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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Trends in the risk of death from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and ischemic diseases in thirteen States of Brazil from 1980 to 1998.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the trends in the risk of death from circulatory diseases (CD) in thirteen states in Brazil between 1980 and 1998. METHODS: Data on mortality from CD, ischemic heart diseases (IHD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in thirteen states were obtained from the Ministry of Health data base. Populational estimates from 1980 to 1998 were calculated through interpolation, using the Lagrange method, based on data from the 1970, 1980, 1991 censuses, and 1996 populational count. The trends were analyzed by multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: Mortality due to CD showed a trend towards decrease in most states. In Pernambuco state males presented increase in all age ranges, whereas in Goiás increase was shown from 40 years of age on, and in Bahia and Mato Grosso, from 50 years of age. Females showed increase starting at 30 in Mato Grosso, at 40 in Pernambuco, and in Goiás, in the age ranging from 30 to 49 years of age. In Goiás, increase was discreet in all other age ranges. As for IHD, mortality increase was reported in all age ranges in Mato Grosso and Pernambuco; in Bahia, Goiás and Pará, from 40 on. As for CVD, mortality increase was reported in all age ranges in Mato Grosso and Pernambuco; and from 40 on in Bahia and Goiás. CONCLUSION: Significant increase in the risk of death from circulatory diseases could be observed in less developed states in Brazil.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mansonella ozzardi in the Federal Territory of Roraima, Brazil. Distribution and finding of a new vector in the area of Surumu River].

A survey conducted among the Makuxi Indians from 15 settlements in the northeastern part of the Territory of Roraima, Brazil, revealed the occurrence of Mansonella ozzardi in 3,2% (21/652) of the persons examined. The absence of demonstrable infection--with one exception--in persons under 15 years of age, and the low microfilaria density in adults suggest that mansonelliasis has been acquired by the Makuxi Indians outside their villages. As many Indians from the region pan gold on the Upper Maú (Ireng) river--where black flies occur in great quantity--the mining camps are probably the sites of transmission. Experimental infection with M. ozzardi of Simulium oyapockense s.l. (or Simulium roraimense) showed that this species, at the least in the Surumu river area, is capable of supporting the full development of the microfilariae. Although S. oyapockense has a wide distribution in the extreme north of Brazil, it does not appear to be an efficient vector, since only 20,6% (19/92) of the specimens collected after a blood meal on a naturally infected Indian contained larval stages of M. ozzardi (with an average of 1-2 larvae per fly). The high prevalence rate of infection found, in a previous survey, among the Sanumá and Mayongong, two Indian groups living at the Auaris river area, on the other side of the Territory of Roraima, indicates that a more competent intermediate host should exist in that region.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Very large trypomastigotes as a morphological pattern of strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in the southern region of Brazil].

The morphological patterns of blood trypomastigotes from five sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi strains from Santa Catarina, South Brazil, were studied during the course of infection in experimentally infected mice. A predominance of stout trypomastigotes (greater than 70%) was observed during all over the acute phase in four strains of medium virulence. With the remaining strain, of high virulence, the slender forms predominating at the early infection stage were soon also replaced by stout forms. Since almost all T. cruzi strains displaying predominance of this peculiar morphological pattern have been isolated in South Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) and since there are evidences pointing out to the existence of biological differences among these distinct blood parasites, the authors suggest further investigations of possible correlations between the morphological markers and clinical-epidemiological aspects of Chagas' disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis associated with domestic animals in Venezuela and Brazil.

After outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Solano State, Venezuela, 5% of the population had parasitized ulcers while after similar outbreaks in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 9% had the disease. In these foci children, including some under six years of age, were affected. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of the disease according to sex or type of employment. In Solano, 3% of dogs and 28% of donkeys had parasitized lesions, while in Mesquita these indices were 19.8% and 30.8% respectively. The parasite from man, dogs and equines was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, by zymodeme and serodeme characterization. In these foci there is evidence suggesting that leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, possibly with equines and dogs as reservoirs, although both a wild enzootic cycle and the role of man as a source of infection can not be ruled out. Transmission is assumed to occur peridomestically by sandfly vectors such as Lutzomyia panamensis in Venezuela and Lutzomyia intermedia in Brazil. Information about the origin of these foci suggests that infected equines may be an important factor in the dissemination of the parasite in a peridomestic situation where these sandflies are abundant.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phyllocaulis variegatus--an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in south Brazil.

Molluscs collected in five localities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) were digested and examined. The infected slugs were identified as Phyllocaulis variegatus and the larvae found were inoculated per os into mice. After 50 days, worms with the caracteristics of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were recovered from the mesenteric arterial system. The results establish the role of P. variegatus as intermediate host of A. costaricensis in south Brazil, where many cases of abdominal angiostrongyliasis have been diagnosed.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trypanosoma rangeli (Tejera, 1920) isolated from a sylvatic rodent (Echimys dasythrix) in Santa Catarina Island, Santa Catarina State: first report of this trypanosome in southern Brazil.

A trypanosome strain isolated from a sylvatic rodent (Echimys dasythrix) from Santa Catarina Island (Santa Catarina State, Brazil) was characterized by the following methods: experimental transmission and development in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, morphometry, cross protection, complement sensitivity, lectin agglutination and isoenzyme profiles. Comparisons were made with standard Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli strains. All methods except isoenzyme analysis led to the identification of the isolate as T. rangeli. The isoenzyme differences found could be explained on the basis of polymorphism. Therefore this is the first report of T. rangeli in southern Brazil, increasing the geographical distribution of this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An appraisal of the epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi serology in Brazil.

A large bibliographic survey provided data on Trypanosoma cruzi serology covering the period 1948-1984. Epidemiological-demographic methods provided an estimate of 11% for the prevalence of positive serology in Brazil, by 1984. Significant temporal trends were observed for most of the Brazilian geographical regions as well as for Brazil, as a whole. The parabolic curve that fit best for the entire country, indicates that by 1991, the incidence of new positive serology would be close to zero. This conclusion needs further fine-adjustment, since the forecast point is somewhat distant from the measured period.

Brazil↗
PubMed1991

Potential sources of biodynamically active natural products in Brazil.

In contrast to China where vegetation is predominantly herbaceous, vegetation in Brazil is commonly arboreous. This fact may explain why Chinese drugs are usually acetate derived, while actual and potential natural therapeutic agents from Brazil are mostly shikimate derived. Only relatively few compounds isolated from Brazilian plants have been submitted to adequate pharmacological testing.

Biological Products↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of three serological tests for the detection of human plague in northeast Brazil.

The passive haemagglutination (PHA) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the dot enzyme-immunosorbent assay (DOT-ELISA) were used to detect the levels of IgG antibodies against the Fraction 1 (F1) antigen of Yersinia pestis in sera of plague-infected patients from Northeast Brazil. Twenty three selected PHA-positive sera of subjects with bacteriological confirmation of plague were also positive in the DOT-ELISA but only 19 were detected by the conventional ELISA technique. Another group of 186 serum samples from subjects diagnosed as plague-infected by clinical and epidemiological parameters, but PHA-negative, were screened with DOT-ELISA and 11 gave positive results. The specificity of the assays on the serological detection of plague was confirmed in inhibition tests using purified F1 antigen. These results suggest that DOT-ELISA can be an useful, simple and more sensitive alternative for the serodiagnosis of plague in Northeast Brazil.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1992

Perspective for the production of antimalarial drugs in Brazil.

There appears to be no chemical manufacture of antimalarial drugs in Brazil. Technology at the laboratory process level has been developed for chloroquine, mefloquine, pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not perfected nor scaled-up, largely for economic reasons and market uncertainty. Development of primaquine has been contracted but it will run into the same difficulty. Manufacturing capacity for sulfadoxine was registered in the SDI by Roche. A project to produce artemisinine and its derivatives is under way at UNICAMP-CPQBA but is hampered by low content in the plant. Proguanil could be produced easily, but apparently no attempt has been made to do so. Quinine is imported on a large scale mostly for soft-drink production. Since malarial treatment falls largely within the responsibility of the Government health authorities, manufacture of drugs in Brazil will depend on an assured medium-term purchase order made to a potential local manufacturer, since competition in the world market is scarcely viable at the present moment.

Antimalarials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dermal leishmaniases of Brazil, with special reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Amazonia.

Six species of Leishmania are at present known to cause cutaneous and/or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, and they are all to be found in the Amazon region of this country. The eco-epidemiology of each is discussed, with the observation that the Amazonian leishmaniases are all zoonoses, with their source in silvatic mammals and phlebotomine sandfly vectors. With man's destruction of the natural forest in southern Brazil, some sandfly species have survived by adapting to a peridomestic or domiciliary habitat in rural areas. Some domestic animals, such as dogs and equines are seemingly now involved in the epidemiology of the disease. No such process has yet been reported in the Amazon region, but may well take place with the continuing devastation of its forest.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an endemic area in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Only one species of spotted fever-group rickettsiae that is pathogenic for humans has been isolated in Brazil, where few physicians are familiar with this disease. In order to obtain information on tick-borne rickettsiosis, a study was performed in the County of Santa Cruz do Escalvado, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where a fatal clinical case confirmed by specific immunofluorescence had been reported. Serum samples obtained from 679 humans and 96 dogs were tested by indirect immunofluorescence for detectable antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae, the criterion for a positive result being a titer > or = 1:64. Seropositivity was detected in 7.14% of the humans sera examined and 13.68% of the dogs. We discuss the significance of these findings and formulate some questions, emphasizing the need for further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation between geographical populations of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) sensu lato (Diptera:Psychodidae:Phlebotominae) in Brazil.

Phylogenetic analysis of morphometric and biological characters indicated that there are two distinct forms of Lutzomyia whitmani in Brazil: one is present both north and south of the River Amazonas in the State of Pará while the other occurs in northeast Brazil, in the State of Ceará, and further south, including the type locality in State of Bahia. The Amazonian form is reportedly neither strongly anthropophilic nor synanthropic, and it is the vector of Leishmania shawi; whereas the southern form is often collected peridomestically, while biting man, and has been found infected with Le.(V.) braziliensis. The ratio of the length of the genital filaments to that the genital pump was found to be consistently smaller in males of the Amazonian populations. A middle repetitive DNA element was isolated by differentially screening a genomic library made using Amazonian material, and the sequence was diagnostic for this form of Lu. whitmani (being absent or occurring in low copy number in the southern form). The total evidence suggests there are at least two, geographically-isolated forms of Lu. whitmani, which may represent different cryptic species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A low stringency polymerase chain reaction approach to the identification of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila, intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil.

The low stringency-polymerase chain reaction (LS-PCR) with a pair of specific primers for the amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was evaluated as a means of differentiating between the two Schistosoma mansoni intermediate host species in Brazil: Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila. Individual snails obtained from different states of Brazil were used and the amplification patterns obtained showed a high degree of genetic variability in these species. Nevertheless, 4 and 3 clearly defined specific diagnostic bands was observed in individuals from B. glabrata and B. tenagophila respectively. The detection of snail specific diagnostic bands suggests the possibility of reliable species differentiation at the DNA level using LS-PCR.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural area of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was evaluated by ELISA in 40 children and teenagers and in 164 adults from a rural area of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Antibodies to H. pylori were detected in the serum of 31 (77.5%0 children and teenagers and in 139 (84.7%) adults. The prevalence of infection increased with age (x2 for trend, p < 0.01) even though no variations occurred in the region in the present century in terms of living conditions or sanitation, economical development and migratory influx supporting the hypothesis that the infection is also acquired during later life in developing countries. An inverse correlation was observed between the prevalence of infection and annual family income (x2 for trend, p < 0.013). There was no correlation between type of system for sewage disposal and prevalence of infection (p = 0.8). In conclusion, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nossa Senhora do Livramento, a rural area from Brazil, is very high and similar to that observed in other developing countries. Furthermore, the increase in the prevalence of infection with age observed in this population seems to be due to both, cohort effect and acquisition of the infection during later life.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological evidence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II coinfections in HIV-1 positive patients in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil.

The occurrence of HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 coinfections have been shown to be frequent, probably in consequence of their similar modes of transmission. This paper presents the prevalence of coinfection of HTLV among HIV-1 infected and AIDS patients in Belém, State of Pará, Brazil. A group of 149 patients attending the AIDS Reference Unit of the State Department of Health was tested for the presence of antibodies to HTLV-I/II using an enzyme immunoassay and the positive reactions were confirmed with a Western blot that discriminates between HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections. Four patients (2.7%) were positive to HTLV-I, seven (4.7%) to HTLV-II and one (0.7%) showed an indeterminate pattern of reaction. The present results show for the first time in Belém not only the occurrence of HTLV-II/HIV-1 coinfections but also a higher prevalence of HTLV-II in relation to HTLV-I. Furthermore, it also enlarges the geographical limits of the endemic area for HTLV-II in the Amazon region of Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eimeria minasensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the domestic goat Capra hircus, from Brazil.

Eimeria minasensis n. sp. is described in the domestic goat Capra hircus from Brazil. Oocysts ellipsoidal are 35 x 24.5 (32-37.7 x 20.9-27.9) microns. Sporocysts elongate-ellipsoid are 15.2 x 9 (12.3-18.4 x 7.8-10.2) microns, with a Stieda body at the narrow end. Oocyst wall smooth and bilayered; outer layer about 1.2 (0.8-1.6) microns and colorless; inner layer about 0.5 (0.4-0.8) micron and dark-brown. Micropyle, a mound-shaped micropylar cap 1.6 x 8.9 (0.8-2 x 7-10.2) easily dislodged; one or more oocyst polar granules present. Oocyst residuum absent. Sporocyst residuum present, composed of many scattered granules. Sporozoites elongate, lying lengthwise, "head to tail" in the sporocysts; one or two refractile globules are usually visible. Sporulation time was 120 hr at 27 degrees C, prepatent period, 19 to 20 days and patent period 15 to 25 days. Gamonts, gametes and oocysts present in cecum and colon. Prevalence was 12.8% (6/47) in goats from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The situation of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in Brazil today.

Specific chemotherapy against schistosomiasis together with environmental changes occurring in endemic areas of Brazil are causing a revolution in the clinico-pathological presentation of the disease when comparing to date from 10 to 15 years ago. To update the subject, an inquiry was made among the most experienced Brazilian investigators in this field. They agree that a decrease of about 50 to 70% in prevalence, and an even higher decrease in incidence are taking place in Brazil today. The prevalence of schistosome-infection has decreased in some areas and increased in other, with spreading sometimes occurring to peri-urban regions, indicating that schistosomiasis control depends on the application of multiple measures. General clinical and pathological manifestations related to hepatosplenic disease, such as ascites, gastric hemorrhages, big-spleen syndrome, cor pulmonale, glomerulopathy, etc. are also less severe nowadays than they used to be in the past.

Brazil↗