that ethanol calories are sensed, producing an appropriate reduction in the intake of other nutrients, and/or that ethanol impacts the regulation of dietary intake mediators.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Dietary glutathione intake in humans and the relationship between intake and plasma total glutathione level.

Glutathione may function as an anticarcinogen by acting as an antioxidant or by binding with cellular mutagens. Orally administered glutathione increases plasma glutathione levels, and plasma glutathione is also synthesized in the liver. To investigate the associations between glutathione intake and plasma glutathione level, we compared dietary intake estimates from food frequency questionnaire data and measured concentrations of plasma total glutathione and other serum antioxidants in 69 white men and women. Daily glutathione intake ranged from 13.0 to 109.9 mg (mean 34.8 mg). Fruits and vegetables were found to contribute over 50% of usual dietary glutathione intake, whereas meats contributed less than 25%. Small negative correlations were observed between dietary and plasma glutathione and, although they were usually not statistically significant, they were generally consistent by different time periods of dietary intake assessment. Adjustment for sex, age, caloric intake, and dietary intake of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine did not alter the observed associations. The correlations appeared to be modified, however, by serum vitamin C concentration, with little or no association between dietary and plasma glutathione among those with lower levels of serum vitamin C and stronger negative correlations among those with higher serum vitamin C levels. These findings indicate that factors regulating plasma glutathione concentration are complex and not simply related to dietary glutathione intake or supply of precursor amino acids.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Nutritional rehabilitation in Bangladesh--the importance of zinc.

Our aim was to investigate whether zinc deficiency becomes apparent during nutritional rehabilitation and limits the rate of weight gain. Twenty-five severely malnourished children, who were admitted to the Children's Nutrition Unit in Bangladesh, were alternately allocated to two groups. Their mean dietary Zn intake was 3.7 mg/d and mean caloric intake greater than 150 kcal.kg-1.d-1; one group received a daily Zn supplement of 50 mg for 2 wk. During the first week, weight gain was similar in the two groups, but during the second week, weight gain was 73% more in the Zn-supplemented group (8.83 +/- 1.56 vs 5.09 +/- 1.62 g.kg-1.d-1). The 95% confidence limits were 0.88 less to 8.36 g.kg-1.d-1 more gain in children receiving Zn supplements. The results strongly suggest that Zn supplements are beneficial to severely malnourished children during nutritional rehabilitation. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell Zn increased in the group receiving Zn supplements (p less than 0.001), confirming that the Zn content of PMN cells reflects available Zn.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1976

Influence of diet and feed restriction on kidney function of aging male rats.

The influence of diet and feed restriction on kidney function was studied in aging male albino rats. Rats were fed either a commercial feed (LB) or a modified human diet (MHD) from weaning until sacrifice at either 12 or 24 mo. of age. Restricted rats were fed for only 15 out of each 48 hours. Feed restriction during either the first, the second, or both years of life was beneficial in delaying age-associated changes in kidney function as indicated by decreased proteinuria, increased in vitro transport of paraaminohippuric acid, and reduced incidence and severity of renal lesions. Urinary creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were also favorably influenced by restriction. Most parameters were modified by diet as well as by restriction, with MHD being generally associated with improved kidney function. Improvement in kidney function may have been more related to a reduction in protein intake than to a reduction in caloric intake as a whole.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Diet and opiate addiction: a quantitative assessment of the diet of non-institutionalized opiate addicts.

The diet, weight and height of 38 non-institutionalized chronic opiate addicts have been assessed and compared to those of a random sample of the 20-35 year old general population of Canton Geneva, Switzerland. A history questionnaire was administered by specially trained dietitians. Results show that, after adjustment for age and alcohol intake, male addicts have the same caloric intake as non-addicts. However, addicts tend to replace foods that are rich in fat and proteins with foods rich in sucrose and relatively poor in vitamins and minerals. Beer is the major component of their much larger alcohol consumption. On the other hand, the body mass index (kg/m2) of the male addicts is within the normal range, suggesting this may not be a good indicator of their unbalanced diet. This study gives a quantitative assessment, in terms of nutrient intake, of the typical craving for sweet described by opiate addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1968

Studies on manganese. 3. The biological half-life of radiomanganese in man and factors which affect this half-life.

The biological half-life of manganese and some factors influencing it have been studied in man. The disappearance of manganese from the body in normal subjects is described by a curve having two exponential components. An average of 70% of the injected material was eliminated by the "slow" pathway. The half-time characterizing this component showed a small variation in normal subjects and had an average value of 39 days. The half-time for the "fast" component also showed a small variation and had an average value of 4 days. In a normal subject presumed to have a low manganese intake due to a voluntary low caloric intake, the percentage eliminated by the slow pathway increased to 84% and the half-time characterizing the pathway increased to 90 days. The half-time of the "fast" component was the same as for the normal group. 2 months after initiation of the study in this subject, a large "flushing" dose of manganese markedly increased the elimination rate which was described by a single exponential curve.A mildly iron-deficient subject showed a marked decrease in the percentage of manganese eliminated by the "slow" pathway accompanied by a less dramatic decrease in the half-time characterizing this pathway. Oral iron therapy, which corrected the mild anemia, caused a decrease in the elimination rate and the altered curve was described by a single exponential component. Preloading two subjects with manganese resulted in a great decrease in the fraction eliminated by the "slow" pathway with less effect on the half-time. The subject with the largest preloading dose showed no "slow" component at all. Observations on the red cells of some of these subjects showed that a small but definite fraction was incorporated into the erythrocytes. In the mildly iron-deficient subject, our observations suggest an interrelationship between manganese and iron metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1969

Inhibition of steady-state intestinal absorption of long-chain triglyceride by medium-chain triglyceride in the unanesthetized rat.

Maximal steady-state intestinal absorption rates in unanesthetized rats for triolein, a long-chain triglyceride, and for trioctanoin, a medium-chain triglyceride, are known to differ. Both these lipids are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen but the products of hydrolysis are metabolized differently by the mucosal cell. Intraduodenal infusion of trioctanoin was found to reduce steady-state triolein absorption. Luminal lipolysis was shown not to be rate-controlling. High rates of trioctanoin infusion significantly lowered the pH of the luminal aqueous phase and altered the partition of oleic acid between aqueous and oil phases. Two possible mechanisms for the inhibition of triolein uptake are considered. In the intestinal lumen medium chain lipids might have lowered the activity of oleic acid monomers in the aqueous phase and reduced passive diffusion into mucosal cells. Alternatively, competition between long and medium chain fatty acids for some common receptor during transport into the intestinal mucosal cell may have occurred. Despite significant inhibition of triolein absorption by high levels of trioctanoin, the maximum number of calories absorbed from mixtures of triglycerides exceeded the maxima from either glyceride alone. The optimum proportion of triolein to trioctanoin in lipid infusion mixtures was about 3:4 by weight and the optimum dosages about half maximal for each triglyceride, which represented a caloric intake of 4 kcal/rat per 2 hr. The absorption coefficient for this lipid mixture was about 90%. It is suggested that in patients who have a limited intestinal absorptive capacity dietary fat intake might be doubled with a caloric supplement of medium-chain triglycerides without increase in steatorrhea of long-chain fat.

Animals↗