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PubMed1981

Filariasis in Southeast Asia.

Filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B timori is unevenly distributed in Southeast Asia. While B malayi and B timori infections are seen in the rural areas, W bancrofti is both an urban and rural problem. Control programmes in areas of subperiodic B malayi are complicated by zoonotic transmission mainly from reservoir hosts in some countries. The clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of brugian and bancroftian filariasis are discussed.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1982

Diarrhoeal problems in Southeast Asia.

Diarrhoea up till now is still a major problem in Southeast Asia with high morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under 5 years of age, with the peak in children between 6 - 24 months. In Indonesia, in 1981, it was estimated that there are 60 million episodes with 300,000 - 500,000 deaths. In the Philippines, diarrhoea ranks as a second cause of morbidity (600 per 100,000 in 1974) and second cause of infant mortality (5 per 1,000 in 1974). In Thailand, in 1980, the morbidity rate was 524 per 100,000 and the mortality rate 14 per 100,000. In Malaysia, in 1976, diarrhoea was still ranking number 5 (3.1%) as a cause of total admission and number 9 (2.2%) as a cause of total deaths. In Singapore, diarrhoea still ranks number 3 as a cause of deaths (4% of total deaths). In Bangladesh, the overall attack rates imply a prevalence of 2.0% for the entire population, with the highest for under 5 groups i.e. 4.1%. The diarrhoea episode in rural population is 85.4%, 39% of them are children under 5. The most common enteropathogens found in all countries are rotavirus followed by Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Campylobacter. Malnutrition and decline of giving breast-feeding play an important role in causing high morbidity, besides socio-economic, socio-cultural and poor environmental sanitation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Serial personality evaluations of repatriated U.S. Air Force Southeast Asia POWs.

The vulnerability of repatriated POWs to psychiatric difficulty has been a topic of ongoing study in modern times. This paper presents the results of 294 initial and 160 second Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) evaluations obtained during a 5-year voluntary follow-up program for all 332 repatriated U.S. Air Force Southeast Asia Prisoners of War (USAF SEA POWs). Because no USAF Repatriated Prisoner of War (RPW) was shot down from Mar 69 to Jan 71, the RPWs are designated Pre-60 and Post-69. The Pre-69 group had a significantly longer and harsher captivity experience. The RPW groups were compared statistically and psychographically with each other, with the standard Minnesota norms, and with a group of healthy, non-RPW USAF aircrewmen. The group MMPI profiles of Pre-69 and Post-69 RPWs were within normal clinical limits. However, ordering in the data, statistical differences, and serial comparisons indicated: (1) Pre-69ers deviated farther from normal than Post-69ers on first MMPI; (2) Pre-69ers showed increased repression adn denial and greater suspicion and distrust on first MMPI; (3) the Post-69er second MMPI profile moved toward the usual aircrew standard; and (4) the profile of Pre-69ers remained essentially unchanged in serial evaluations. The Pre-69 RPWs may thus be at increased risk for psychological distress.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pediatric cardiology in Asia.

The problems of pediatric cardiology in Asia can be summarized as follows. In the countries like India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and some other countries especially with government support like Thailand, the priority is primary health care. Except in Japan, cardiac care for children is not well supported financially. Training in pediatric cardiology is not readily available. Consequently small numbers of pediatric cardiologists, pediatric cardiac surgeons and active centres are available even in Japan. It is importannt to reduce the incidence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease by prevention of streptococcal infections and to increase the standard of living and environment. Transportation and referral system diagnosis, and treatment and follow-up is a special problem in neonatal care in relation to heart disease. Concentration of physicians, medical schools and cardiac centers in urban areas, old customs and poor understanding of people about the treatability and preventability of heart diseases in children complicate the improvement in the management of children with heart diseases.

Asia↗
PubMed1981

Food: a priority for consumer protection in Asia and the Pacific Region.

Food is mankind's most basic need. A recent global survey revealed that the single most important problem in the world--in developed and developing countries alike--was the high cost of living, and of food, its major component. In a world where many are starving, undernourished, malnourished or suffering from deficiency diseases, the problems of food quality and safety must be given special attention. Many developed countries have already made food a priority and created effective systems of consumer protection for food. But a number of developing countries are still struggling with the best way to control food problems. This paper will deal primarily with food and consumer protection problems in Asia and the Pacific region, but the solutions offered are universal.

Asia↗
PubMed1981

Gnathostomiasis in Southeast Asia.

Five species of Gnathostoma are at present reported from Southeast Asia with specific diagnostic characteristic of each. Also important references relating to the specific characters of the species concerned were mentioned, and the known experimental life cycles of three species namely G. spinigerum, G. hispidum, and G. doloresi found in the region were compared. The incomplete experimental study on the life cycle of G. vietnamicum is presented but the investigation on the life cycle of G. malaysiae is not yet initiated. Methods of transmission, symptoms and signs, the diagnosis and treatment of animal and human gnathostomiasis were also summarized. Effective therapeutic value of many anthelmintic drugs has not been satisfactory, by screening test on white mice previously infected in the tissue with G. spinigerum larvae. However, successful result of treatment was reported on one Japanese gnathostomiasis patient with thiabendazole. In the treatment of animal gnathostomiasis, Ancylol disophenol seems to be he effective drug for eliminating adult and migrating stage in the experimentally infected cats. Brief preventive measures against human gnathostomiasis was mentioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA region V in native and migrant inhabitants of Northeast Asia].

Data on polymorphism of the V region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in eastern Slavs from Magadan (N = 108), Asian Eskimos (N = 21), and coastal Chukchi (N = 10) are presented. The region V insertion-deletion polymorphism was shown to be absent in the samples of native and immigrant population of northeastern Asia. The Hae III-Ava II restriction polymorphism of the 8249-8254 bp part of this mtDNA region was found only in eastern Slavs. In them, the variant Hae III(-)/Ava II(+) and the novel type of polymorphism Hae III(-)/Ava II(-) were recorded at frequencies 2.8% and 1.85%, respectively. The low level of diversity of mtDNA types in Arctic populations of the world is discussed. A hypothesis is advanced that the low level of mtDNA diversity in Arctic population of humans is determined by several factors. These include an initially low number of mtDNA types in forming ancestral populations, genetic drift, isolation, and continuous adaptation of the populations. The latter is associated with selection of genotypes optimal for living in the extreme climatic and geographic conditions of the North; some of these genotypes control a low level of free oxygen radicals in the cell.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

Snail hosts of Paragonimus in Asia and the Americas.

We have undertaken a comprehensive review of snail hosts of Paragonimus world-wide exclusive of Africa based on modern malacological data, where available, and with consideration of the phylogeny of the snail groups involved. This is the first comprehensive review since those made by Chen (1979) and Chen et al. (1983), and there have been considerable taxonomic changes over the past decade. A number of names and concepts found in the medical malacological and parasitological literature up to the present time require revision or correction. There are vast radiations of snails of the superfamilies Cerithiacea and Rissoacea involved in the transmission of Paragonimus in China. We list 54 species world-wide of which 35(65%) occur in China. Revisions and corrections pertaining to China include: (i) The family Hydrobiidae does not occur in China or S.E. Asia, and the Pomatiopsidae should be used. (ii) The genus Bythinella is entirely European (Hydrobiidae: Amnicolinae). The so-called Bythinella of China belongs to the genus Erhaia (Pomatiopsidae). (iii) The generic name Pseudobythinella described from China is preoccupied, a junior synonym of Pseudobythinella Melville 1956, a fossil from England. All Chinese Pseudobythinella are now classified as Erhaia. (iv) Akiyoshia has been used as a generic name for some snails in Hunan transmitting Paragonimus. Akiyoshia is from Japan and biological/ecological data indicate that the Chinese taxon is not Akiyoshia. (v) The genus Tricula in recent Chinese literature is comprised of four genera determined by detailed comparative anatomical data: Tricula, Neotricula, Gammatricula, and Jinhongia. Shells cannot be used to discriminate among them. (vi) Tricula cristella has been consistently misidentified in collections in China and literature. However, genuine T. cristella does transmit Paragonimus skrjabini. (vii) Tricula minutoides in the Chinese literature has been misidentified, and specimens are T. cristella. (viii) The genus Melania and the family Melaniidae are used in the Chinese literature. The so-called melaniidae snails belong to the families Thiaridae, Pleuroceridae, and Melanopsidae. Asian Semisulcospira is pleurocerid while Melanoides and Tarebia are thiarid (ix) Semisulcospira libertina is correctly identified for populations ranging throughout Japan to Taiwan. This species is most probably not distributed throughout all south China, and intense systematic research on Semisulcospira is needed. A modern classification is given for snails transmitting Paragonimus.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemoglobin abnormalities and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) in 101 refugees from southeast Asia].

Hematological studies were performed systematically in 101 refugees from South-Eastern Asia living in the Grenoble area at the present time. We found: --4 haemoglobin E homozygosity, --29 haemoglobin E heterozygosity, --2 beta-thalassemia heterozygosity, --4 alpha-thalassemia heterozygosity, --14 glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1995

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--south east Asia region, 1988-1994.

Since the adoption of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1988, substantial progress toward the eradication of polio has been achieved in the Region of the Americas and in the Western Pacific Region of WHO (1-3). A major step toward global eradication was made in 1994, when polio eradication activities--specifically the implementation of biannual National Immunization Days (NIDs)--were accelerated in the member countries of the South East Asia Region (SEAR) of WHO. In August 1994, Thailand became the first SEAR country to conduct NIDs; by February 1996, seven of the 10 member countries will have conducted NIDs. This report summarizes progress toward the eradication of polio in SEAR countries from 1988 though 1994 and is based on data reported through June 1995.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1995

Mass vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine--Asia and Europe, 1995.

The theme of World Health Day, April 7, 1995, is "Target 2000--A World Without Polio" (1). In conjunction with World Health Day activities, 18 geographically contiguous countries in Europe, Central and South Asia, and the Middle East are conducting coordinated National Immunization Days (NIDs)* with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (Figure 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated this effort "Operation MECACAR" (MEditerranean, CAucasus, and Central Asian Republics). This report describes the efforts of this campaign and summarizes polio surveillance data for 1994.

Asia↗
PubMed1994

[Strongyloides infections in former prisoners of war in South-East Asia in the second World War; additional information from serological diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the efficacy of ELISA serology in patients with Strongyloides infection acquired during World War II and maintained through repeated autoinfection. DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands. METHODS: Parasitological and clinical data on 193 ex-prisoners of war (South-east Asia) were presented previously (1990) by Verburg and De Geus. ELISA using L-3 S. ratti antigen was carried out with sera of these patients and the results were compared with those of repeated stool examinations using Baermann's method. RESULTS: All subjects harbouring larvae in repeated stool examinations (26) were positive in serology. In 21 out of 167 patients in whom no larvae could be demonstrated, specific antibodies were detected. Anamnestic information together with data on eosinophilia and IgE levels suggested that the majority of these subjects were actually infected. The serological prevalence of infection with Strongyloides stercoralis was 33% for those imprisoned in Burma and 4% for those who were prisoners of war in the former Netherlands East Indies. CONCLUSION: In the group of subjects studied, in whom Strongyloides infection was apparently maintained through a process of autoinfection for a period of over 40 years, serology appears a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. Larvae could be detected in no more than 26 out of 47 serologically positive subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Pregnancy in a sample of immigrants from Southeast Asia living in the Messina region].

Hundred-forty-eight pregnancies in immigrants from South-east Asia were analyzed. A high number of such patients underwent legal abortion; in the women who carried on pregnancy, the authors considered the course of pregnancy, delivery and puerperium and some neonatal parameters. The results have shown that pregnancy in immigrants presents a certain amount of risk.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The spread of hepatitis C markers among the population of regions of Russia and Central Asia].

A total of 2,217 blood serum samples taken from the population of some regions of the former USSR were studied for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the use of a commercial enzyme immunoassay system (obtained from Ortho, Japan). Perceptible changes in the detection rate of these antibodies throughout the territory of the former USSR were established. Most frequently anti-HCV antibodies were detected among the population of the republics of Central Asia (5.3-2.9%), as well as Tuva and Yakutia (2.5-3.0%), their lowest detection rate was in Moscow (1.3%). In Moscow the results of the assay in adults were positive twice as frequently as in children, and in donors with an elevated level of alanine-transferase activity the presence of these antibodies was confirmed in 8.9% of cases. The frequency of the confirmation of the presence of anti-HCV antibodies by recombinant immunoblotting was 70.7% in all positive sera and 100% in the sera from a group of donors with an elevated enzyme level. In many respects coincidence between the regularities in the spread of viral hepatitic C and hepatitides B, D was noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Transcultural approach to non-francophone patients originating from Southeast Asia in the psychiatric service network of the XIIIth district of Paris].

Following the political upheaval that shook the Indochinese peninsula in the middle of the 1970s, many refugees originating from Southeast Asia re-established themselves in France. Since 1976, many of these refugees have formed a large Asian community in the XIIIth arrondissement of Paris. As a result, the arrondissement's psychiatric services, which cover the entire Asian neighborhood, have been confronted with the arrival of increasing numbers of non francophone patients from this ethnic minority. In this article, the authors present the steps that were taken by the psychiatric services to meet the very particular historical, cultural and psychopathological needs of this population.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1995

Newborn mass screening and molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in east Asia.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), and is performed with newborn mass screening. PKU causes irreversible mental retardation that can be prevented by a strict low-phenylalanine diet. More than 100 different mutations have been identified world wide and it has been revealed that PKU is a highly heterogeneous disorder. Here, we describe the progress of the molecular genetics of PKU in East Asia. Approximately 60% of all PKU alleles in East Asians have been characterized with 10 PKU mutations. Two major PKU mutations, R413P and IVS4nt-1, may have originated in different populations, spreading in prehistoric times through the Asian continent due to the founder effect, genetic drift, and bottleneck effect. We found different mutations in Caucasians and East Asians, thus PKU mutations have occurred after ethnic divergence between Caucasians and East Asians. Furthermore, PKU genotype and in vitro PAH activity in expression analysis correlates to the clinical and biochemical phenotypes in East Asians. The molecular defects at the PAH gene regulate the in vivo PAH activities and clinical manifestations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

The chemical composition of gallstones: its relevance to surgeons in Southeast Asia.

This paper describes the methods in the study of the chemical composition of gallstones and the application of this knowledge to the practising surgeon in Southeast Asia. There are three types of stone in this part of the world. Inspecting with the naked eye, the surgeon is usually able to recognize accurately the stone type--cholesterol, black pigment and brown pigment. The stone type together with the clinicopathological and radiological findings enable the surgeon to make a confident diagnosis of either the Western-type (cholesterol and black pigment) or Asiatic-type (brown pigment) gallstone disease in each patient, and based on this, a rational approach in the management of the patient can be instituted. In a personal series of 484 cases, cholesterol stones formed 46% of the cases, black pigment stones 30.5% and brown stones 13%; and cholesterosis and acalculous cholecystitis constituted the remaining 10.5%. In rapidly developing Singapore, Western-type cholesterol stones now predominate while brown stones appear to be decreasing. In patients with small bile duct stones of any stone type, endoscopic extraction followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears to be the procedure of choice. Large bile duct stones require open surgery. In patients with grossly dilated bile ducts containing brown stones, biliary enteric bypass is performed to reduce biliary stasis, cholangitis and recurrent stone formation.

Asia, Southeastern↗