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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Nutritional status of children with cystic fibrosis measured by total body potassium as a marker of body cell mass: lack of sensitivity of anthropometric measures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate measures aimed at defining the nutritional status of cystic fibrosis (CF) populations, this study compared standard anthropometric measurements and total body potassium (TBK) as indicators of malnutrition. METHODS: Height, weight, and TBK measurements of 226 children with CF from Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, were analyzed. Z scores for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height were analyzed by means of the National Centre for Health Statistics reference. TBK was measured by means of whole body counting and compared with predicted TBK for age. Two criteria were evaluated with respect to malnutrition: (1) a z score < -2.0 and (2) a TBK for age <80% of predicted. RESULTS: Males and females with CF had lower mean height-for-age and weight-for-age z scores than the National Centre for Health Statistics reference (P <.01), but mean weight-for-height z score was not significantly different. There were no significant gender differences. According to anthropometry, only 7.5% of this population were underweight and 7.6% were stunted. However, with TBK as an indicator of nutritional status, 29.9% of males and 22.0% of females were malnourished. CONCLUSION: There are large differences in the percentage of patients with CF identified as malnourished depending on whether anthropometry or body composition data are used as the nutritional indicator. At an individual level, weight-based indicators are not sensitive indicators of suboptimal nutritional status in CF, significantly underestimating the extent of malnutrition. Current recommendations in which anthropometry is used as the indicator of malnutrition in CF should be revised.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2000

Psychosocial differences associated with body weight among female adolescents: the importance of body image.

PURPOSE: To determine whether overweight female adolescents differ from normal and underweight female adolescents with respect to a set of psychosocial factors, while controlling for body image. METHODS: Female participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 3197) were selected for analysis. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to test whether overweight subjects differed from normal and underweight subjects with respect to measures of depression, self-esteem, trouble in school, school connectedness, family connectedness, sense of community, autonomy, protective factors, and grades. Stepdown F-tests and discriminant function coefficients provided information regarding the strength of specific factors in contributing to overall differences. RESULTS: MANOVA revealed significant differences between groups on the combined set of psychosocial factors. Self-esteem defined the difference in a positive direction while grades defined the difference inversely. When controlling for body image, multidimensional group differences were still evident; however, self-esteem was no longer a significant contributing variable. CONCLUSIONS: While overweight female adolescents seem to suffer from low self-esteem, it may be explained by body image. Efforts should be directed toward encouraging and supporting healthy eating patterns and physical activity while encouraging students to recognize personal strengths not related to physique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The reliability of estimates of body width and their relationship to current measured body size among anorexic and normal subjects.

Normal and anorexic subjects' estimates of their own body width were obtained. The estimates were reliable measures, but they did not correlate with the subjects' actual body widths. The implications of this finding especially when relating anorexic patients' self-perceptions to their clinical outcome, are discussed. It seems preferable to use such estimates untransformed by division with the subjects' actual body widths.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Correlations of body mass indices with weight, stature, and body composition in men and women in NHANES I and II.

It is useful to develop indices of weight and stature, or body mass indices (BMIs), that are highly correlated with weight, are independent of stature, and accurately reflect body composition. The anthropometric data collected in the NHANES I (1971-74) and NHANES II (1976-80) US population samples were used to test the statistical characteristics and biologic correlations of various BMIs reported in the literature. BMIs that are independent of stature and still highly correlated to weight (r = 0.89-0.98) over all ages and distributions of fatness and leanness are W/S2 in men and both W/S and W/S1.5 in women. These BMIs are also highly correlated to measured and calculated estimates of body composition including subscapular skinfold thickness (r = 0.78-0.80), arm circumference (r = 0.83-0.89), and arm fat area (r = 0.71-0.83).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Body composition of adult cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects as determined by densitometry, bioelectrical impedance, total-body electrical conductivity, skinfold measurements, and deuterium oxide dilution.

This study contrasts body compositions (by six methods) of eight cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects with those of eight control subjects matched for age, height, and sex. CF subjects weighed 84% as much as control subjects. Densitometry and two bioelectrical impedance-analysis methods suggested that reduced CF weights were due to less lean tissue (10.7, 9.5, and 10.4 kg). Total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) and skinfold-thickness measurements indicated that CF subjects were leaner than control subjects and had less fat (5.4 and 3.6 kg) and less lean (5.2 and 7 kg) tissue. D2O dilution showed a pattern similar to TOBEC (8.3 kg less lean, 2.7 kg less fat tissue). Densitometry estimates of fat (mass and percent) were not correlated (r less than 0.74, p greater than 0.05) with any other method for CF subjects but were correlated with all other methods for control subjects. CF subjects contained less fat and lean tissue than did control subjects. Densitometry by underwater weighing is unsuitable for assessing body composition of CF patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

An alternative to body mass index for standardizing body weight for stature.

Although body mass index (BMI) has been adopted by WHO as an international measure of obesity, it lacks a theoretical basis, and empirical evidence suggests it is not valid for all populations. We determined standard weight-for-height using a model calibrated by multivariate analysis of observational data on body dimensions and health status in the USA (NHANES III). A multiple linear regression model based on a simple mathematical formulation accurately described the observed weight variations in this normal adult population. A standardized reference model using just two measurements (upper arm length and sitting height), readily applied in both clinical and research settings using lookup tables, improved explanatory power substantially compared to the best BMI formulation (r(2) increased 16.3% for males, 21.1% for females). Physical dysfunction and self-reported poor health showed strong trends with excess body weight. These findings need confirmation from larger population samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Ratio scaling of VO2max penalizes women with larger percent body fat, not lean body mass.

VO2max expressed in ml.BM-1.min-1 (BM = body mass) has been shown to unduly penalize heavier subjects and instead should be expressed as ml.BM-0.7.min-1. Such findings support the "theory of similarity" (TofS) that proposes the BM exponent should be 2/3 (0.67). The TofS, however, applies better to lean body mass (LBM) that is uninfluenced by fat mass. For young adults, the actual scaling exponent of LBM has yet to be satisfactorily determined. We used allometric scaling (AS) to scale VO2max by BM and LBM in 94 women (age = 27.4 +/- 6.7 yr, BM = 60.3 +/- 8.4 kg). Treadmill VO2max was assessed by indirect calorimetry and LBM was determined from hydrostatic weighing. AS yielded the following exponents (+/- 95% C.I.): BM: 0.61 +/- 0.27, and LBM: 1.04 +/- 0.26. We conclude that VO2max in ml.BM-1.min-1 indeed penalizes heavier women, but this penalty applies only to those who are heavier because of larger percent body fat, not LBM. If one takes the position that excess fatness is undesirable, then from a health and performance perspective, expressing VO2max in ml.BM-1.min-1 may provide an unbiased and useful expression of VO2max in young women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Estimation of body fat in rats by whole-body counting.

A method for determining body fat in vivo in rats by whole-body counting of 40K is described. The technique utilizes a Nuclear Chicago Corporation TOBOR system with 5-in thallium-activated sodium iodide crystals. To test the method a regression equation was developed using the 40K counts and body weight of young adult rats weighing 333-788 g; the results were compared with those obtained from the gravimetric determination of fat in the carcass. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.945.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in body weight and body protein with intravenous nutrition.

Body weight, protein, fat and water were measured before and after intravenous nutrition in 20 surgical patients. The group included both young and old patients who were suffering from a wide variety of catabolic illnesses and the period of intravenous feeding ranged from 11 to 40 days. Eight of the patients were able to take small amounts of food orally. During the period of intravenous nutrition ten patients gained significant weight although only two of these gained significant protein. Most of the weight gain was due to an increase of water. There was also a gain of water in the patients who lost weight; this water gain occurred in small daily increments over the course of treatment. It is concluded that weight gain can occur without protein gain in patients who are being fed intravenously and that body weight is not a reliable guide to changes in body protein or fat in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Body mass index (body mass.body height-2) as indicator of nutritional status in adults: review of the literature].

The limitations and possible uses of the body mass index (BMI) or Quételet index, calculated as the ratio of body mass (kg), and squared stature (m), as an indicator of the nutritional status of adults, are reviewed. The cut-off values for overweight (BMI > or = 25) and chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18.5) are discussed in the light of the available international literature. Even though BMI does not assess the body composition (BC) of individuals, the case with which it is measured is a strong argument for the use of BMI in epidemiological studies associated otherwise with other anthropometric measurement until such a time as simpler field methods of the assessment of BC are developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Do the new Metropolitan Life Insurance weight-height tables correctly assess body frame and body fat relationships?

The 1983 Metropolitan weight-height tables include elbow breadth as a measure of frame size. Such tables assume that frame measures provide an estimate of fat free mass and have little or no associations with body fat. These assumptions were evaluated in 437 Canadian adults for six frame measures by their associations with total body measures of fat and fat free mass. All six frame measures were similarly correlated with fat free mass, even when associations with height were taken into account. Wrist and ankle breadths were not associated with total body fat, while shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee breadths were so associated. Thus wrist and ankle breadths satisfy the assumptions inherent in the frame-weight-height tables better than elbow breadth and the other frame measures investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Relationship between body mass indices and measures of body adiposity.

We examined the relationship between various body mass indices (BMIs), skinfold measures, and laboratory measures of body fat in 474 males aged 20-70 years. Evaluations included height, weight, skinfold thickness, and hydrostatic measurements of adiposity. The weight-height ratio (W/H), Quetelet index (W/H2), Khosla-Lowe index (W/H3), and Benn index (W/HP) were calculated. The correlations among the various BMIs were high, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99, and all were strongly correlated with weight (rs = 0.81 - 0.98), while only W/H2 (r = -.03) and W/HP (r = -.01) were not correlated with height. The W/H2 and W/HP had the strongest correlation with hydrostatic and skinfold measurements, although all the BMIs were significantly correlated with these measurements. Results suggest that the Benn index and the Quetelet index are equally valid estimates of body fat in respect to their relationship with hydrostatic measures.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of self-reported values of body weight and body height in nutritional status evaluation in adolescents].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to assess validity of self-reported body weight and height compared to measured values in a group of adolescents. We also investigated differences in reported and measured values and factors responsible for them in this particular population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 295 adolescents aged 11-14 (114 boys and 131 girls) attending primary schools in central Belgrade, recorded their BMI and completed a series of questionnaires measuring body satisfaction and eating patterns. All participants were measured afterwards. RESULTS: Differences between reported and measured weights were highly significant in girls (48.84 +/- 8.42 kg vs 49.69 +/- 9.28 kg). Significant differences between reported and measured weights were established in the group of adolescents with weight problems (-3.18 +/- 4.03 kg). Adolescents on diets presented a difference of -1.36 +/- 3.36 kg. Weight problems (OR 3.72, 95%CI: 2.10-4.75) and female gender (errors occurred more often for 22%, 95%CI: 0.23-1.80) were significant predictors in multivariate regression model for discrepancy of reported and measured weights. In a multivariate regression model, where differences in BMI were dependent variable, weight category was a significant predictor, with differences being 1.65 times more common (95%CI: 1.13-2.11). DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that self-reported body weight and height have limited reliability and can be used only in normal weight male adolescents. This method should not be recommended in surveys that involve overweight and/or obese adolescents and those who are on diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A prospective study of calf factors affecting age, body size, and body condition score at first calving of holstein dairy heifers.

Data were collected prospectively on parameters related to first calving on 18 farms located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. This project was designed to study possible residual effects of calf management practices and events occurring during the first 16 wk of life on age, BW, skeletal growth, and body condition score at first calving. Multiple imputation method for handling missing data was incorporated in these analyses. This method has the advantage over ad hoc single imputations because the appropriate error structure is maintained. Much similarity was found between the multiple imputation method and a traditional mixed model analysis, except that some estimates from the multiple imputation method seemed more logical in their effects on the parameter measured. Factors related to increased age at first calving were increased difficulty of delivery, antibiotic treatment of sick calves, increased amount of milk or milk replacer fed before weaning, reduced quality of forage fed to weaned calves, maximum humidity, mean daily temperature, and maximum ammonia levels in calf housing areas. Body weight at calving tended to increase with parity of the dam, increased amount of grain fed to calves, increased ammonia levels, and increased mean temperature of the calf housing area. Body condition score at calving tended to be positively influenced by delivery score at first calving, dam parity, and milk or milk replacer dry matter intake. Withers height at calving was positively affected by treatment of animals with antibiotics and increased mean temperature in the calf area. This study demonstrated that nutrition, housing, and management factors that affect health and growth of calves have long-term effects on the animal at least through first calving.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of body weight, height and body mass index in a national sample of Malaysian adults.

We describe the distribution of body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) by age, sex and ethnicity in Malaysian adults. A national sample of 28,737 individuals aged 20 or older had usable data. They were selected by stratified 2-stage cluster sampling. Percentile tables and curves by age, sex and ethnicity are presented. The body weight and BMI distributions were right skewed, while that of height was symmetrical. BMI distribution showed the expected increase with age, while that of height decrease with age. Differences in BMI between the 2 sexes and among the 4 ethnic groups were observed. Indian had the highest BMI, followed by Malay, Chinese and other indigenous ethnic group.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Methods for measuring whole-body adipose tissue: the usefulness of "total body" X-ray densitometry].

"Total body" densitometry, which was first used to determine total-body mineral content, allows, above all in the most recent X-ray (DXA) version, an accurate study to be made of soft tissues in relation to both their adipose and nonadipose components. In addition to being used for overall evaluations, it is possible to use DXA for regional studies of body tissue distribution, thus allowing obesity to be analysed not only in quantitative but also qualitative or more specifically endocrine-metabolic terms. In comparison to other methods DXA is noninvasive, quick to use, low cost and risk free. Given its high accuracy rate it can also be used to monitor patients with demineralizing pathologies, obesity, thinness due to global and/or district edema receiving dietary and/or pharmacological treatment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Body composition, weight status, body image and weight control practices among female adolescents from eastern Austria.

The prevalence rates of obesity, but also of altered eating behaviour up to clinically manifested eating disorders have increased dramatically during the last years. In the present study the weight status, body composition and eating behaviour as well as weight controlling strategies of 1752 female adolescents ageing between 12 and 18 years (x=14.6) from Eastern Austria were documented. Furthermore, data regarding socioeconomic status and educational level of the probands were collected. It could be shown, that a higher educational level or a higher socioeconomic status was associated with a significantly lower fat percentage and a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Underweight and severe underweight was predominantly found among girls ageing between 15 and 18 years of higher educational level. Weight controlling behaviour such as stepping on scale and altered or restricted eating behaviour was widespread among the probands, independent of weight status and socioeconomic parameters. Body weight and shape concerns were also found very frequently independent of educational level. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of former investigations, that disturbed eating behaviour and concerns regarding body weight and shape are found among all socioeconomic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Body height, body weight and the Quetelet-Kaup Index in students 13 to 16 years of age in a rural district].

The influence of excessive body weight on cardiovascular disorders and mortality has been demonstrated for adults. The prognosis for extreme obesity is also unfavourable for young people. However, there is still a considerable lack of clarity about the predictions to be based on slight or moderate obesity in childhood and adolescence. The results of the measurement of the height and body weight of 1,252 pupils of between 13 and 16 years in an rural district, together with the calculations of the Quetelet Kaup index, are set out here. Over this age rang the Quetelet Kaup index increased from 18.8 kg/m2 to 20.6 kg/m2 for the boys and from 19.5 kg/m2 to 21.3 kg/m2 for the girls. There is a discussion of the connections between relative body weight and sexual maturity.

Adolescent↗