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PubMedDate not supplied

[Preservation of vitamin C in vitamin-enriched apple products].

The content of vitamin C (the total of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids) in preserved apple products vitaminized with ascorbic acid was assayed once a month over a year. It was found that the products retained vitamin C sufficiently well, though the content of ascorbic acid decreased considerably, as the most amount of ascorbic acid was oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid. The study conducted indicates the expediency of making vitaminized apple products.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1987

Apple-coring technique for severe gynecomastia.

In evaluating cases of gynecomastia it is important to differentiate between physiologic and pathologic forms. The authors review gynecomastia with reference to its occurrence in various age groups, the pathologic features and etiology, and the differentiation and classification of the two types. If the gynecomastia is large or longstanding, surgical treatment may be necessary. The authors review the various surgical techniques used from the early descriptions up to the present. The apple-coring technique has the advantages of leaving an inconspicuous scar, allowing correction of the hypertrophic areola and good chest-wall contour, maintaining the viability of the nipple and decreasing the common complications of inverted nipples and a doughnut-shaped deformity. The results and outcome in four patients treated by the apple-coring technique are reported. Although the method is not perfect, the results are encouraging and the technique is an addition to the armamentarium of surgeons treating large gynecomastia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Relationship between anatomical structure and metabolism of plant tissues. I. Differences between the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic substances of apple explants and that of callus and cells produced by the culture].

Relationship between anatomical structure and metabolism of plant tissues. I. Differences between the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic substances of apple-fruit explants and that of calli and cells cultured from these explants. Phenolic compounds of intact apple-fruits (CV. Golden delicious), fruit fragments cultured on agar medium, newly formed calli and cell suspensions prepared from these calli, were studied quantitatively and qualitatively. The phenol content of the tissues decreased during the first days of culture, then recovered practically the initial level just before the initiating calli became visible. This content is very low in the calli and in the cultured cells. But the most remarkable result is that the qualitative compositions of the phenols extracted from the fruit tissues, the calli and the cells were different : p-coumaryglucose, which is abundant in the fruit, disappeared almost completely in the calli, in which three compounds were formed de novo, X1 which was tentatively identified as ferulylquinic acid, X2, a glycoside of p-coumaric acid different from p-coumarylglucose, and X3 not yet identified; the cells synthesized also X1 and X3 but not X2, and contained no p-coumaryglucose while feruylquinic acid was abundant. The study on the processes of induction or regulation of the enzymes implied in these metabolic modifications is under way.

Agar↗
PubMed1982

A new communications technique for the nonvocal person, using the Apple II Computer.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique for nonvocal personal communication for the severely handicapped person, using the Apple II computer system and standard commercially available software diskettes (Visi-Calc). The user's input in a pseudo-Morse code is generated via minute chin motions or limited finger motions applied to a suitable configured two-switch device, and input via the JHU/APL Morse code interface card. The commands and features of the program's row-column matrix, originally intended and widely used for financial management, are used here to call up and modify a large array of stored sentences which can be useful in personal communication. It is not known at this time if the system is in fact cost-effective for the sole purpose of nonvocal communication, since system tradeoff studies have not been made relative to other techniques. However, in some instances an Apple computer may be already available for other purposes at the institution or in the home, and the system described could simply be another utilization of that personal computer. In any case, the system clearly does not meet the requirement of portability. No special components (except for the JHU/APL Morse interface card) and no special programming experience are required to duplicate the communications technique described.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed1983

Composition of apple juice.

Thirty-one samples from 8 geographic growing regions of the United States and 15 varieties common to these areas were converted to apple juice and analyzed for their attributes over the 3 year period 1979, 1980, and 1981. The total of 93 samples were analyzed for ash, brix, pH, proline, specific gravity, total acid, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The elements cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc were also determined. These data are presented to serve as a data base for the detection of fraudulent or adulterated apple juice.

Beverages↗
PubMed1983

Direct determination of lead in evaporated milk and apple juice by anodic stripping voltammetry: collaborative study.

A method for the direct determination of lead in evaporated milk and in fruit juice with no prior sample digestion was successfully collaborated by 13 laboratories. The anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) method studied consisted of adding 0.2 mL aliquots of evaporated milk or 0.3 mL aliquots of fruit juice to 2.9 mL of a dechelating reagent, Metexchange. The reagent-sample mixture is then analyzed for lead by ASV with no further sample preparation. Each collaborator received 24 samples, 2 each at 5 different levels (0.07-0.70 ppm for spiked evaporated milk and 0.09-0.87 ppm for spiked apple juice) along with duplicate practice samples of labeled lead content at each of 2 levels for each sample type. All unknowns were coded with random numbers. Approximately 69% of the reporting laboratories had never analyzed either evaporated milk or fruit juice for lead. Average time between receipt of samples and reporting of results was 1.6 days for all laboratories. The pooled variations between duplicate determinations for apple juice and evaporated milk were 0.00059 and 0.00043, respectively. The method was adopted official first action for both fruit juice and evaporated milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Applicability of a multiresidue method and high performance liquid chromatography for determining quinomethionate in apples and oranges.

The AOAC multiresidue method for nonpolar pesticide residues in nonfatty foods has been coupled with a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-fluorometric system for determining quinomethionate residues on apples and oranges. Quinomethionate is extracted with acetonitrile, and coextractives are removed with liquid-liquid partitioning and Florisil adsorbent using the AOAC multipesticide residue method for nonfatty foods. The quinomethionate fraction is then chromatographed on an HPLC octyl-bonded column and detected in-line with a fluorescence detector using 362 nm excitation and 395 nm emission. Recovery studies were conducted with apples fortified with quinomethionate at 0.05 ppm and oranges at 0.05 and 0.5 ppm. The recoveries averaged 100% (range 92-108) at the 0.05 ppm fortification level and 102% (range 93-110) at the 0.5 ppm level.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1982

Verification of authenticity of apple juice.

A series of instrumental analyses is described for verification of apple juice authenticity. Liquid chromatography is used to determine sugars and individual phenolics, atomic absorption spectroscopy is used to determine potassium, standard AOAC methods are used to test for polyphenolics and formol indexes, and stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (SCIRA) is used to detect high fructose corn syrup. These tests will identify fraudulent but not poorly processed apple juice.

Beverages↗
PubMed1981

Gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in apples and carrots.

A gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) procedure is described for the confirmation of endosulfan I, endosulfan II, and endosulfan sulfate in apples and carrots. After extraction, cleanup, and determination by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography using current AOAC methodology, residues are confirmed by GLC-MS. The chemical ionization (CI) mode is used with methane as a reagent gas. Each residue is confirmed by a scan of only 4 regions of its mass spectrum rather than the full mass range. The 4 mass regions for the 2 endosulfan isomers are 274-280, 340-346, 368-374, and 404-412 atomic mass units (amu). For endosulfan sulfate, the mass regions are 286-294, 322-330, 384-392, and 420-428 amu. Four ions and their chlorine isotopic distributions are detected for each compound by this scanning technique. This method was developed by using carrots and apples to which had been added 0.1 ppm (50% of the current legal tolerance on carrots) of each of the 3 pesticides. The gas chromatographic retention times and the mass spectra of the 4 mass regions specified for the 3 pesticides were compared to those of reference standards injected under identical GLC-MS conditions and were used as the basis for confirming identity of the 3 compounds.

Endosulfan↗
PubMed1978

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice.

Patulin was extracted from apple juice with ethyl acetate and the extract was purified by elution from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate-toluene. The eluate was concentrated, and patulin was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a 25 cm Partisil-10 ODS column. The lower detection limit was 1 microgram/L and the mean recovery of patulin added to apple juice was 82.6 +/- 2.8 %. The patulin content ranged from less than 1 to 220 microgram/L for the 140 samples analyzed.

Beverages↗
PubMed1980

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetamide residues in apples.

A simple, rapid, and accurate method has been developed for the determination of naphthalene-acetamide (NAAmide) residues in apples. After extraction with chloroform, separation is performed on an RP-8 high pressure liquid chromatographic column using acetonitrile-water (30 + 70) buffered to pH 3.5 at a flow rate of 1.7 mL/min. Either a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm or a fluorometric detector can be used for quantitation. Average recoveries at the 0.01 and 0.1 ppm spiking levels were 83 and 89%, respectively. Incorporation into a previously described method for naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples has resulted in a procedure for the samultaneous determination of NAA and NAAmide.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1980

High performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of residual benomyl and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate on apple foliage without cleanup.

A simple HPLC method has been developed to individually determine residues of benomyl and MBC on apple leaves without cleanup. Sample leaves in a Mason jar are freeze-dried and tumbled for extraction in CHCl3 containing 5000 microgram n-propyl isocyanate/mL at 1 degree C. n-Butyl isocyanate is added to the extract of 5000 microgram/mL, and 20 microL of the mixture is injected into the HPLC system. A brownlee LiChrosorb silica gel column with a guard column is operated with a mixed mobile phase of chloroform--hexane (4 + 1) saturated with water. MBC, present as a degradation compound of benomyl, is identified as methyl 1 - (n - propylcarbamoyl) - 2 - benzimidazole carbamate (MBC-n-PIC derivative). At 280 nm, both benomyl and MBC-n-PIC can be detected with a UV detector at a level of 0.2 ppm in apple leaves.

Benomyl↗
PubMed1994

Occupational pesticide poisoning in apple orchards--Washington, 1993.

During July-December 1993, the Washington Department of Health (WDOH) received and conducted follow-up investigations of 26 reports of occupational illness related to exposure to mevinphos (Phosdrin), an organophosphate (OP) insecticide. The reports involved illnesses during June 13-August 18, 1993, in persons working in 19 different apple orchards; all involved use of mevinphos to control apple aphids. This report summarizes the results of these investigations by WDOH.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Identification and characterization of a binding site for factor XIIa in the Apple 4 domain of coagulation factor XI.

Previously we have characterized a binding site for high M(r) kininogen in the first of four tandem-repeat (Apple) domains within the heavy chain region of factor XI (Baglia, F. A., Jameson, B. A., and Walsh, P. N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4149-4154; Baglia, F. A., Jameson, B. A., and Walsh, P. N. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 4247-4252), whereas a substrate binding site for factor IX was localized to the second Apple (A2) domain (Baglia, F. A., Jameson, B. A., and Walsh, P. N. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24190-24197). To define the factor XI domain that binds factor XIIa, we have screened a panel of synthetic peptides for their capacity to inhibit factor XI activation by factor XIIa. Peptide Gly326-Lys357 (located in the A4 domain) is a noncompetitive inhibitor of factor XI activation by factor XIIa (Ki = 3.75 microM), whereas structurally similar peptides from the A1, A2, and A3 domains were required at > 1000-fold higher concentrations for similar effects. The same peptide (Gly326-Lys357) is a competitive inhibitor of factor XIIa amidolytic activity (Ki = 3.8 microM) suggesting that it binds near the active site of factor XIIa. Computer modeling was used to predict the secondary and tertiary structure of the A4 domain of factor XI that interacts with factor XIIa. Rationally designed, conformationally constrained peptides were synthesized comprising residues Ala317-Gly326, Lys331-Lys340, and Gly344-Gly350, which act in concert to inhibit factor XI-activation by factor XIIa. Finally, a conformationally constrained peptide spanning residues Ala317-Gly350 inhibits factor XIIa-catalyzed factor XI activation 50% at a concentration of 5 x 10(-7) M. These results, interpreted in the context of the model, suggest that the sequence of amino acids from Ala317 through Gly350 of the heavy chain of the A4 domain of factor XI contains three peptide structures, possibly consisting of three antiparallel beta-strands that together comprise a contact surface for interacting with factor XIIa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with drinking unpasteurized commercial apple juice--British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Washington, October 1996.

On October 30, 1996, the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health and the Washington State Department of Health reported an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections epidemiologically associated with drinking Odwalla brand unpasteurized apple juice or Odwalla juice mixtures containing apple juice from a coffee shop chain, grocery stores, or other locations. A case was defined as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or a stool culture yielding E. coli O157:H7 in a person who became ill after September 30, 1996, and drank Odwalla juice within 10 days before illness onset. As of November 6, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Washington had reported a total of 45 cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Influence of some processing methods on the quality of apple slices: II-Cultivar Melrose.

The influence of three browning treatments (blanching, SO2 and ascorbic acid) and three processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-drying) on the quality of apple slices of the cultivar Melrose was studied. Immediately upon arrival at the pilot plant, half of the fruits was processed and the remainder was held in storage for six weeks at 4.4 degrees C to be processed later. The results showed that the best treatment was the blanching-freezing combination for all attributes of quality, except for color, in which the SO2-freezing combination was superior. Storage appeared to have some influence on the quality of apple slices, so that the zero week storage samples were judged superior for all attributes of quality. Blanching was the best browning treatment for freezing, but for freeze-drying the samples treated with SO2 was superior to the blanched ones.

Cooking↗
PubMed1998

Expressed sequence tags of fruits, peels, and carpels and analysis of mRNA expression levels of the tagged cDNAs of fruits from the Fuji apple.

In order to understand molecular events during fruit development and provide genetic resources for molecular breeding, 430 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from randomly selected clones of cDNA libraries prepared from young fruits, peels of mature fruits, and carpels of the Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Database comparisons of the ESTs revealed that 180 non-redundant clones showed a high similarity with previously identified genes. Among these, 138 clones exhibited a homology with previously identified plant genes and 12 were identical to genes that were previously identified from apples. The deduced amino acid sequences of 42 clones had a homology to proteins that have not been reported from plants. Eighteen cDNA clones from the young fruit library were selected for studying expression levels and patterns in reproductive organs and leaves. This study revealed that the clones can be classified into 3 different groups based on their expression levels. The first 9 clones were expressed strongly in at least one reproductive organ. Eight of these clones (vacuolar processing protease, sucrose phosphate synthase, arabinogalactan protein, UDP-glucose glucosyl transferase, major allergen D1, cystein proteinase inhibitor, lipoxygenase, and protease subunit SUG2) were highly expressed in mature flowers and young fruits, whereas one clone (z-carotene desaturase protein precursor) was preferentially expressed in mature flowers but weakly in young fruits. The second group includes 6 cDNA clones (glucose transport protein, aminomethyl transferase precursor protein, dTDP-D-glucose-4,6-dehydrogenase, 2 types of protein kinase, and selenium binding protein) that were weakly expressed. These clones were characterized by their preferential expression patterns in mature flowers and young fruits. The transcripts of 3 cDNA clones in the third group (vacuolar aminopetidase, beta-galactosidase, and EREBP-4) were detectable only by RT-PCR and they were preferentially expressed in young fruits. These results indicate that most ESTs that were isolated from young fruits are preferentially expressed in reproductive organs and thereby play important roles during reproductive organ development.

DNA, Complementary↗