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Results for “Adjustment Disorders”

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Premorbid adjustment in first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: a comparison of social and academic domains.

OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia and related disorders can be separated into social and academic domains. In this paper, we examine the correlates of and prognostic significance of social and academic premorbid adjustment in a sample of 113 patients. METHOD: Premorbid adjustment, symptoms and cognitive functioning were assessed at presentation for treatment and symptoms were re-assessed after a year of treatment. RESULTS: Females and those with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder were found to have better premorbid adjustment in the academic domain, but not in the social domain. Neurocognitive functioning was more consistently related to academic than social adjustment. Better social and academic premorbid adjustment was correlated with lower negative symptoms after 1 year of treatment, but neither was a significant predictor of positive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Social and academic premorbid adjustments show different relations to gender, specific diagnosis and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia and related disorders.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Hypocholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, suicide, and suicide ideation in children hospitalized for psychiatric diseases.

To assess relationships of total plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) values to suicide, suicide ideation, and hospitalization for psychiatric disease, we studied 220 children, ages 5 to 18 y, hospitalized with affective, adjustment, disruptive, anxiety, schizophrenic, other, and organic psychiatric disorders. The 135 male and 85 female patients had higher TG values (p = 0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively) and higher Quetelet Indices (p = 0.0001 and 0.003, respectively) than the 732 male and 316 female schoolchild controls; male patients had higher TC values than male controls (p = 0.014). Substance abuse in patients was an independent inverse determinant of TC value (p = 0.05); TG value correlated positively with alcohol use (p < or = 0.1) and substance abuse (p < 0.05). After covariance adjustment for age, race, sex, and Quetelet, children having adjustment disorders with depression had much lower covariance-adjusted TC value than control schoolchildren (3.91 versus 4.29 mmol/L, p = 0.003), whereas those with disruptive behavior with oppositional defiant disorder had much higher adjusted TC value (5.09 mmol/L, p = 0.0001). After covariance adjusting for age, race, sex, Quetelet, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and substance abuse, children having adjustment disorders with concomitant depression had the highest group suicide tendencies (attempts and ideation) and the lowest covariance-adjusted TC value (4.03 mmol/L). Conversely, children having disruptive behavior with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or disruptive behavior with oppoistional defiant disorder had 50% lower suicide index than those with adjustment disorders with concomitant depression and higher adjusted TC levels (4.45 and 5.12 mmol/L, p = 0.0003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders.

BACKGROUND: There has been a long history of using occlusal adjustment in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It is not clear if occlusal adjustment is effective in treating TMD. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of occlusal adjustment for treating TMD in adults and preventing TMD. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (April 2002); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2002); MEDLINE (1966 to 8th April 2002); EMBASE (1980 to 8th April 2002) and handsearched journals of particular importance to this review. Additional reports were identified from the reference lists of retrieved reports and from review articles of treating TMD. There were no language restrictions. Unpublished reports or abstracts were considered from the SIGLE database. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing occlusal adjustment to placebo, reassurance or no treatment in adults with TMD. The outcomes were global measures of symptoms, pain, headache and limitation of movement. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two reviewers, Holy Koh (HK) and Peter G Robinson (PR). Authors were contacted for details of randomisation and withdrawals and a quality assessment was carried out. The Cochrane Oral Health Group's statistical guidelines were followed and relative risk values calculated using random effects models where significant heterogeneity was detected (P<0.1). MAIN RESULTS: Over 660 trials were identified by the initial search. Six of these trials, which reported results from a total of 392 patients, were suitable for inclusion in the review. From the data provided in the published reports, symptom-based outcomes were extracted from trials on treatment. Data on incidence of symptoms were extracted from trials on prevention. Neither showed any difference between occlusal adjustment and control group. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is an absence of evidence, from RCTs, that occlusal adjustment treats or prevents TMD. Occlusal adjustment cannot be recommended for the management or prevention of TMD. Future trials should use standardised diagnostic criteria and outcome measures when evaluating TMD.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Major depressive subtypes and treatment response.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between depressive subtypes and response to fluoxetine treatment in a large cohort of outpatients. We studied 294 outpatients with major depressive disorder who were then treated with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for 8 weeks. Treatment outcome was evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-17, the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity, and with the HDRS-8; the latter is proposed to be a relatively more specific measure of depression severity than the HDRS-17. We assessed the relationships between degree of treatment response and several depressive subtypes (melancholic, atypical, hostile, and anxious depression, double depression, and depression with comorbid personality disorders), after adjusting for baseline depression severity. We found that nonanxious depressives (patients without any comorbid anxiety disorder) improved slightly but significantly more during treatment than anxious depressives on all outcome measures. Melancholic depression was associated with slightly less improvement on the HDRS-17 only, whereas the other subtypes of depression were not associated with differences in treatment outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Normal personality traits and comorbidity among phobic, panic and major depressive disorders.

High comorbidity among anxiety and depressive conditions is a consistent but not well-understood finding. The current study examines how normal personality traits relate to this comorbidity. In the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up Study, psychiatrists administered the full Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry to 320 subjects, all of whom completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The disorders of interest were simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and major depression. Analyses were carried out with second-order generalized estimating equations. The unadjusted summary odds ratio (SOR - or weighted mean odds ratio) for all five disorders was 1.72 (95% confidence interval=1.21-2.46). Neuroticism, introversion, younger age, and female gender were all significant predictors of prevalence of disorders. After adjustment for the relationships between these personality and demographic predictors and prevalence, the association among disorders was much weaker (SOR=1.11, 95% CI=0.79-1.56). However, subjects with high extraversion had a SOR 213% as high (95% CI=102-444%) as those with low extraversion (1.60 vs. 0.75). Therefore, neuroticism and introversion are associated with increased comorbidity due to relationships in common with the prevalence of the different disorders. In contrast, extraversion is associated with increased comorbidity per se.

Major Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Cultural scripts, memories of childhood abuse, and multiple identities: a study of role-played enactments.

This study compared the reports of satanic, sexual, and physical abuse of persons instructed to role-play either dissociative identity disorder (DID) (n = 33), major depression (n = 33), or a college student who experienced minor adjustment problems ("normal") (n = 33) across a number of trials that included role-played hypnosis. As hypothesized, more of the participants who were asked to role-play DID reported at least one instance of satanic ritual abuse and sexual abuse compared with those who role-played depression or a college student with minor adjustment problems. DID role-players reported more incidents of sexual abuse and more severe physical and sexual abuse than did the major depression role-players. Further, the DID role-players differed from the normal role-players on all the measures of frequency and severity of physical and sexual abuse. Participants in all groups reported more frequent and severe incidents of physical abuse after role-played hypnosis than they did prior to it.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1976

Psychiatric diagnosis and tricyclic plasma levels in 36 hospitalized overdose patients.

Thirty-six hospitalized patients who were considered by emergency room physicians to have ingested medically serious tricyclic overdoses were studied. The purpose of the project was to determine if psychiatric diagnosis and associated psychiatric factors correlated with the severity of the overdose as defined by plasma drug levels. Medically serious overdoses were ingested by patients with alcoholism, primary affective disorder, undiagnosed psychiatric illness, and Briquet's syndrome. Prior psychiatric treatment, prior admissions, prior overdoses, or precipitating events did not correlate with the medical severity of the ingestion. Attempting to predict the individual medical severity of the overdose from psychiatric factors resulted in a dangerous underestimation of the risk of patients with Briquet's syndrome and an overprediction in the case of primary affective disorder.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1993

New perspectives on Type A behavior: a psychiatric point of view.

OBJECTIVE: To propose an answer to Medicine's confusion about what Type A Behavior is. METHOD: To critically review early writings about Type A as well as current literature with a focus on five key articles which are frequently mentioned in medical and lay literature as containing relevant data undermining the Type A hypothesis. These five are critically evaluated for their definition of Type A, method of diagnosing Type A, nature of the cohort studied, and logic of their conclusions. RESULTS: There is a failure in the literature to distinguish between Axis I symptoms and Axis II personality traits; the same term, Type A, being applied to quite different phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: Type A should be defined as a Axis II Personality Disorder, and a new term, Stress Disorder (or Hostility Disorder) to the Axis I symptoms. This opens up endless possibilities in Medicine for Stress Disorder research, since Medicine can rightly argue that the research is to better treat the Stress Disorder disease, that precedes Coronary Artery disease.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1989

[Reactive neurotic disorders during the clinical course of slowly-progressing hypochondriac schizophrenia].

As a result of structural-dynamic psychopathological analysis of mental states in 42 patients with slow-progressive schizophrenia in which the hypochondriac signs prevaled, the secondary reactive personality neurotic disorders were revealed. These were developed as a response to pronounced psychic traumatizing impact of the schizophrenic neurose-like symptoms: vital fear of death, cranial and cardiac senestoalgias, somato-autonomic disorders in hypochondric raptus and raptoid states.

Adjustment Disorders↗