Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Behavior Control”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed1971

Instructions and group versus individual reinforcement in modifying disruptive group behavior.

Head Start children were matched into two groups on the basis of rates of disruptive behavior during rest periods. Attempts were made to modify their behavior using either individual or group token reinforcement procedures. While the reinforcement procedures reduced inappropriate behavior somewhat, the addition of instructions to the reinforcement reduced the inappropriate behavior to near zero for both groups. Instructions alone, however, were ineffective in controlling behavior. Type of reinforcement (group or individual) did not produce differential effects. While experimental control over the target behavior was demonstrated, there was little carryover from the experimental room to the regular classroom. Even when treatment was introduced into the regular class, follow-up results showed that with time the target behavior approximated pretreatment levels. The results suggest that (a) the combination of instructions and reinforcement is much more effective than either one of these alone, (b) behavior change is specific to the environmental contingencies, and (c) the group reinforcement technique, which is much more easily implemented, was at least as effective as individual reinforcement in the present study.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Structural characterization of a hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network.

A high resolution PHAL analysis of axonal connections suggests the existence of a visceromotor pattern generator network in the periventricular region of the rat hypothalamus (HVPG), and a preliminary account of its structure is provided here. Six nodes identified thus far include the dorsomedial nucleus and five small nuclei in the preoptic region (anteroventral and anterodorsal preoptic, parastrial, median preoptic, and anteroventral periventricular). Aside from its location between the neuroendocrine motor zone and the medial hypothalamic nuclei (behavior control column), three other primary features characterize the HVPG network. First, each HVPG nucleus generates a pattern of terminal fields that differentially targets a unique set of hypothalamic neuroendocrine motoneuron pools, and of preautonomic parts of the paraventricular nucleus. Second, the six HVPG nuclei are massively interconnected themselves. And third, the majority of projections from the HVPG nuclei remain within the medial half of the hypothalamus; additional outputs reach the septum, other parts of the diencephalon, and the brainstem central gray. Possible control of activity in the HVPG by neural inputs from the cerebral hemispheres, sensory systems, behavioral state-related cell groups, and the hypothalamic behavior or motivation control column is discussed, along with certain key functional data related to HVPG nuclei. Finally, the HVPG is incorporated into a working model of hypothalamic organization.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of behavioral management and patient education on vascular access cleansing compliance in hemodialysis patients.

Compared four treatment conditions to test their ability to enhance compliance with vascular access cleansing (VAC) procedures in a group of 56 hemodialysis patients. The conditions were patient education, behavioral management with monetary incentive, patient education/behavioral management, and attention control. Behavioral observers rated VAC behavior at pretreatment, posttreatment 1-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. Knowledge of VAC procedures was also assessed via a questionnaire at pretreatment and posttreatment. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance. Results indicated that the patients in the education/behavioral, behavioral, and education groups gave significantly more correct answers on our VAC knowledge questionnaires at posttreatment than did patients in the attention control group. Further, patients in the education/behavioral and behavioral groups completed significantly more VAC steps at posttreatment and 1-month follow-up than did patients in the education group and in the attention control group. Differences were not maintained at 1-year follow-up, although more than 50% of the patients were lost to follow-up. Implications of the present findings for behavioral and educational interventions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

Operant control of vocal behavior in the cat.

EVIDENCE OF OPERANT CONTROL OF VOCAL BEHAVIOR IN THE CAT IS PRESENTED: (1) On mult FR 12 S(Delta) schedule, cats miaowed rapidly during periods of S(D) and much less or not at all during S(Delta). (2) This control was re-established following reversal of stimuli. (3) The frequency distribution of response durations was shifted to both shorter and longer values by the differential reinforcement of shorter or longer response durations respectively. Since both the frequency and duration of vocal responses were shown to be under the control of the schedule of reinforcement, it is concluded that at least some of the vocal behavior of the cat is susceptible to operant control.

Conditioning, Classical↗
PubMed2004

Use of targetable gfp-tagged neuropeptide for visualizing neuropeptide release following execution of a behavior.

Previous work has shown that a transgene consisting of a fusion between the rat atrial natriuretic peptide and a green fluorescent protein reporter (ANF-gfp) is processed, localized, and released, as would be an endogenous neuropeptide when it is expressed in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster using the GAL4/UAS expression system. Here we have tested the utility of this targetable transgene for detecting neuropeptide release following the execution of a peptide-controlled behavior. For the behavior we used ecdysis, the behavior expressed by insects to shed their old cuticle at the end of the molt. We found that larval ecdysis was accompanied by a readily detectable reduction in gfp fluorescence from relevant secretory cells in the periphery and peptidergic neurons in the CNS. We also found that expression of the ANF-gfp products did not have detrimental effects on larval ecdysis or adult circadian rhythmicity, when the transgene was expressed in peptidergic cells that are known to control these behaviors. Finally, we used a broadly expressed GAL4 driver to show that the UAS-ANF-gfp transgene could be used to identify axons that show a reduction in gfp fluorescence following the expression of ecdysis behavior. These findings, coupled with the availability of an increasing number of strains bearing different GAL4 drivers, suggest that this transgene will be a useful tool for identifying peptidergic neurons and secretory cells (and, eventually, their secretory product) that release their peptide content during the occurrence, in the intact animal, of a developmental, physiological or behavioral process of interest.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Opiate addicts lack error-dependent activation of rostral anterior cingulate.

BACKGROUND: Healthy individuals performing response suppression tasks activate anterior cingulate cortex with occurrence of false alarm error responses to nontargets. Fundamental questions include whether this error-related activation provides a signal contributing to behavioral control and, given generally poorer performance on such tasks by addicts, whether this signal is disrupted in addiction. METHODS: We used rapid, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study 13 individuals with opiate dependence and 26 healthy control individuals performing a Go/NoGo task. RESULTS: Compared with controls, opiate addicts exhibited an attenuated anterior cingulate cortex error signal and significantly poorer task performance. In controls, the individual level of event-related anterior cingulate cortex activation accompanying false alarm error positively predicted task performance, particularly sensitivity in discriminating targets from nontargets. CONCLUSIONS: The attenuation of this error signal in anterior cingulate cortex may play a role in loss of control in addiction and other forms of impulsive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of selection for behavior on pituitary-adrenal axis and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes).

Silver foxes from a commercial population (farm bred or unselected for behavior control) and from populations selected for tame behavior and enhanced aggressiveness towards man have been investigated. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, pituitary ACTH levels, POMC gene expression in the anterior pituitary, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression in the hypothalamus were assessed. The results indicate that the males from the tame-behavior group have lower plasma cortisol and ACTH levels and POMC gene expression in the anterior pituitary in response to capture and handling in comparison with unselected ones. Foxes from the aggressive behavior group also have lower POMC expression, although plasma cortisol and ACTH levels remain the same as in unselected ones. The three groups of animals show no significant changes in the ACTH level in the pituitary and CRF expression in the hypothalamus.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1999

In the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus, GABA-immunolabeled neurons are abundant and are innervated by both enkephalin- and GABA-immunolabeled axon terminals.

Immunohistochemical-labeling for the neurochemicals gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enkephalin are abundant in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). In VMN, both GABA and enkephalin may function to regulate feeding behavior, as well as other hormone-controlled behaviors. Importantly, in several brain areas, enkephalin is often thought to modulate GABAergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we used dual-labeling immunohistochemistry with electron microscopic analysis to study the circuitry of neurons containing GABA- and/or enkephalin-labeling within the VMN. Somato-dendritic profiles containing GABA-labeling were three fold more abundant than GABA-labeled axon terminals (117 soma or dendrites vs. 34 axons). In addition, axon terminals containing GABA-labeling sometimes synapsed onto GABA-labeled somata or dendrites (25% or 9/34). In contrast, under these conditions labeling for enkephalin was primarily restricted to axon terminals, which were very abundant throughout VMN. Enkephalin-containing terminals accounted for a large fraction (25% 23/92) of the axons in contact with GABA-labeled dendrites, although they also contacted unlabeled dendrites. These observations suggest that a population of VMN neurons are GABAergic. These may be either local circuit 'interneurons' or projection neurons. In addition, GABA-labeled VMN neurons may be regulated by either enkephalin or GABA. These morphologic observations provide the basis for disinhibitory mechanisms to function within the VMN.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of female and male condom use among immigrant women of Central American descent.

This study was designed to determine factors that influence female and male condom use among Central American women, applying the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional design was employed and a sample of 175 Central American women, 18-50 years old, was recruited from a community-based clinic in Los Angeles County. Participants in this study were interviewed face-to-face. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 41% and 45% of the variation in the intention to use male and female condoms, respectively. Respondents' friends and mothers influenced their subjective norms. Beliefs regarding sexual sensation and sexually transmitted infection/pregnancy prevention affected respondents' attitudes toward condoms. Trust issues were also a major factor affecting attitudes toward female condoms. Condom use and sex negotiation skills predicted control over condoms. Results of this study can be used to design HIV/AIDS prevention programs that help women feel control over condom use and their sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer.

Attributions for cancer and beliefs about control over cancer were examined for their association with adjustment to breast cancer. Although 95% of the respondents made attributions for their cancer, no particular attribution (e.g., stress, diet) was associated with better adjustment. Analyses of attributions of responsibility for the cancer to the self, environment, another person, or chance yielded only a negative relation between adjustment and blaming another person. In contrast, both the belief that one could now control one's cancer and the belief that others (e.g. the physician) could now control the cancer were significantly associated with good adjustment. Of the different types of control, cognitive control was most strongly associated with adjustment, behavior control was less strongly associated with adjustment, and information control and retrospective control were unassociated with adjustment. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Determinants of nurses' adherence to universal precautions for venipunctures.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to predict and explain nurses' adherence to Universal Precautions (UPs) when performing venipunctures. METHODS: Data were gathered from 156 registered nurses working at a regional hospital. A self-administered questionnaire assessing the psychosocial variables (intention, attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, etc) was completed at baseline, and behavior was self-reported 3 months later. RESULTS: The regression of intention on the variables yielded an adjusted R(2) of 0.68, with perceived barriers (beta =.62, P <.001), social norm (beta =.17, P <.01), and personal normative belief (beta =.19, P <.01) being the significant variables. With respect to the 3-month follow-up, 28% of the variance associated with UPs adherence was explained by intention (beta =.37, P <.001) and perceived behavioral control (beta =.23, P <.05). Moreover, high (n = 116) and low intenders (n = 40) differed on several normative beliefs (P =.0003) and perceived barriers (P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that perception of control, assessed either globally or by means of a belief-based measure, is a key factor in adherence. Specifically, the perceived difficulties associated with adherence to UPs appear to be related to a nurse's training on UPs and to the existence of suboptimal working conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Song-selective auditory circuits in the vocal control system of the zebra finch.

Birdsong is a learned behavior controlled by a distinct set of brain nuclei. The song nuclei known as area X, the medial nucleus of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM), and the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (L-MAN) form a pathway that plays an important but unknown role in song learning. One function served by this circuit might be auditory feedback, which is critical to normal song development. We used single unit recordings to demonstrate that all three of these nuclei contain auditory neurons in adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). These neurons are song selective: they respond more robustly to the bird's own song than to songs of conspecific individuals, and they are sensitive to the temporal structure of song. Auditory neurons so highly specialized for song within a pathway required for song learning may play a role in the auditory feedback essential in song development. Recordings in the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), the nucleus to which L-MAN projects, showed that RA also contains highly song-selective neurons. RA receives a direct projection from the caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum (HVc) as well as from L-MAN. We investigated the contributions of these two inputs to auditory responses of RA neurons by selectively inactivating one or both inputs. Our results suggest that there is a song-selective pathway directly from HVc to RA in addition to the circuit via L-MAN. Thus the songbird brain contains multiple auditory pathways specialized for song, and these circuits may vary in their functional importance at different stages of learning.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Changes in daily mood and self-restraint among undercontrolled preadolescents: a time-series analysis of "acting out".

OBJECTIVE: Acting out among boys with disruptive behavior disorders was investigated by evaluating how changes in their daily moods predicted changes in their behavior. METHOD: During a 6-week period, 20 preadolescent boys enrolled in day treatment programs rated their mood upon arrival at school, and teachers rated their behavior at the end of the day. Time-series and path-analytic methodologies were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The boys did engage in emotional acting out, in that their morning moods predicted their subsequent disruptive behavior, controlling for both individual differences and their behavior the previous day. Boys' mood changes served as a mediator between the intensity of interpersonal conflicts in their lives (with peers and among significant adults) and decrements in their self-restraint. Acting-out behavior was associated with defensive processes, in that boys who reported low subjective distress and whom the teachers rated as high in denial of distress had the strongest links between their moods and behavior. Individual differences in levels of conduct problems, but not hyperactivity, also predicted acting out. CONCLUSION: Emotional processes and defensive acting out may often be integral aspects of conduct-disordered behavior.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1980

Effects of drugs on behavior in pigeons tolerant to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Schedule-controlled behavior was used to study how drug effects on behavior are modified by the development of tolerance to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC). Dose-effect curves were determined for pentobarbital, d-amphetamine and morphine on responding maintained by a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food presentation in pigeons. The dose-effect curves were redetermined in combination with single injections of 1.0 mg/kg dose of delta 9-THC (which itself did not affect rates of responding) in birds made tolerant to delta 9-THC by multiple injections, and in combination with the 1.0 mg/kg delta 9-THC in birds tolerant to delta 9-THC. Acute doses of 1.0 mg/kg delta 9-THC potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of all three drugs. Pigeons tolerant to delta 9-THC were cross-tolerant to pentobarbital but not to d-amphetamine and morphine. Tolerance to delta 9-THC attenuated the potentiation of the effects of all three drugs by delta 9-THC. Determination of plasma pentobarbital levels in pigeons tolerant to delta 9-THC suggested that a drug dispositional mechanism played a role in the cross-tolerance from delta 9-THC to pentobarbital.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1980

Home vs hospital care of children with behavior disorders. A controlled investigation.

A controlled investigation was conducted to assess and compare the treatment outcomes of community and hospital care for children with behavior disorders. Findings showed that (1) community care was effective with regard to behavioral control, and (2) both treatments were comparable concerning educational achievement, parent role function, family adjustment, and parent satisfaction with treatment. It was noted that many severely disturbed children who are in dire socioeconomic predicaments can be maintained in the community with special care and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing behavior: a challenge for reproductive health awareness.

Social marketing applies commercial sector ideas to programs to change behavior. It involves a mindset that is customer-focused; a process that starts with customers and continually returns to them for validation; and concepts to make change happen. Customer behavior models guide strategy. One useful model is based on stages of change and four behavioral influences: perceived benefits, perceived costs, the influence of others, and perceived behavioral control.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

Aggression-associated changes in murine olfactory tubercle bioamines.

The relationship between changes in regional brain bioamine levels and the expression of intraspecies aggressive behavior was evaluated in two murine models. In one study, normal male mice were maintained either in aggregate (i.e., normal, intraspecies social behavioral controls) or isolated (i.e., developed, non-social intraspecies aggressive 'fighter' behavior) housing environments, and the accompanying changes in both olfactory tubercle (OT) and hypothalamic (HYPOTH), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) concentration indices quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analysis of behavior-related alterations in localized bioamine deposition loci. Intact mice which had been housed in isolation cages and which exhibited aggressive, intraspecies reflexive-biting ('fighter') behavior when introduced to a novel (stimulus) animal, exhibited significant (P<0.05) elevations in NE levels, and depressed DA concentrations, in the OT regions relative to aggregated controls, indicating an intrinsic social influence on the maintenance of basal adrenergic indices at this neural locus. No changes in 5-HT levels were indicated between control and aggressive, isolated 'fighter' groups in either OT or HYPOTH loci. In addition, the NE and DA levels in the HYPOTH samples of both control and aggressive groups were found to be comparable. In the second study, utilizing an alternate type of aggression-induced murine model, changes in bioamine parameters were determined from samples obtained from aggregated, olfactory-bulbectomized (Obx) mice which are recognized to exhibit an overt, intraspecies, reflexive-biting behavior as compared to sham-operated (control) mice housed under identical conditions. In these studies, Obx-mice exhibited a significant increase in 5-HT levels in the OT relative to sham-operated controls, but similar NE and DA concentrations. In addition, all hypothalamic bioamine indices were found to be comparable between control and Obx groups. These data, collected for both isolation-developed, and experimentally-induced (i.e., OBX), intraspecies aggressive models, indicate that the distinctive types of aggressive behaviors displayed by these two murine models are accompanied by specific alterations in regional bioamine levels within the OT of these groups, relative to controls. These data suggest that the specific type of overt aggressive behavior demonstrated by these models may be causally related to the identified changes in bioamine concentrations in the forebrain regions of the CNS, in loci recognized to participate in environmental recognition and social processing activities.

Aggression↗